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Healthy Kids Queensland Survey 2006 Full Report © The State of Queensland, Queensland Health, 2008 Copyright protects this publication. However, Queensland Health has no objection to this material being reproduced with acknowledgment, except for commercial purposes. Permission to reproduce for commercial purposes should be sought from the Policy and Quality Officer, Queensland Health, GPO Box 48, Brisbane Q 4001. The Healthy Kids Queensland Survey 2006 was an initiative funded by Queensland Health, Queensland Government and contracted to The University of Queensland to undertake. ISBN No 978-1-921447-18-1 This document is available on the Queensland Health website at www.health.qld.gov.au/healthieryou/default.asp Suggested citation: Abbott RA, Macdonald D, Stubbs CO, Lee AJ, Harper C, Davies PSW. Healthy Kids Queensland Survey 2006 — Full Report. Queensland Health, Brisbane, 2008 Acknowledgments The HKQ Steering Committee provided advice guidance and support relating to all aspects of the survey. The HKQ Steering Committee members were: Ms Jacky Dawson, Education Queensland Ms Di Farmer, Department of Local Government & Planning, Sport and Recreation Queensland Ms Maureen Fletcher, Child & Youth Health Unit, Queensland Health Dr Vicki Gedge, Population Health Branch, Queensland Health Ms Catherine Harper, Population Health Branch, Queensland Health Mr Tony Kitchen, Queensland Catholic Education Commission Dr Amanda Lee, Population Health Branch, Queensland Health (QH Project Sponsor) Ms Jenene Rosser, Independent Schools Queensland Ms Kirstine Sketcher-Baker, Health Information Branch, Queensland Health Ms Christina Stubbs, Population Health Branch, Queensland Health (QH Project Manager) Mr Jeff Wood, Department of Local Government & Planning, Sport and Recreation Queensland. The University of Queensland Healthy Kids Queensland Project Committee was instrumental in the design, and the successful implementation of the survey. The members of the Project Committee were: Dr Rebecca Abbott, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland. Ms Karen Bucholz, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Dr Terry Coyne, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Associate Professor Peter SW Davies, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Mr Robert Hughes, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Ms Zoe Lawrie, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Professor Doune Macdonald, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland. Ms Jane Paterson, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland. The Project Committee is appreciative of the dedication and commitment of the Project Director, Jane Paterson, and the Project Coordinator, Karen Bucholz. The valuable contribution of the following people to the HKQ survey is acknowledged: Ms Rachel Baudistel, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Professor Tim Cole, University of London, UK Ms Pamela Dodrill, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Mr Simon Forsyeth, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Ms Marea Fox, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Dr Barry Maher, IT Services, The University of Queensland Dr Megan McCrory, Bastyr University, Seattle, USA Ms Margaret Miller, Marg Miller Health Consulting, WA (Consultant) Ms Deborah Noon, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland Mr Robert Shandga Li, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Professor Gail Williams, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland Ms Rebecca Williams, Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland. The Steering and Project Committee are very grateful to the school systems, schools, teachers, students and their families who so enthusiastically embraced this project. 2 Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Outline of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Weight and waist circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Physical activity behaviours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Policy implications and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.0 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.1 Importance of physical activity in childhood and adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1.2 Importance of nutrition in childhood and adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 1.3 Why Healthy Kids Queensland? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2.0 The Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.1 Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 2.2 Survey tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 2.3 Survey Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 3.0 Anthropometric assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1 Height, body weight and BMI of sample population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 3.2 BMI categories (underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 3.2.1 Comparison of overweight and obesity between Queensland children and children in WA and NSW . . . . 29 3.2.2 Trends in overweight and obesity over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 Waist circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 3.3.1 Trends in waist circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Body size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 4.0 Dietary assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1 Energy and macronutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 4.1.1 Energy intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1.2 Critical evaluation of energy intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.3 Macronutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Micronutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 4.3 Food categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 4.4 Consumption of foods of interest from the 24-hour food record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 4.5 Food habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 4.5.1 Fruit and vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.5.2 Meal habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.5.3 Beverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.6 All food and drink items from the food frequency questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 5.0 Physical activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.1 Pedometer steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 5.2 Physical activities and sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 5.3 Physical activity patterns and electronic media for entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 5.4 Self-reported activity levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 5.5 Active transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.6 Perceptions about physical activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.0 Concluding comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3 Appendix I Classification of Food Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Appendix II Anthropometry Form (Year 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Appendix III Food Frequency Questionnaire (Year 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Appendix IV 24 Hour Food and Drink Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Appendix V Physical Activity Questionnaire (Year 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Appendix VI Pedometer Diary (Year 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Appendix VII Adjustment of food intake values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 List of Figures Figure 1 BMI distributions by age and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2 Comparison of the percentage of children who are overweight or obese by State (Queensland, Western Figure 3 Comparison of the percentage of overweight and obese children in the current survey with national Figure 4 Increase in umbilicus waist circumference centiles of 9- and 10-year-old children from 1985 to 2006. . . . . . . . 33 Figure 5 Increase of umbilicus waist circumference centiles of 14- and 15-year-old children from 1985 to 2006 . . . . . . . 34 Figure 6 Mean number of steps per day, measured with a pedometer, by Year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Australia and New South Wales) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 percentages observed in 1985 and 1995.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 7 Percentage of children by year and gender who reported no involvement outside of school in ‘sport, exercise or dance’ over the previous year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 8 Percentage of children by year and gender who reported no involvement outside of school in ‘active play’ over the previous year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 List of Tables Table 1 Age of the study population (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 2 Sample sizes according to survey tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Schema: Distribution of children recruited according to the month of survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 3 Height of the children by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 4 Weights of the children by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 5 BMI of the children by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 6 Centiles of BMI for males by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table 7 Centiles of BMI for females by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table 8 Percentage of children classified as underweight, of healthy weight, or overweight and obese. . