Download Chapter_4

Introduction to
Clinical Psychology
Science, Practice and Ethics
Chapter 4
Biological Models in Clinical
Psychology
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright
law. The following are prohibited by law:
•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any
image over a network;
•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole
or in part, of any images;
•Any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Development
Electricity and the Nervous System
 Phrenology
 The case of Phineas Gage

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Key Assumptions

The Brain and the Nervous System
Hormone action versus nerve impulse
 The Human Brain
 Neurons
 The Nerve Impulse
 The Synapse
 Neurotransmitters

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
The Neuron



Cell body
Dendrites
Axon




Terminal Buttons
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter removal



Enzymes break down chemical
Reabsorption or reuptake
Diffusion into surrounding environment
Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Neurotransmitters

Schizophrenia


Depression & Anxiety


Dopamine
Serotonin
Pharmacological Treatments

e.g., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Brain Structure and Function
Meninges
 Hindbrain
 Midbrain
 Forebrain

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Behavioral Genetics
Gregor Mendal
 Human Genetics
 Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
 Family Trees and Human Pedigrees

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Family, Twin and Adoption Studies

Family studies


proband
Twin Studies
Monozygotic (MZ)
 Dizygotic (DZ)
 Concordance

Adoption Studies
 Twin-Adoption Studies

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Case Example: Schizophrenia
Lifetime prevalence – 1%
 Prevalence rate in first degree relatives
greater than 5% to 10%
 Concordance rate for MZ twins higher than
for DZ twins
 Concordance rate for MZ twins is slightly
less than 50%

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005
Biological Models: Influences on
Clinical Psychology
Integration of biological factors in models
of psychopathology (biopsychosocial
models)
 Acceptance of pharmacological therapy
 Integration of biological factors into
psychological treatments

Combined treatments
 Coping models


Pursuit of prescription privileges
Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005