Download Guidelines for management of head injuries

Concussion Management Procedures
Grades 5-12
Medical management of sports-related concussion is evolving. Recently there has been a significant
amount of research into sports-related concussion in high school and pediatric athletes. The intent of this
protocol is to provide education about concussion for athletic department staff and other MCPS personnel.
This protocol outlines procedures for staff to follow in managing head injuries (concussions), and outlines
school procedures pertaining to return to play issues after concussion.
MCPS seeks to provide a safe return to activity for all students and athletes after injury, particularly after
a concussion. In order to effectively and consistently manage these injuries, procedures have been
developed to aid in insuring that concussed athletes are identified, treated and referred appropriately,
receive appropriate follow-up medical care during the school day, including academic assistance, and are
fully recovered prior to returning to full activity including athletics.
It is recommended that procedures outlined in this protocol be reviewed on a yearly basis by qualified
medical professionals. Any changes or modifications will be reviewed and given to athletic department
staff and appropriate school personnel in writing.
All athletic department staff will attend a yearly in-service to review procedures for managing sportsrelated concussions.
Last Updated: August 2012
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Table of Contents
I.
II.
What is a Concussion?
Recognition of Concussion
III.
Sideline Cognitive Function Test
IV.
What is ImPACT?
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
ImPACT Neurocognitive Testing Requirements
Management and Referral Guidelines for All Staff
Guidelines and Procedures for the Licensed Certified Athletic Trainer
Guidelines and Procedures for Coaches
Guidelines and Procedures for the School Nurse
Treatment of Concussion and the Return to the Classroom
Return to Play Procedures
Teachers Protocol Steps
References
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I.
What is a Concussion?
A.
B.
Concussion is an injury to the brain that affects function. Concussion is defined as
a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic
biomechanical forces. Several common features that incorporate clinical, pathologic and
biomechanical injury constructs that may be utilized in defining the nature of a concussive
head injury include:
1. Concussion may be caused either by a direct blow to the head, face, neck or
elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head/brain.
2. Concussion typically results in the rapid onset of short-lived impairment of
neurologic function that resolves spontaneously.
3. Concussion may result in neuropathological changes but the acute clinical
symptoms largely reflect a functional disturbance rather than a structural injury.
4. Concussion results in a set of clinical symptoms that may or may not involve loss
of consciousness. Resolution of the clinical and cognitive symptoms typically
follows a sequential course; however, it is important to note that in a small
percentage of cases, post-concussive symptoms may be prolonged.
5. No abnormality on standard structural neuroimaging studies is seen in concussion.5
A concussion may be referred to as a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI). 1,4
Note: Although this document refers to „athlete‟ throughout; the same information and procedures apply
to all students with a concussion.
II.
Recognition of Concussion
A.
Common signs and symptoms of sports-related concussion:
1. Signs (observed by others): 1,3,4,6,7
2. Symptoms (reported by athlete): 1,3,4,6,7
Appears dazed or stunned
Confusion (about assignment, plays,
etc.)
Forgets plays
Unsure about game, score, opponent
Moves clumsily (altered
coordination)
Balance problems
Personality change
Responds slowly to questions
Forgets events prior to hit
Forgets events after the hit
Loss of consciousness (any
duration)
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea or vomiting
Double vision, blurry vision
Sensitive to light or noise
Feels sluggish
Feels “foggy”
Problems concentrating
Problems remembering
3. These signs and symptoms are indicative of probable concussion. Other causes for
symptoms should also be considered.
4. When a student athlete comes out of a competition or practice saying they don‟t “feel
right” or got “dinged” then:
When in doubt, sit them out!
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III. Sideline Cognitive Function Testing
A.
When signs and symptoms of concussion are present a sideline cognitive function
test should be performed by a healthcare professional, certified athletic trainer, team physician,
or coach if a health care professional is unavailable.
1. The athletic trainer or physician should use the SCAT2 (Sports Concussion Assessment
Tool 2), sideline ImPACT, or other standard assessment tool. (attached)
2. As suggested by the Montana High School Association (MHSA), coaches should also use
the Heads Up Concussion Wallet Card or Clipboard Sheet. (attached)
(http://www.cdc.gov/concussion/pdf/Cliboard_Sticker-a.pdf). Coaches should also
utilize the basic sideline ImPACT or Pocket SCAT2 testing form. (attached)
IV. What is ImPACT Neurocognitive Testing?
A.
B.
C.
V.
ImPACT is the acronym for: Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing.4
ImPACT is a research based software tool utilized to evaluate recovery after a concussion. It
was developed by doctors at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center to evaluate
neurocognitive functioning.