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 9 Percentage of children classified as overweight or obese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 10 Waist circumference (cm) of sample population by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table 11 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 9-year-old children* from 2006 with similaraged children from 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 12 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 10-year-old children* from 2006 with similaraged children from 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 13 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 14-year-old children* from 2006 with similaraged children from 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 14 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 15-year-old children * from 2006 with similaraged children from 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 15 Children’s perceptions about their current body weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 16 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 1 children . . 35 Table 17 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 5 children . . 36 Table 18 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 10 children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table 19 BMI Z-Scores by category of child perception of current body weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 Table 20 Average daily energy intake (kJ/day) by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Table 21 Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 1 by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 22 Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 5 by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 23 Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 10 by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 24 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 1 by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 25 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 5 by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 26 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 10 by sex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 27 Percentage of children failing to meet the micronutrient EAR by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Table 28 Percentage (%) of males and females consuming foods of selected major food categories by year group and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Table 29 Mean daily intake (g) of selected major food categories of males and females for those who consumed each food group, by year and sex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Table 30 Median daily intake (g) of selected major food categories of males and females for those who consumed each food group, by year and sex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Table 31 Table 32 Mean daily intake (g) of selected major food categories across the entire sample by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . 47 Percentage of study population consuming one serve or more of fruit and vegetables, take-away food and dietary supplements on the day of the food record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 33 Percentage of study population consuming soft drinks and sports and energy drinks on the day of the food record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 34 Frequency of reported fruit consumption in the previous 12 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Table 35 Frequency of reported vegetable consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Table 36 Reported breakfast consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Table 37 Reported usual type of breakfast cereal consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Table 38 Reported frequency with which the child prepared, or helped prepare, their own breakfast over the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Table 39 Reported frequency of eating evening meal while watching TV in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Table 40 Reported frequency of eating evening meal with family in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Table 41 Reported frequency with which child helped prepare the family evening meal over the past 12 months . . . . . . 52 Table 42 Reported frequency of consuming ‘fast food’ in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Table 43 Type of milk consumed in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Table 44 Frequency of reported non-diet soft drink consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 45 Frequency of reported diet soft drink consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 46 Frequency of reported energy drink consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 47 Frequency of reported sports drink consumption in the previous 12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 48 Proportion of children consuming mince dishes (e.g. bolognaise sauce, rissoles, meatloaf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Table 49 Proportion of children consuming mixed dishes with meat like beef, lamb, or pork (e.g. stir-fry, casserole, Chinese). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Table 50 Proportion of children consuming mixed dishes with chicken, turkey, duck, (e.g. stir-fry,casserole, Chinese). . . . 57 Table 51 Proportion of children consuming roast, BBQ or steamed chicken, turkey, duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 52 Proportion of children consuming crumbed fried chicken, nuggets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 53 Proportion of children consuming roast meat (e.g. beef, lamb, pork) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 54 Proportion of children consuming crumbed steak or chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 55 Proportion of children consuming sausages, frankfurters, cheerios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 56 Proportion of children consuming bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 57 Proportion of children consuming ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 58 Proportion of children consuming salami, luncheon meats (e.g. devon, pressed chicken) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 59 Proportion of children consuming liver including pate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 60 Proportion of children consuming other offal (e.g. kidneys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 61 Proportion of children consuming canned fish (e.g. tuna, salmon, sardines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 62 Proportion of children consuming fish steamed, baked, grilled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 63 Proportion of children consuming fish fried, battered, crumbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5 Table 64 Proportion of children consuming other seafood (e.g. prawns, oysters, calamari) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 65 Proportion of children consuming eggs or egg dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Table 66 Proportion of children consuming soy- based meat substitutes (e.g. TVP, soy burger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Table 67 Proportion of children consuming nut-based meat substitutes (e.g. Nutolene™, Vegelinks™) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Table 68 Proportion of children consuming soybean, tofu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Table 69 Proportion of children consuming baked beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 70 Proportion of children consuming other beans/peas/lentils (e.g. kidney, borlotti, chickpeas, dhal, split pea) . . . 62 Table 71 Proportion of children consuming green/ mixed salad (e.g. lettuce, tomato, cucumber, onion, etc) in a sandwich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 72 Proportion of children consuming green/ mixed salad (e.g. lettuce, tomato, cucumber, onion, etc) as a side salad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 73 Proportion of children consuming stir-fried and mixed cooked vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 74 Proportion of children consuming mixed vegetables in a casserole or stew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 75 Proportion of children consuming vegetable soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 76 Proportion of children consuming potato cooked without fat (e.g. boiled, mashed, dry baked). . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 77 Proportion of children consuming potato cooked with fat (e.g. chips, French fries, gems, wedges, roast) . . . . . . 63 Table 78 Proportion of children consuming carrots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 79 Proportion of children consuming pumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 80 Proportion of children consuming sweet potatoes and other root vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 81 Proportion of children consuming green peas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 82 Proportion of children consuming green beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 83 Proportion of children consuming silverbeet, spinach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 84 Proportion of children consuming celery, asparagus, or bean sprouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 85 Proportion of children consuming broccoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 86 Proportion of children consuming cauliflower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 87 Proportion of children consuming brussels sprouts, cabbage, coleslaw, Asian greens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 88 Proportion of children consuming zucchini, eggplant, squash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Table 89 Proportion of children consuming lettuce, rocket, endive, other raw salad greens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Table 90 Proportion of children consuming capsicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Table 91 Proportion of children consuming tomatoes including canned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Table 92 Proportion of children consuming tomato products (e.g. dried, paste, sauce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Table 93 Proportion of children consuming avocado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Tabel 94 Proportion of children consuming onion or leeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Table 95 