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Chapter 17 Review Sheet Atmosphere The atmospheric gas that is found in the highest concentration is ___________________, followed by ___________________. The remaining 1% consists of: o Permanent gases: ______________________________________________________ Ex: _____________________________________________________________ o Variable gases: ________________________________________________________ Ex: _____________________________________________________________ ** Label the layers of the atmosphere in the diagram below. ** Where does weather occur? _________ ** Where is the ozone layer found? _____ ** Describe the temperature trend. __________________________________ ** Why doesn’t that trend apply to the stratosphere? ______________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Atmosphere’s Role in Weather and Climate ** Contrast weather and climate. ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ** Describe the role of each of the following in Earth’s weather/climate: Relative humidity: ____________________________________________________________ Atmospheric pressure: ________________________________________________________ o High pressure system: ___________________________________________________ o Low pressure system: ___________________________________________________ Cold front: __________________________________________________________________ Warm front: _________________________________________________________________ ** Describe two reasons why it is warmer at the equator than the poles. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ Convective Circulation Warm air is _______________ dense than cold air, so it ______________. As it ___________, the air pressure ___________________, causing the air to expand and cool. It expands because there is _____________ pressure and cools because it _________________ energy to perform the expansion. The cool air molecules now move _________________ and start to ____________________. As they pick up more and more ___________________, they become ______________ dense, and _____________________. The earth’s surface then ____________ the air, and starts the process over again. This process drives the three types of convective cells known as ____________________, _______________, and _________________ cells. ** In the following picture of the Earth, draw arrows to show the air circulation patterns associated with Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, and Polar cells. Indicate areas of high pressure and low pressure. Include the wind currents. ** Explain why the equator has warm, wet conditions. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ ** Explain why the deserts are located at 30 degrees north and south. ___________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________** ** What prevents wind from blowing north and south? Describe. ____________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Describe a thermal inversion. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ o When and where does it commonly occur? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ o Why can it be dangerous? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Outdoor (Ambient) Air Pollution Describe 3 natural sources of air pollution. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ Point source pollution: ____________________________________________________________ o Ex: __________________________________________________________ Nonpoint source pollution: _________________________________________________________ o Ex: ___________________________________________________________ Primary pollutants: ______________________________________________________________ o Ex: ___________________________________________________________ Secondary pollutants: ____________________________________________________________ o Ex: ___________________________________________________________ Formation of Ozone and PANs ** Diagram the reactions that produce tropospheric ozone and PANS. Show the role of light and VOC’s. Smog Industrial Smog Photochemical Smog Color Major causes Source (point or non-point) Chemicals produced Effects Improvements Air pollution has decreased since 1970. List some reasons why. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Main cause of ozone layer depletion is release of _____________________________. Describe why the release of this chemical causes ozone depletion. ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ In 1987, the ________________________ _______________________ addressed the issue. An agreement was made to ________________________________________________________. Since then, the production and use of these chemicals have _________________________ and the ozone layer is ___________________________. Acidic Deposition ** Leads to acid rain, which is characterized by having a pH lower than ______. ** The main cause is burning of ___________________________, which releases _______________ and ___________________. These chemicals react with _____________________________ to form _________________________ and ______________________________. ** Describe adverse effects of acid deposition. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ Indoor Air Pollution ** Why is indoor air pollution worse in developing nations? _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ** The two most dangerous indoor pollutants in developed nations are _______________________ and _________________. Examples VOCs Tobacco smoke Radon Living organisms Other Causes/Where found? Effects ** What are the indicators of sick-building syndrome? _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ** What agency regulates indoor air pollution in the workplace? __________________ ** Describe ways to reduce indoor air pollution. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ Legislation Goals Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 Clean Air Act of 1963 Air Quality Control Act of 1967 Clean Air Act of 1970 Clean Air Act Revisions- 1990 Clean Air Act Revisions- 2009 Criteria Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Chemical Formula Properties Type of Pollutant (primary/secondary) Causes Effects Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Tropospheric Particulate ozone matter Lead