ImPACT evaluates and documents verbal and visual memory, attention span, brain processing
speed, reaction time, and post-concussive symptoms. This allows for an objective assessment of
an athlete‟s post-injury condition and is most useful if the athlete has a baseline test.
1. The ImPACT test is a TOOL to help clinicians determine a diagnosis and manage a
concussion.
2. The ImPACT test does not provide a specific medical diagnosis.
3. The ImPACT test is a factor, but does not determine return to play.
4. All concussions should be managed on an individual basis.2,4
ImPACT Neuropsychological Testing Requirements
A.
B.
All contact and collision athletes in MCPS High Schools are required to take a baseline ImPACT
test prior to participation in sports (usually freshman and junior year and all student athletes new
to the high school sophomore and senior years).
1. All athletes will view a video presentation entitled: “Heads Up: Concussion in High
School Sports”, prior to taking the baseline test.
Athletes in collision and contact sports, as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics
classifications, are required to take a “new” baseline test every two years.
Basketball
Football
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Volleyball
Wrestling
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VI. Management and Referral Guidelines for All Staff
A.
Suggested Guidelines for Management of Sports-Related Concussion1
1. Any athlete with a witnessed loss of consciousness on the field of play should be placed
on a spine board and transported immediately to the nearest emergency department via
emergency vehicle.
2. An athlete who exhibits ANY of the following symptoms should be transported
immediately to the nearest emergency department, via emergency vehicle.
a) deterioration of neurological function
b) decreasing level of consciousness
c) decrease or irregularity in respirations
d) decrease or irregularity in pulse
e) unequal, dilated, or un-reactive pupils
f) any signs or symptoms of spine injury, or skull fracture, or significant bleeding
g) mental status changes: looks very drowsy or cannot be awakened, confusion or
agitation
h) seizure activity
i) cranial nerve deficits
3. An athlete who is symptomatic but stable, may be transported by his or her parents. The
parents should be advised to contact the athlete‟s primary care physician, or seek care at
the nearest emergency department, on the day of the injury.
a) ALWAYS give parents the option of emergency transportation, even if you do
not feel it is necessary.
b) The student must not be allowed to drive.
VII. Guidelines and Procedures for the Licensed Certified Athletic Trainer
A.
B.
C.
The Licensed Athletic Trainer (LAT) will assess the injury, or provide guidance to the coach if
unable to personally attend to athlete. Immediate referral to a physician trained in the care of
mild traumatic brain injury or to the hospital will be made when medically appropriate (see
section VI).
1. The LAT will perform serial assessments following recommendations in the National
Athletic Trainers Association Position Statement: Management of Sport-Related
Concussion.3
a) The LAT will notify the athlete‟s parents and give written and verbal home and
follow-up care instructions.
The LAT will notify the Athletic Director, School Nurse, and School Counselor of the injury,
prior to the next school day.
1. The LAT will continue to provide coordinated care with the Health Care Provider (HCP),
for the duration of the injury.
2. The LAT will communicate with the athlete‟s HCP regarding the athlete‟s neurocognitive
and recovery status, as needed.
The LAT is responsible to make sure the concussed person receives post-concussion
neurocognitive testing.
1. The initial post-concussion test will be administered within 24-72 hours post-injury,
whenever possible.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a. Repeat post-concussion tests will be given at appropriate intervals, dependent
upon clinical presentation.
The LAT or designee, will review post-concussion test date with the athlete and the
athlete‟s parent.
The LAT will forward testing results to the athlete‟s (HCP) with parental permission and
a signed release of information form.
The LAT will monitor the athlete, and keep the school nurse and HCP informed of the
individual‟s symptomatology and neurocognitive status.
The LAT is responsible for monitoring recovery and coordinating the appropriate return
to play activity progression.
The LAT will maintain appropriate documentation regarding assessment and
management of the injury.
VIII. Guidelines and Procedures for Coaches:
Recognize, Remove, Refer
A.
B.
C.
Recognize concussion
1. All coaches should become familiar with the signs and symptoms of concussion that are
described in section II.
2. Very basic cognitive testing should be performed to determine cognitive deficits.
a) See Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2.
Remove from activity
1. If a coach suspects the athlete has sustained a concussion, the athlete should be removed
from activity until evaluated medically.
a) Any athlete who exhibits signs or symptoms of a concussion should be
removed immediately, assessed, and will not be allowed to return to activity
that day. The athlete must be monitored by coach or designee4
Refer the athlete for medical evaluation
1. Coaches must report all head injuries to the Licensed Athletic Trainer (LAT), as soon as
possible for medical assessment and management, and for coordination of home
instructions and follow-up care.