Proportion of children consuming sweetcorn, corn on the cob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Table 96 Proportion of children consuming mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Table 97 Proportion of children consuming dried fruit- all types, (e.g. sultanas, prunes, apricots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 98 Proportion of children consuming fruit salad, mixed fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 99 Proportion of children consuming apple, pear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 100 Proportion of children consuming orange, mandarin, grapefruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 101 Proportion of children consuming banana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 102 Proportion of children consuming peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 103 Proportion of children consuming mango, paw- paw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 104 Proportion of children consuming pineapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 105 Proportion of children consuming berries (e.g. strawberries, blueberries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 106 Proportion of children consuming melon (e.g. watermelon, rockmelon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 107 Proportion of children consuming other fruit (e.g. grapes, kiwi fruit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 108 Proportion of children consuming white bread, toast or rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 109 Proportion of children consuming wholemeal or mixed grain bread, toast, rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 110 Proportion of children consuming English muffin, bagel, crumpet, foccacia, flat bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 111 Proportion of children consuming dry or savoury biscuits, crispbread, crackers, rice cakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 112 Proportion of children consuming muesli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6 Table 113 Proportion of children consuming cooked porridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 114 Proportion of children consuming breakfast cereal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 115 Proportion of children consuming rice including white or brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 116 Proportion of children consuming pasta including filled pasta, noodles, lasagne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 117 Proportion of children consuming meat pie, sausage roll, other savoury pastries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 118 Proportion of children consuming pizza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 119 Proportion of children consuming hamburger with bun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 120 Proportion of children consuming cakes, muffins, scones, pikelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 121 Proportion of children consuming sweet pies or sweet pastries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 122 Proportion of children consuming other puddings and desserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 123 Proportion of children consuming plain sweet biscuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 124 Proportion of children consuming fancy biscuit including jam/cream filled, chocolate, fruit and nut. . . . . . . . . 74 Table 125 Proportion of children consuming chocolate including chocolate bars (e.g. Mars™) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 126 Proportion of children consuming other lollies, confectioneries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 127 Proportion of children consuming nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 128 Proportion of children consuming potato chips, corn chips, (e.g. Twisties™) etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 129 Proportion of children consuming sugar, syrups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Table 130 Proportion of children consuming jam, marmalade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Table 131 Proportion of children consuming peanut butter, other nut spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Table 132 Proportion of children consuming butter, dairy blends, margarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Table 133 Proportion of children consuming Vegemite™, Marmite™, Promite™. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Tabel 134 Proportion of children consuming oil and vinegar dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 135 Proportion of children consuming mayonnaise, other creamy dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 136 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy as a drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 137 Proportion of children consuming flavoured milk/soy drink (e.g. milkshake, iced-coffee, hot chocolate) . . . . . . 77 Table 138 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy on breakfast cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Table 139 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy to top up hot drinks (e.g. milk in tea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Table 140 Proportion of children consuming cream or sour cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Table 141 Proportion of children consuming ice-cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Table 142 Proportion of children consuming yoghurt including plain, frozen, flavoured, and fromage frais . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Table 143 Proportion of children consuming cottage or ricotta cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Table 144 Proportion of children consuming cheddar and all other cheeses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Table 145 Proportion of children consuming water including unflavoured mineral water, soda water, tap water . . . . . . . . 79 Table 146 Proportion of children consuming 100% fruit juice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Table 147 Proportion of children consuming fruit juice drinks (e.g. 35% fruit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Table 148 Proportion of children consuming cordial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Table 149 Proportion of children consuming coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 150 Proportion of children consuming tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 151 Proportion of children consuming beer- low alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 152 Proportion of children consuming beer- full strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 153 Proportion of children consuming red wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 154 Proportion of children consuming white wine or champagne/sparkling wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 155 Proportion of children consuming wine cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 156 Proportion of children consuming sherry or port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 157 Proportion of children consuming pre-mixed drinks (e.g. Bacardi breezer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 158 Proportion of children consuming spirits or liqueurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 159 Proportion of children consuming vitamin and mineral supplements (including tablets, capsules or drops) . . . . 82 Table 160 Proportion of children consuming sports supplements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 161 Proportion of children consuming weight control supplements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 162 Proportion of children consuming other dietary supplements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 163 Proportion of children reporting eating special foods or having a special diet over the previous twelve months . . 83 7 Table 164 Reasons for eating special foods or having a special diet over the previous twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Table 165 Proportion of children who were breast-fed as an infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Table 166 Length of time children were breastfed (i.e. receiving breastmilk only and no infant formula or other milk as their main drink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Table 167 Age when children started eating solid foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Table 168 Mean number of steps per day, per weekday and per weekend day, measured with a pedometer, by year and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 169 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 1 males and females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Table 170 Physical activities* that Year 1 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year . . . . . . . 90 Table 171 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 5 males and females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Table 172 Physical activities* that Year 5 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year . . . . . . . 91 Table 173 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 10 males and females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Table 174 Physical activities* that Year 10 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year . . . . . . 92 Table 175 Top 12 most frequently participated activities for Year 1 children (averaged across the whole study sample). . . . 92 Table 176 Top 12 most frequently participated activities for Year 5 children (averaged across the whole study sample). . . . 93 Table 177 Top 12 most frequently participated activities over previous week for Year 10 children and time (in minutes) spent on them (averaged across the whole study sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Table 178 Average time (in minutes) spent on physical activities and sports over the previous week by Year 10 children. . . 