Download Chapter 10: Shoulder Injuries

CHAPTER 9: SPINAL INJURIES
KEY POINTS
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The bone structure of the spine consists of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and sacrum.
The bones of the spine are segmented and referred to as vertebrae.
Disks separate the vertebrae, and ligaments and muscles support the spine.
Normal postural alignment is a line from the ear through the shoulder, hip, knee, and lateral malleolus.
Key postural problems include kyphosis, lordosis, forward head, and scoliosis
Proper lifting techniques, flexibility, and strengthening exercises can prevent back injuries.
Symptoms of spinal ligament sprains include pain on the same side of the injury.
Symptoms of spinal muscle strains include pain while bending away from the side of the injury.
Bulging disks can cause tingling sensations below the injury.
Sprains and strains of the back are cared for by protection, rest, ice, and support.
To return to competition after a neck injury requires full range of motion, strength, and a physician's
permission.
Fractures or dislocations of the vertebrae require immediate care of a physician.
Spondylolysis is often described as a stress fracture or bone degeneration of the vertebrae, specifically at
a location referred to as the pars interarticularis.
Spondylolisthesis is the shunting forward of one vertebra on another due to an instability that results
from a bony fracture or degeneration at the pars interarticularis.
A brachial plexus injury occurs when the head is violently moved away from the shoulder.
OUTLINE
I.
Anatomy of the spine
A.
B.
II.
Bones
1.
Sacrum
2.
Lumbar spine
3.
Thoracic spine
4.
Cervical spine
Muscles
1.
Abdominal muscles
2.
Upper trapezius
Postural considerations
A.
Normal posture
B.
Abnormal posture
1.
Forward head
III.
2.
Kyphosis
3.
Lordosis
4.
Scoliosis
Preventing spinal injuries
IV.
A.
Exercise
B.
Proper lifting
C.
Back supports
Treating lumbar spine injuries and conditions
A.
V.
Bone injuries
1.
Fractures
2.
Spondylolysis
3.
Spondylolisthesis
B.
Ligament injuries
C.
Muscle and tendon injuries
D.
Disk injuries
Treating cervical spine injuries and conditions
A.
Bone injuries
B.
Ligament injuries
C.
Muscle and tendon injuries
D.
Other common injuries
1.
Disk injuries
2.
Brachial plexus injuries (burner or stinger)
CHAPTER 5: HEAD INJURIES
KEY POINTS
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The brain is divided into lobes: occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal. Each lobe is responsible for
specific body functions.
The brain is protected by the skull, which is composed of 28 bones.
The brain is also protected by tissue called the meninges. The meninges contain cerebrospinal fluid, which
bathes the brain and spinal cord in chemicals for proper functioning. The cerebrospinal fluid also
maintains regular pressure around the brain and protects it from impacts.
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Head injuries can be prevented by the use of proper equipment, such as helmets, headgear, and mouth
guards. Moreover, head injuries can be prevented if athletes respect the use of proper technique, such as
not leading with the head when making a tackle in football.
A skull fracture should be suspected when a significant force is delivered to the head. Many skull fractures
result in a discoloration behind the ear called Battle’s sign. Any skull fracture is significant and requires
the immediate attention of a physician.
A concussion is a temporary impairment of brain function caused by an impact or even a rotary force to
the head.
Symptoms of a concussion include dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, difficulty speaking, tinnitus,
loss of balance, unconsciousness, difficulty remembering things, and disorientation.
The Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) is used by ATs to determine the severity of a
concussion and a patient’s readiness to return to play.
An intracranial hematoma is severe bleeding within the brain, sometimes caused by a blow to the head.
Signs of a hematoma include a rise in blood pressure and a drop in pulse rate. ATs who suspect such an
injury should refer an athlete to the emergency room immediately.
Postconcussion syndrome is the persistence of symptoms after a concussion, such as headache, tinnitus,
dizziness, confusion, or even difficulty concentrating. It is important that the symptoms clear completely
before the athlete is allowed to return to practice.
Second-impact syndrome can result if athletes are allowed to return to play before their concussion
symptoms have cleared. Second-impact syndrome occurs when another concussion or blow to the head
disturbs the blood supply to the brain, resulting in a semicomatose state.
An athlete must be cleared by a physician before being allowed to return to play following a concussion.
OUTLINE
I.
Injury prevention
A.
B.
II.
Proper protective equipment
1.
Helmets
2.
Mouth guards
3.
Sport rules
Proper skills
Head injuries and conditions
A.
Skull fractures
B.
Concussions
C.
Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC)
D.
Intracranial hematoma
E.
Postconcussion syndrome
F.
Second-impact syndrome
CHAPTER 10: SHOULDER INJURIES
KEY POINTS
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The bone structure of the shoulder includes the scapula, clavicle, and humerus.
The muscles of the shoulder include the rotator cuff, deltoid, and pectoralis major and minor.
The rotator cuff is prone to tears and impingement syndrome.
The acromioclavicular joint is composed of the acromion process (scapula) and the clavicle.
The glenohumeral joint is composed of the humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa).
Prevention of shoulder injuries includes protective padding and strengthening.
Shoulder injuries are treated with PRICES.
Fractures of the shoulder must be immobilized.
Shoulder separation is an injury to the acromioclavicular joint.
Shoulder dislocation or subluxation is an injury of the glenohumeral joint.
OUTLINE
I.
II.
III.
Anatomy of the shoulder
A.
Bones
B.
Muscles
C.
Joints
D.
Glenoid labrum
Preventing shoulder injuries
A.
Addressing muscle weakness
B.
Using protective padding
Treating shoulder injuries
A.
Bone injuries
1.
Clavicular fracture – distal 3rd
2.
Humeral fracture
3.
Epiphysis injury – Growth plate
4.
Avulsion fracture
5.
Glenohumeral dislocation and subluxation
6.
Glenoid labrum tear
B.
Ligament injuries
1.
Acromioclavicular ligament sprain – Shoulder separation
2.
Glenohumeral ligament sprain
C.
Muscle and tendon injuries
1.
Rotator cuff strain
2.
Impingement syndrome
3.
Bicipital tendinitis
4.
Biceps tendon rupture