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a) The LAT can be reached at the phone number listed in the front of the Directors
and Coaches Handbook.
b) The LAT will be responsible for contacting the athlete‟s parents and providing
follow-up instructions.
2. Coaches should seek assistance from the host site LAT or HCP if available at any away
contest.
3. If the LAT is unavailable, or the athlete is injured in an away event, the coach is
responsible for notifying the athlete‟s parents of the injury.
a) Contact the parents to inform them of the injury and make arrangements for
parents to pick the athlete up at school.
b) Contact the LAT at the above number, with the athlete‟s name and home phone
number, so that follow-up can be initiated.
4. In the event that an athlete‟s parents cannot be reached, and the athlete is able to be sent
home (rather than directly to MD):
a) The coach or LAT should insure that the athlete will be with a responsible
individual, who is capable of monitoring the athlete and understanding the home
care instructions, before allowing the athlete to go home.
b) The coach or LAT should continue efforts to reach the parent.
c) If there is any question about the status of the athlete, or if the athlete is not able
to be monitored appropriately, the athlete should be referred to the emergency
department evaluation. A coach or LAT should accompany the athlete and
remain with the athlete until the parents/guardians arrive.
d) Athletes with suspected head injuries should not be left alone or be permitted to
drive home.
IX. Guidelines and Procedures for the School Nurse
A. Responsibilities of the school nurse after notification of high school student athletes‟ concussion:
1. When notified by LAT that a concussion has occurred:
a) Notify the student‟s P.E. Teacher immediately that the athlete is restricted from
all physical activity until further notice from the LAT.
b) Notify all classroom teachers of occurrence of concussion and what symptoms to
watch for. (email classroom teachers the standard concussion information)
c) If student is seen by nurse for concussion related symptoms, the nurse will
communicate with the LAT in addition to the parents.
2. When notified of concussion in a student-athlete* from someone other than the LAT
(athlete‟s parent, athlete, physician note), the LAT should be notified as soon as possible,
so that an appointment for ImPACT testing can be made.
a) *For all concussions that are reported to the nurse in high school students, the
nurse will verify whether or not they are a current athlete. If so, then the nurse
will notify PE and classroom teachers as above.
b) For students with reported concussions that are not current school athletes, follow
procedures below in Section XI, B.
3. A Section 504 Plan may need to be considered and the nurse may be involved in this
process.
B. Responsibilities of the school nurse in responding to potential concussion in any grade level student:
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1. Follow current head injury protocol, assess student as nurse is available and able to
respond, use current forms for assessment and parent information, notify parent and
notify applicable staff to limit student activity for that day if student remains at school.
2. A Section 504 Plan may need to be considered and the nurse may be involved in this
process.
X. Treatment of Concussions and the Return to the Classroom
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
The most important treatment for an athlete with a concussion is rest.
1. An athlete will need rest from physical and mental activities.
2. The athlete should be in an environment free of:
a) Loud noises
b) Bright lights
c) Computers
d) Video games
e) Television
f) Phones (cell phones, including texting) 7
Cognitive exertion (thinking) and the stimulation of the school environment may increase or
worsen the symptoms of a concussion.4
Student-athletes may be removed from school in order to recover from a concussion.
The Parent, LAT and/or treating HCP will communicate with the appropriate school personnel.
The LAT and school nurse will share updated concussion related information received from the
parent or HCP with each other.
Responsibilities of the school nurse after notification of student‟s concussion
1. Notify the student‟s P.E. Teacher immediately that the student is restricted from all
physical activity until further notice from the LAT.
2. Notify all classroom teachers of occurrence of concussion and symptoms to watch for.
3. If the school nurse receives notification of a student-athlete who has sustained a
concussion from someone other than the LAT (athlete‟s parent, athlete, physician note),
the LAT should be notified as soon as possible, so that an appointment for ImPACT
testing can be made.
4. A Section 504 Plan may need to be considered.
Responsibilities of the student‟s parents/guardian:
1. Monitor the student closely and when needed coordinate evaluation and treatment by
HCP trained in the management of head injuries.
2. Monitor the student closely and recommend appropriate academic accommodations for
students who are exhibiting symptoms of post-concussion syndrome.
3. Communicate with appropriate school personnel on a regular basis, to provide the most
effective care for the student.
XI. Return To Play (RTP) Procedures After Concussion
A.
NO RETURN TO PARTICIPATION (practice or completion) on the same day of injury!!!
1. As previously discussed in this document, an athlete who exhibits signs or symptoms of
concussion, or has abnormal cognitive testing, will not be permitted to return to play on
the day of the injury. Any athlete who denies symptoms but has abnormal sideline
cognitive testing will be held out of activity. 1,2,4,7
When in doubt, sit them out!