94 Table 179 Accumulated time over previous week on all physical activities by Year 10 children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Table 180 Self reported frequency of the number of days over the past seven days that children engaged in physical activity or active play that raised their heart rate or caused them to huff and puff for a total of 60 minutes or more per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Table 181 Reported time spent and the percentage of children who spent more than two hours on screen-based electronic media for entertainment, during daylight hours in the previous day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Table 182 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 1 children . . . 97 Table 183 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 5 children . . . 97 Table 184 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 10 children . . 98 Table 185 Self-reported perception of being ‘very active’ in school sports or PE over the previous week. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Table 186 Self-reported activity during a usual morning or afternoon break at school over the previous week . . . . . . . . . 99 Table 187 Self-reported activity during a usual lunch break at school over the previous week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Table 188 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ in the time straight after school over the previous week. . . . . . . .100 Table 189 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ in the evenings over the previous week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Table 190 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ over the previous week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Table 191 Percentage of children engaging in ‘active transport’ to or from school over the previous week . . . . . . . . . . .102 Table 192 Percentage of children who used a car or public transport to get to school on the day of the survey . . . . . . . . .102 Table 193 Percentage of children who used a car or public transport to get home from school on the day before the survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Table 194 Statements about current physical activity; percentage of children who agreed with the following comments about physical activity and/or sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Table 195 Statements about future physical activity; percentage of children who agreed with the following comments about how being physically active might affect them over the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 8 Foreword positions, with incremental investment to over $16 Million per annum. These frontline staff provide important services including support for parents and carers through resources such as the Personal Health Record; Child Information: Your guide to the first 12 months; which is distributed to all new parents in Queensland, and the Growing Strong, Feeding You and Your Baby resources for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families. The Fun not Fuss with Food workshops were developed by Queensland Health to assist parents of children with behavioural eating problems, and have been shown to effectively improve children’s eating behaviour. Over 7000 Fun not Fuss with Food parent resources have been distributed across Queensland in the last two years. Implementation of Optimal Infant Nutrition: evidence-based guidelines, and the Queensland Health Work and Breastfeeding Policy also support parents to breastfeed, which has been shown to reduce the risk of overweight in childhood. ll children need good nutrition and adequate physical activity to grow to their full cognitive and physical potential, achieve a healthy weight, and to be protected against chronic disease in later life. Poor nutrition and physical inactivity in childhood are associated with increased risk factors for chronic disease, including obesity and raised blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. A National surveys of childhood nutrition and body measurements were undertaken in 1985 and 1995. Comparison of these studies showed that the prevalence of overweight doubled and the prevalence of obesity in children tripled during that period. The rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide since the 1970s has been described as a global epidemic. Overweight including obesity now contributes 8.6 % of the burden of disability and premature death in Queensland - that’s more than cigarette smoking. As the current generation of overweight children become adults, greatly increased rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, endocrine disorders and other weight-related conditions will occur in young adult populations, affecting quality of life and health treatment needs for the rest of their lives. The Smart Choices: Healthy Food and Drink Supply Strategy for Queensland Schools was developed in partnership with Education Queensland to ensure that children have access at school to foods and drinks which comply with the national Dietary Guidelines for children. It has been estimated that this initiative is responsible for removing 8000 litres of soft drink from schools each week. The Queensland Government is committed to working with the whole community to help promote healthy weight in children and young people through improved nutrition and increased physical activity. At the Queensland Obesity Summit, held by the Premier in May 2006, more than 90 industry, business, community and government representatives explored ways to help more Queenslanders achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Following the Summit, the Premier announced a $21 million commitment over three years for partnerships, grants, facilities and other resources to help to promote healthier eating patterns and increased physical activity. The Premier also established the Queensland Eat Well Be Active Taskforce. The Go for 2 & 5™ social marketing campaign conducted by my Department aims to increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of all Queenslanders by one serve a day. Research indicates that since the campaign began in September 2005, consumption has already increased by 0.7 of a serve per day, which represents estimated savings of around $35 Million per year in health treatment services for chronic disease. Independent research by Horticulture Australia support these results, confirming that sales of fresh fruit and vegetables in Queensland increased by over $9 Million in the first month of the campaign. Queensland Health has developed the Physical Activity and Nutrition out of School Hours (PANOSH) resources to assist Outside School Hours Care services to provide healthy food choices, and to keep children active during afternoon and vacation care. Evaluation indicates that the proportion of Queensland centres with nutrition and physical activity policies, provision These initiatives build on the work within my Department. Since 2002, Queensland Health has employed 119 new nutritionists and health educators to strengthen services that prevent illness by promoting improved nutrition and physical activity throughout the State. By 2009, this will have increased to 148 new 9 However, there is still much more to be achieved. Our children are still eating too little fruit, vegetables and milk products, and too much sugar and fat. Many children are not active enough, and boys particularly spent too much time on television and computer games. of healthy foods and average time allocated to physical activity increased significantly. The 10,000 Steps program was a two-year research project funded by Queensland Health to successfully increase physical activity participation in the Rockhampton community. Over 600 registered providers are now implementing the 10,000 steps program in a wide range of communities, workplaces and other settings to promote physical activity. The Queensland Government is committed to continued improvements to help make healthier choices easier choices for all Queenslanders. The results of this study will inform public health policy and practice throughout Queensland, and help to evaluate the impact of Queensland Government initiatives to promote healthy weight, nutrition and physical activity, to improve the future health of our children and young people. The Queensland Government is also currently implementing the Eat Well, Be Active—Healthy Kids for Life Action Plan 2005-2008, which aims to achieve healthier weight in Queensland children and young people through the collective work of six government agencies in progressing over 100 initiatives addressing physical activity and nutrition. The Healthy Kids Queensland survey is a key part of this initiative. The study shows that the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst Queensland school-aged children in 2006 was about the same as it was nationally in 1995, and lower than in recent surveys in some other states. This is very good news and indicates that the Queensland Government’s investment in this area is on the right track. Positive evaluation of individual programs suggests that our initiatives over the last five years have contributed to this encouraging finding. Stephen Robertson MP Minister for Health 10 Executive Summary Introduction Outline of the Report T After outlining the background to the Survey and its demographics and survey tools, each section provides more detail of the assessment tools, significant results and key points. Individual sections address the anthropometric assessment, dietary assessment, and physical activity patterns measured in this sample of Queensland children and where appropriate, comparisons are made to other data sets. he Healthy Kids Queensland Survey was commissioned by Queensland Health as part of the Queensland Government’s ongoing commitment to promoting healthy weight, nutrition and physical activity for Queensland’s children and young people. This survey provides important data to help plan, develop and implement effective policies and programs to improve young Queenslanders’ dietary and physical activity behaviour, and to achieve healthy weight. This summary report is complemented by a full report that provides more detailed methodological information and data sets. Key Findings Weight and waist circumference • 77.5% of Queensland children aged 5–17 were of healthy weight. • 1.4% of Queensland children aged 5-17 were underweight, • 14.6% of boys and 17.7% of girls aged 5–17 were overweight, 4.8% of boys and 5.1% of girls were obese. • Overall, 21.1% of Queensland children aged 5–17 were overweight or obese; 16.2% were overweight and 4.9% were obese. • The prevalence of overweight and obesity generally increased with age, although the prevalence was highest in Year 5 girls. • Overall, and within most age groups, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was slightly lower in Queensland children compared with children of similar ages in NSW and WA in recent surveys. • Comparison with national data from 1985 and 1995 shows that the prevalence of overweight and obesity for Queensland 5-17-year olds has continued to increase; within most age groups the prevalence is twofold greater than national rates of 1985, but results suggest that the rate of increase has slowed in Queensland since 1995. • Waist circumference has also increased from 1985 to 2006 in Queensland children aged 9-11 and 14-16 (No comparative data were available for children of Year 1 age in the 1985 data set). The largest increases have occurred at the upper end of the waist circumference distribution. The data suggests that over time there has been a relative increase in abdominal obesity at the upper end of the distribution. Methods Data were collected throughout Queensland from April to September 2006. A total of 3691 children aged 5-17 undertaking years 1, 5 or 10 at school participated in the survey. Government and non-government schools (n = 112) were selected to participate using a random cluster design and the data were weighted to ensure the equal probability of inclusion of all children in the target population. The following information was collected: Anthropometric assessment to indicate the proportion of Queensland children who are underweight, of a healthy weight, overweight or obese: • height, weight (to determine Body Mass Index) • waist circumference Dietary assessment to understand the eating patterns and nutrient intake of Queensland children: • food-frequency • 24-hour dietary record Physical activity assessment to understand the physical activity behaviours and exercise patterns of Queensland children: • physical activity questionnaire • pedometer study. 11 • In the older age groups the BMI distribution is stretched towards the upper end, i.e. as the age group increases, the proportion of children or young people who are obese or very obese increases. • No consistent differences in the prevalence of overweight or obesity were observed between children in urban centres and children in rural areas. a third of Year 10 boys and a quarter of year 10 girls consumed soft drink. Over the past year: • On average, three in five Year 1 and Year 5 children reported consuming two pieces of fruit or more per day, exceeding their minimum daily recommendations for fruit consumption, but only one in six Year 10 children met the recommendations for daily fruit intake. • On average one-half of Year 1 children, one-third of Year 5 children and just over one-fifth of Year 10 children reported consuming the recommended amount of vegetables, for their age, per day. • Over 90% of children in years 1 and 5 ate breakfast every day, however this dropped to three quarters of Year 10 boys and just over half of Year 10 girls. • Three in ten Year 1 children reported drinking soft drink once a week or more and this rose to seven in ten of Year 10 boys and just under half of Year 10 girls. • No consistent differences in dietary intakes or behaviours were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. Diet On the day of survey: • The mean daily energy intake was within the recommended levels for boys and girls in Years 1 and 5, and boys in Year 10. Year 10 girls’ intake was about 15% lower than expected, which may reflect greater under-reporting in this age group. • On average, Queensland children aged 5-17 consumed diets in which 50% of the energy intake was derived from carbohydrate. Nearly half of this (22-25% of energy) was derived from sugars. • On average, Queensland children aged 5-17, consumed diets in which 32.5% of the energy intake was derived from fat, and 14.5% was derived from saturated fat. This compares to current NHMRC dietary guidelines recommending approximately 30% of energy intake as fat and no more than 10% coming from saturated fat. • One in ten Year 10 girls had diets inadequate in iron. • One in twenty Year 1 boys and girls, half of all children in Years 5 and half of Year 10 boys and six in seven Year 10 girls had diets inadequate in calcium. Diets low in calcium, were more common in girls than in boys at all ages. This is matched by lower intakes of milk and other dairy foods amongst girls. • In contrast to the recommendation that children aged over 2 years should choose low fat milk, most children drank whole milk. Only one in five of Year 1 children reported drinking low fat milk, and this increased to one in three amongst Year 10 girls. • Approximately two-thirds of Year 1 and just over half of Year 5 boys and girls met recommendations for fruit consumption, but Year 10 children fell significantly short. • The average Year 1, Year 5 and Year 10 child failed to meet recommendations for serves of vegetables and legumes: with half of the sample consuming less than one serve on the day of the survey. • Approximately 1 in 5 of Queensland 5-17-year-olds had take-away food on the day of the survey. • Soft drink consumption (diet and non-diet) increased with age. On the day of the survey, 12 Physical activity behaviours Furthermore: • Boys on average took more steps than girls at all ages, and this difference was greatest (by more than 2,000 steps) in Year 10. • Year 1 children were more active on weekends than during the week; this pattern was reversed in Years 5 and 10. • Time spent on screen-based electronic media for entertainment increased with age; more than two in five Year 10 boys and one in four Year 10 girls exceeded the current daily recommendations. • School-based sports and physical education were consistently ranked in the top two of reported forms of physical activities. • Participation in active transport increased with age; more than one-third of Year 10 children participated in active transport at least once a week and one in ten either cycled or walked to and from school daily. • Use of public transport to get to school increased with age with more than one in three Year 10 children using some form of public transport on the route to or from school. • No consistent differences in physical activity behaviours were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. The proportion of children who were meeting national physical recommendations varied according to the measure used: • Using suggested international targets for daily steps, three in ten Year 1 boys and four in ten Year 1 girls met physical activity targets. This increased to four in ten of Year 5 boys and just over half of Year 5 girls. • For self–reported time spent in sports and physical activities, just under two thirds of Year 10 boys were reaching daily physical activity targets of 60 minutes per day, compared to two fifths of Year 10 girls. • On direct questioning of whether national activity recommendations were being met, only one in six Year 1 boys self reported being moderately active for 60 minutes seven days per week and this dropped to one in eight by Year 10. Only one in 15 Year 1 girls self reported meeting the physical activity recommendations and this decreased to one in 20 by Year 10. 13 Policy implications and recommendations Recommendation 1: More services are required to treat obesity and its The rate of increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst children appears to have slowed in Queensland since the last national nutrition survey in 1995. The prevalence of unhealthy weight amongst Queensland children appears to be lower than that of other Australian States where data are available. These results suggest that the significant investment by the Queensland Government and the broader community over recent years to address the epidemic of childhood obesity and prevent chronic disease though improved nutrition and increased physical activity is beginning to have an impact in Queensland. health consequences in children and young people, and greater efforts need to be made to prevent overweight children gaining more weight. Recommendation 4: Just under half of Year 1 and 5 children met physical activity guidelines based on international step targets. Based on self-reported time spent in sports and physical activities, two thirds of Year 10 boys and two fifths of Year 10 girls reported accumulating the recommended 60 minutes per day of physical activity. When directly questioned, fewer than one in six boys, and one in 15 girls reported meeting the physical activity guidelines of at least one hour of moderate activity every day in the week before the survey, and the proportion decreased with age. The Queensland Government’s investment in promotion of nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight must be sustained in order to capitalise on this improvement and to make further gains to achieve better health for our children and young people Just over half the children achieved an hour or more of activity on three days a week, although the proportion was higher in Year 10 boys and lower in Year 1 girls. School-based sports and physical education contributed significantly to children’s and young people’s physical activity. The majority of children had not participated in active transport to school in the week before the survey. Children in Year 1 were more active on weekend days, while those in Years 5 and 10 were less active on weekends than on weekdays. throughout their lives. Recommendation 2: The prevalence of unhealthy weight in this survey was highest amongst girls aged around 10 years, but one in five girls and one in six boys are already overweight in their first year at school. Interventions to promote nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight must begin early in life to assist parents and carers to raise healthy children and young Efforts to increase children’s physical activity should people. continue to be a high priority. Increasing participation in active transport to school, active recreation and sports provide potential opportunities to increase Recommendation 3: children’s physical activity, particularly at weekends Comparison of Queensland children in 2006 with national data from 1985 shows waist circumference has increased across all waist circumference centile levels, but the greatest increase has occurred in the heavier categories. In the older age groups the BMI distribution is stretched towards the upper end, i.e. as the age group increases, the proportion of children or young people who are obese or very obese increases. Not only are there more children today who are overweight, the overweight children have more central obesity, and there are more severely obese children and young people today than 20 years ago. for older children. Recommendation 5: Use of electronic media for entertainment (eg computer games, television and Internet) was more prevalent amongst boys and increased with age. More than one third of boys and one quarter of girls in Year 10 exceeded the guidelines of less than two hours of screen-based activity during daylight hours in the day before the survey. 