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B.
Return to play after concussion:
The stepwise progression takes a minimum of eight days from the onset of concussion to
full clearance.
1. The athlete must meet all of the following criteria in order to begin the stepwise
progression of actual activity as descripted in #4. 1-7
a) Asymptomatic at rest, without medication, and with performance of everyday
activities (including mental exertion in school) AND;
b) Within normal range of baseline on post-concussion ImPACT testing AND;
c) Athlete must have written clearance from HCP or specialist (athlete must be
cleared for progression to activity by a physician other than an emergency room
physician).
2. Once the above criteria have been met, the athlete will be progressed back to full activity
following a stepwise process, under the supervision of a qualified HCP.5
3. Progression is individualized, and will be determined on a case by case basis. Factors
that may affect the rate of progression include: previous history of concussion, duration
and type of symptoms, age of the athlete, and sport/activity in which the athlete
participates. An athlete with a prior history of concussion, one who has had an extended
duration of symptoms, or one who is participating in a collision or contact sport should be
progressed more slowly. 5
4. Stepwise progression with each step taking a minimum 24 hours. 1,3,5,6,7
a) Day/Step 1: Injury – Remove and refer when needed.
b) Day/Step 2: Physical and mental rest.
c) Day/Step 3: School (if student‟s symptoms have improved) – ImPACT and see
physician trained in the management of Mild Traumatic Brain
Injury (MTBI).
d) Day/Step 4: Light aerobic exercise – (walking, stationary bike) 30 minutes of
greater than 70% max heart rate. No weight training.
e) Day/Step 5: Sport specific training – (shooting, running, playing catch) No
contact and one hour max time.
f) Day/Step 6: Non-contact training drills with team practice setting. Weight
training permissible.
g) Day/Step 7: Exam by physician trained in the management of MTBI to be
cleared for return to full contact practice not game play. If
athlete has two or more concussions within 12 months, athlete
must see a neurologist for clearance of this step.
h) Day/Step 8: Game play and full return.
Note: If the athlete experiences post-concussion symptoms during any phase described above, the
athlete should immediately stop the activity. If, within 24 hours the athlete returns to an asymptomatic
state, they will drop back to the previous asymptomatic step and resume the progression.
5. The HCP and athlete will discuss appropriate activities for each day. Step 1 – 5 will be
supervised by the HCP. In step 6 – 8, the athlete will be given verbal and written
instructions regarding permitted activities. The HCP and athlete will each sign
instructions. One copy of this form is for the HCP to give to the coach and one will be
maintained by the HCP.
6. The athlete should see the HCP daily for re-assessment and instructions until he/she has
progressed to unrestricted activity and has been given a written report to that effect from
HCP.
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XII. Teachers Protocol Steps
A. Concussion research is indicating that any mental strain on a concussed brain may prolong recovery
and have continued symptoms. Activities that may cause stress for a student that has been identified
as having a concussion include:
1.
Computer work
2.
Mental strain
3.
Texting
4.
Video games
5.
Loud noises
B. Teachers may be notified by the school nurse of any student having a concussion.
C. Recommendations should come from the school nurse regarding subsequent procedures for
accommodations being made for the student.
1. A 504 plan may be recommended depending on the severity to accommodate the student‟s needs
until recovery.
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References
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury Prevention and Control: Traumatic Brain Injury.
May 2011 www.cdc.gov/TraumaticBrainInjury/index.html
2.
Guskiewicz KM, Valovich McLeod TC. Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion. PM R 2011;3:353-364
3.
Guskiewicz KM, et al. National Athletic Trainers Association Position Statement: Management of
Sport-Related Concussion. Journal of Athletic Training 2004:39 (3):280-297.
4.
ImPACT. www.impacttest.com . ImPACT 2011
5.
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: the 3rd
International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clin J Sport Med
2009; 19 (3): 185-195
6.
Montana High School Association. MHSA/MOA Concussion and Injury Procedure. 2011
http://www.mhsa.org/SportsMedicine/MHSA_Concussion_Info.pdf
7.
National Federation of State High School Associations. Suggested Guidelines for Management of
Concussion in Sports. Jan. 2011.
http://www.mhsa.org/SportsMedicine/2011NFHS_SMACSuggestedGuidelinesforManagementofConcussioninSports.pdf
8.
Functionally-Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players Without ClinicallyDiagnosed Concussion. Thomas M. Talavage, Eric Nauman, Evan L. Breedlove, Umit Yoruk, Anne E
Dye, Katie Morigaki, Henry Feuer, Larry J. Leverenz, Journal of Neurotrauma. Oct 2010, online ahead
of print.
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