14 were available to allow for the development of valid instruments and over sampling to achieve reliable separate data representative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in this survey. Interventions to decrease use of electronic media for entertainment should be encouraged, especially for boys and young people, to reduce sedentary behaviour. The Queensland Government should invest in a Recommendation 6: targeted survey to assess nutrition, physical activity The survey results indicate that few children met the dietary guidelines recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Dietary quality decreased with age. Over half the younger children, but less than two in five of the adolescents reported consuming the recommended minimum serves of fruit per day. Less than half the younger children and just over a fifth of the adolescents reported achieving the recommended serves of vegetables per day. On the day of the survey, approximately half of all children consumed less than one serve of vegetables. and body measurement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. If feasible, consideration should be given to including other children of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Recommendation 8: The results of the survey are a valuable tool to inform policy and practice. The Healthy Kids Queensland survey should be repeated in 2009-2010 to help assess the impact One in ten Year 10 girls had inadequate iron intake and half the children in Year 5, half the Year 10 boys and four out of five Year 10 girls had inadequate calcium intakes. This is reflected in inadequate intakes of milk products, particularly for girls, and excessive intakes of nutrient-poor “extra” foods such as soft drinks and takeaways. Less than one in five children usually drank low-fat milk, which is recommended by the NHMRC for all children aged over two years. Intakes of saturated fat were about 45% higher than that recommended in all age and sex groups. of Queensland Government initiatives to promote nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight. Initiatives to promote improved nutrition, including provision of accurate, consistent nutrition information and environmental interventions promoting availability of and access to healthy foods for all children must be a high priority for the Queensland Government and all organisations involved with children. Current efforts to promote fruit and vegetable consumption should be continued. Greater efforts should be made to promote the consumption of ironrich foods, and low fat milk products for children aged over two years. Recommendation 7: All available evidence suggests that poor nutrition and physical inactivity contribute significantly to the poorer health outcomes experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared to the general Queensland population. Insufficient resources 15 1.0 Background Obesity is a major health concern because it is a contributing factor to many diseases and disorders including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, some forms of cancer (e.g., bowel and reproductive system), osteoarthritis, and sleep apnoea. In 2005, obesity was estimated to cost Australia $3.7 billion in direct health care costs.13 “Health and well-being underpins the economic, social and cultural structures of society and contributes to the prosperity and growth of the whole community. Healthy young people are a critical resource for the future of Queensland .” Queensland Health 2005 3. G ood health is important for everyone, especially children, whose growth, development and maturation depend on optimal physical, social and emotional well-being. A healthy diet and regular, adequate physical activity are essential to promoting and maintaining good health from infancy and through the entire life course.4 Patterns of physical activity and healthy food habits are, to a large extent, acquired during childhood and adolescence, and these patterns are likely to be maintained throughout the lifespan.5 Thus, establishing these patterns early provides the basis for an active and healthy adult life. Furthermore, whilst overweight and obesity are important considerations for children, there are many other benefits of a healthy diet and active lifestyle beyond the achievement and promotion of healthy weight. 1.1 Importance of physical activity in childhood and adolescence From a health perspective, there are three main rationales for encouraging young people to take part in regular physical activity: to optimize physical The recent worldwide trend of an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is well documented 6 and Australia is no exception. A recent review of data on Australian children aged 5-15 years, which went as far back as 1901 7 together with more recent data 8 9 show that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased dramatically in the past 30-40 years. Obesity in childhood and adolescence is cause for concern because of the shortterm detrimental health effects in children and because obese children have a much higher risk of becoming obese adults and experiencing the myriad adverse chronic health effects associated with obesity. 10-12 fitness, current health and well-being, and growth and development, to develop active lifestyles that can be maintained throughout adult life and to reduce the risk of chronic diseases of adulthood.” Biddle, Sallis & Cavill 1998 2 A positive attitude towards physical activity and adoption of a physically active lifestyle are important components of preventive medicine that should begin in childhood.14 Both physical activity and physical inactivity have a tendency to track into adulthood 15 16 and it is important to establish healthy activity habits while young. • Children who are physically active are less likely to be overweight.17 18 • Children who engage in weight-bearing activities have greater bone density and better skeletal health in both the short- and long-term.19 • Physically active children are more likely to have a higher level of self-esteem, more positive body image, and lower levels of stress and anxiety.20 • Learning by doing at an early age is fundamental to the quality of skill acquisition.21 The best time to begin teaching motor skills fundamental to a physically active lifestyle is in the pre-primary and primary years, especially in the ‘years of readiness’ at age 5-6 years.22 Historical data show clearly that the percentage of children categorised as overweight or obese, based on body mass index, was relatively stable at about 7-8% from the early 1900s to the early 1970s.7 Since the early 1970s, however, this percentage has increased in an almost exponential manner until 2003, when the most recent data were published. Although much of the data were not analysed separately for boys and girls, the overall figures indicate that, at present, between 20% and 30% of Australian children and adolescents are overweight or obese. This is consistent with trends in many developed countries, in particular the USA and UK. 16 1.2 Importance of nutrition in childhood and adolescence 1.3 Why Healthy Kids Queensland? In Queensland, as in the rest of Australia and most developed countries, overweight and obesity, especially in children, has and will have enormous public health consequences. These include both shortand long-term influences on the risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal and renal diseases, and possible impact on mental health, and the costs associated with these diseases or disorders. “Nutrition is a fundamental pillar of human life, health and development across the entire life span. From the earliest stages of fetal development, at birth, and through infancy, childhood, adolescence and on into adulthood, proper food and good nutrition are essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, performance, productivity, health and well-being.” The most recent reliable data on diet behaviours and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children (including a Queensland sample) were collected in 1995 and showed that slightly more than 20% of children aged 7-15 years were overweight or obese.9 The 2007 national children’s nutrition and physical activity survey will not provide adequate estimates of the prevalence of or the relevant risk factors for overweight and obesity in Queensland children. World Health Organisation 1 Childhood and adolescence are periods of substantial growth and development, and are an important time to shape and consolidate healthy eating behaviours. Establishing healthy eating early is essential to preventing or postponing the onset of nutrition-related chronic diseases in adulthood.23 • Adolescence is a critical period for calcium absorption and the optimum period for gaining bone density, particularly for girls.24 The efficiency of calcium absorption increases during puberty, and the majority of bone formation occurs at this time. • Vitamins and micronutrients are essential to help regulate the body’s metabolism and assist in the formation of bone and tissue. With the high growth demands of childhood and adolescence, adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables is as important for children and adolescents as at any other stage of life.23 • A child’s rate of growth is a fundamental indicator of dietary adequacy and health; too little or too much over a period can alter the natural progress of physical growth.23 To inform policy and practice for promoting nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight for children and to prevent chronic disease, the Queensland Government and other stakeholders need reliable objective current data on the prevalence of healthy weight, overweight and obesity, and data on dietary intake and physical activity patterns in Queensland children. This information is vital to the ongoing development, targeting and evaluation of health promotion programs to improve children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviour throughout the state. Queensland Health has funded the Healthy Kids Queensland Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey to provide the data needed to plan, develop and refine programs to address the alarming rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity seen in Australian children from 1985 to 1995. This survey and other multi-sector strategies aimed at making it easier for children to chose healthy foods and be more physically active are part of Eat Well Be Active — Healthy Kids for Life: the Queensland Government’s first action plan 2005-2008. 3 17 2.0 The Survey T An equal number of boys and girls took part. Overall: 3.8% of the study population identified themselves as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin, 8.4% were born in a country other than Australia and 6.9% spoke a language other than English at home. Whilst these proportions are representative of the Queensland population, the numbers of children are too small to provide separate reliable estimates of the survey outcomes in these groups. he Healthy Kids Queensland Survey took place throughout Queensland from April to September 2006. A random sample of 112 schools from all primary and secondary schools from government and nongovernment sectors were invited to take part. These schools were chosen using a random cluster design. The school setting was chosen since children in the target age groups spend the majority of their time during the week at school. Further, to maximise the statistical power of the survey, three key age groups were chosen: 5 to 7 years (the first year of compulsory schooling), 9 to 11 years (just prior to puberty) and 14 to 16 years (the last year of compulsory schooling). These years are also critical times in growth and development. The data arising from the survey were weighted and all results shown in this report relate to these weighted data. The data were weighted because the sampling did not achieve an equal probability of inclusion of all children in the target population for two reasons. The survey aimed to recruit children across Queensland and, to this end, 59 schools in urban areas and 53 from rural areas were chosen randomly. Of these, 72 agreed to take part — a response rate of 65%. The sample represented a mix of 39 schools in urban areas and 33 schools in rural areas. The definition of an urban school was that the school was based in a location with an Accessibility-Remoteness Index of Australia Plus (ARIA+) 25 category of 1 and was deemed highly accessible. A rural school was defined as a school in a location with an ARIA+ category of 2-4 that was deemed accessible through to remote. First, the number of classes varied by school, as did the number of classes selected from a given school. For example, a child in a school with two classes would have a one in two or 50% chance of selection (one class selected), whereas a child in a school with five classes would have two chances in five (or 40% chance) of selection (two classes selected). In addition, for various reasons, the sampling protocol was not followed strictly in all situations. For example, if a school insisted that all classes be included, children at that school would have a 100% probability of selection, and the probabilities would also vary between schools. Insufficient resources were available to allow for the development of valid instruments and over sampling to achieve reliable separate data representative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in this survey. Second, not all selected children responded, leading to potential response bias. To correct, as far as possible, for selection and response bias and to obtain unbiased estimates, the probability of a child being included in the analysis (that is, selected in the first place and then responding) was multiplied by the probabilities of inclusion at each successive stage; these were the probabilities of school selection, class selection and child inclusion. These probabilities were converted to weights (as the inverse of the probabilities) and applied to the weighted analyses. The only exclusion criteria were schools with fewer than 25 students, special schools and schools that were classified as ‘very remote’ according to ARIA+. The exclusion criterion was used primarily for logistic reasons and to ensure as far as possible that the recruitment and measurement of salient data were feasible within the timeframe and budget of the survey. 2.1 Demographics The effect of a weighted analysis is to produce estimated prevalences that would correspond to the estimates seen if each child in the target population had the same probability of inclusion.26 A total of 3691 children and adolescents from years 1, 5 and 10 participated in the survey. The mean ages of the children participating in the survey are shown in Table 1. 18 Table 1 Age of the study population (years) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male Female Male Female Male Female n 568 550 718 804 480 571 Mean 6.2 6.1 10.2 10.1 15.2 15.2 SD 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Median 6.2 6.1 10.2 10.1 15.2 15.2 5.4-7.6 5.0-7.4 9.0-12.2 9.4-11.9 14.2-16.6 14.2-17.4 Minimum-maximum 2.2 Survey tools Table 2 The survey used accepted methods to assess the participants’ body dimensions, dietary intake, and physical activity. Some of the survey tools have been used previously in other Australian State surveys of physical activity and nutrition.27 28 These measures allow us to compare the results across time and location (e.g., with previous surveys or surveys in other States or countries). The particulars of each tool are addressed at the start of their respective results section. Tools for Year 10 are enclosed in the Appendix as an example. Coding and data entry procedures will be included in the subsequent technical report. Sample sizes according to survey tools Survey tool Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 total n Anthropometry 1,102 1,487 1,012 3,601 24-hour food record 235* 1,397 933 2,565 Food frequency 948 1,349 946 3,243 PA questionnaire 944 1,400 956 3,300 Pedometer 915 1,397 933 3,245 PA = physical activity * 25% of year 1 classes were selected to be asked to complete the 24-hour food record based upon the more intensive nature of collecting, evaluating and processing 24-hour dietary records in children of this age. The data were analysed by standard procedures and, unless otherwise indicated, all data presented have been weighted to take into account the sampling framework (i.e., recruitment of certain schools and certain children), as discussed above. Table 2 shows the samples sizes for each survey tool for each age group. The following information was collected about the survey participants: • Age and date of birth • Anthropometric assessment to indicate the proportion of Queensland children who are of a healthy weight, overweight or obese: • height • weight • waist circumference • Dietary assessment to understand the eating patterns and nutrient intake of Queensland children: • food-frequency • 24-hour dietary record • Physical activity assessment to understand the physical activity behaviours and exercise patterns of Queensland children: • physical activity questionnaire • pedometer study. The sample sizes varied slightly between survey tools because some children did not consent to participate in all measures. Overall the average response rate for each survey tool was 54%, and the response rates ranged from 39% to 68%, according to the Year group and the survey tool in question. 19 2.3 Survey Logistics Recruiting and measuring 3691 children from 112 schools over a 6 month period was a complex logistical exercise that involved a full-time project manager and study co-ordinator, and a team of 25 research assistants. Prior to the main survey that started in April, 4 pilot schools were chosen in February 2006 to help refine both the survey tools and scheduling of visits that had been developed. The pilot schools were an invaluable part of the HKQ project and the lessons learnt shaped the visit schedules for the main survey. Prior to the school visits, telephone contact with the school confirmed the visit date and organised for all consent forms to be sent to the school in advance of the arrival of the HKQ survey team. It was requested that the consent forms be sent home with the children a few weeks prior to the scheduled school visit. Children were to have brought their consent forms back to the school prior to the first visit of the HKQ research team. Year level being visited. Children were encouraged to put their pedometers on at this point. On this day, the majority of height, weight and waist measurements were also taken. This was only done on a subsequent visit if the child had not returned a completed consent form by visit 1 or had been absent at visit 1. Visit 2 The purpose of this visit was to collect and review for completeness the food frequency questionnaire, the 24 food hour food and drink record and the physical activity questionnaire and was scheduled, where possible, to be two days after visit 1. The food and drink record measuring equipment were also collected. Physical measurements were taken on any children who had been absent at Visit 1 or had not had a consent form signed by visit 1. Visit 3 Scheduled a week after visit 1, the purpose of this visit was to collect and review the pedometer and pedometer diary. Any remaining equipment or questionnaires were also collected. The students were given a certificate in appreciation of their help, a sunhat and some health brochures. Visits Teams of four or five personnel visited each school. For the larger schools, more than one team was required. The visits were scheduled to fit in within a seven to ten day timeframe. Visit 1 For some schools, a maximum of two catch-up visits were scheduled post visit 3. This was to collect any remaining uncollected questionnaires or items of equipment that had been handed in late. The visits were spread across Terms 2 and 3 of the 2006 school calendar. The schema below presents the distribution of recruitment across the months of the survey. At this visit, the HKQ survey packs, containing the questionnaires, pedometers, food measuring equipment and instructions were distributed. Detailed instructions on each survey tool (food frequency questionnaire, 24 hour food and drink record, physical activity questionnaire and pedometer diary) were provided; the extent of the detail depended on the Schema: Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Distribution of children recruited according to the month of survey n April May June July August September Male 471 1.3 30.9 12.3 18.9 25.3 11.3 Female 466 0.2 28.4 15.3 22.5 20.4 12.7 Male 611 0 22.7 18.3 22.2 27.7 9.1 Female 703 0.7 30.3 14.3 18.3 25.7 10.3 Male 414 0.3 30.0 11.1 24.9 30.7 3.0 Female 524 0 27.2 8.4 23.5 29.3 11.6 20 3.0 Anthropometric assessment The following variables were measured: • height • body weight • waist circumference. • Height, weight and waist circumference at the level of the umbilicus were measured as described by Davies et al, 2001.29 A brief summary of the equipment and protocol for each physical measurement is included below. • Height • Equipment • A Seca 2200 Stadiometer was used. • The floor surface used was even and firm. • The stadiometer was calibrated before leaving the project base, and again in situ at each school site. A one metre calibrated rod was provided to each survey team for calibration. • perpendicular to the vertical back piece of the stadiometer. This is best viewed and aligned when the examiner is directly to the side and at eye level with the child. The HKQ team member asked the participant to focus straight ahead (and not up or down) and breathe in deeply before the measure was taken. The HKQ team member applied gentle upward traction to the skull behind the ears to ensure the body was fully stretched (ensured the head was not tilted backwards). The head board/platform was lowered lightly but firmly to the top of the person’s head until it made firm contact with the top of the skull (and not on top of the hair). The height measurement was taken at maximum inspiration. Recording • Two measurements, to the nearest 0.1 cm (1 millimetre), were taken. • A third measurement was taken if the measures differed by 0.5cm (5 millimetres) or more. • The mean of the two closest measures was included in the analysis. • Measurements that fell between two millimetres were recorded to the nearest even millimetre. Procedure • The measuring slide was engaged in the horizontal position for measuring. • The measuring slide was moved upwards according to the height of the person being measured. • For measuring from 130.5cm – 200cm, the HKQ team member read off mark (1). For measuring a height below 130.5cm, the lock was released, the measuring slide was pushed downwards, and the HKQ team member read off mark (3). • Participants were requested to undo or adjust hair styles and remove hair accessories that were likely to interfere with the measurement. • The participant stood erect under the measuring slide, in bare feet with buttocks and shoulders pressed against the stadiometer. • The heels were together with the arms hanging freely by the side (palms facing the thighs). • The HKQ team member ensured the participant’s heels were not raised and that weight was evenly distributed on both feet. • The participant’s head was positioned in the Frankfort Plane. (The Frankfort Plane is the imaginary line from the hole in the ear to the bottom of the ‘orbit’, i.e. bone, of the eye.) • When aligned correctly, the Frankfort Plane is parallel to the horizontal headpiece and Weight Equipment • Tanita (model HD316) digital bathroom scales were used. • The scales were placed on an even and firm surface. • The scales were calibrated using standard weights before leaving the project base each time. They were also calibrated in situ at each school site, using the pre-measured weights held by each HKQ survey team. Procedure • The participant was asked to be barefoot and to wear only light clothing (t-shirt and shorts/skirt). Heavy jewellery and heavy items (eg. coins) were removed and participants were also asked to remove heavy clothing items (jackets etc). • The scales were then zeroed. 21 • The participant was then asked to stand evenly on the scale, feet together, arms hanging loosely at their side and head facing forward, remaining still until asked to move off the scales. • The HKQ team member stood at the side of the participant to take the measurement. • Participants were asked to breathe in and breathe out naturally and the measurement was taken at the end of expiration without the tape compressing the skin (each measurement was taken at the side of the participant’s body). Recording • One single measure was taken to the nearest 0.1 kg. Waist 2. Waist circumference – Last Rib and Iliac Crest • As per above, participants were asked to stand comfortably with their weight evenly distributed on both feet with their arms hanging loosely at their side. • This measurement was taken midway between the inferior margin of the last rib and the crest of the ilium, in a horizontal plane. Each landmark was palpated and marked with lipstick. The midpoint was determined using a measuring tape and mark. • The HKQ team member stood on the side of the participant and passed the tape around their body (ensuring that the tape was in a horizontal position and not twisted). • The participants were asked to breathe in and breathe out naturally, with the measurement taken at the end of expiration without the tape compressing the skin. Equipment • A Luskin Steel Measurement Tape was used. Procedure Measurements were taken using two protocols: 1. Waist circumference – Umbilicus (measurement taken at the level of the umbilicus). 2. Waist circumference – Last Rib and Iliac Crest (measurement taken midway between the last rib and the iliac crest). The latter waist measurement is the preferred protocol for research studies as specified by the World Health Organisation,30 whereas the measurement taken at the umbilicus enables direct comparison with previous national waist data. • Participants were asked to shift their clothing being worn to gain access to the necessary parts of the waist area (i.e. shirts lifted up to a certain height). • If clothing had to be worn, participants were asked to assist by undressing to a light layer of clothing, if possible. • Measurements were taken against the skin. For those participants who were uncomfortable with this procedure, the measurement was taken over a single layer of clothing. Recording • For each protocol two measurements, to the nearest 0.1 cm (1 millimetre), were taken. • A third measurement was taken if the measures differed by 0.5cm (5 millimetres) or more. • The mean of the two closest measures was included in the analysis. • Measurements that fell between two millimetres were recorded to the nearest even millimetre. BMI 1. Waist circumference – Umbilicus • The participants were asked to stand comfortably with their weight evenly distributed over both feet and with their arms hanging loosely at their side. • The measurement was taken at the level of the umbilicus at the side of the participant’s body. • The tape was passed around the participant’s body (ensuring that the tape was in a horizontal position across the back of the participant and not twisted). Height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) according to the equation: BMI = weight in kg (height in m)2. BMI is expressed in kg/m2 and was used to determine the number and percentage of the sample population who were underweight, overweight or obese. 22 Underweight was defined as a BMI less than the third centile for sex and age according to the CDC 2000 growth data.32 Healthy weight was defined as not underweight, overweight or obese, as classified by the BMI. Overweight and obesity were defined using the international BMI cut offs described by Cole and colleagues.31 These cut offs were derived from measurements of more than 190,000 individuals aged from birth to 25 years. Centile curves were drawn that, at age 18, passed through the adult accepted cut offs of 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 for overweight and obesity, respectively. This produced the different cut off values for children in six-monthly groups, as published. Throughout the subsequent analyses, no consistent differences were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. 23 3.1 Height, body weight and BMI of sample population The demographics of height, weight and BMI of the study sample are shown by Year and sex in Tables 3-5. In these tables, “n” differs according to sex and survey Table 3 outcome measures because of variation in the number of children consenting to each measure. Height of the children by year and sex Height (m) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Mean SD Median Min-max Male 556 1.188 0.054 1.191 0.980-1.340 Female 531 1.168 0.053 1.169 0.870-1.370 Male 706 1.410 0.066 1.411 1.140-1.600 Female 774 1.416 0.069 1.411 1.040-1.680 Male 472 1.729 0.076 1.734 1.502-1.986 Female 536 1.632 0.064 1.636 1.151-1.813 n Mean SD Median Min-max Male 556 23.1 3.8 22.5 14.2-42.7 Female 540 22.1 3.7 21.4 13.4-47.9 Male 705 36.4 8.2 34.8 19.9-69.9 Female 776 37.3 9.0 35.5 21.9-88.6 Male 471 64.8 12.2 63.2 34.9-118.9 Female 536 57.6 10.8 56.5 31.1-110.0 n Mean SD Median Min-max Male 554 16.3 1.8 16.0 11.5-27.0 Female 529 16.1 1.8 15.7 12.3-28.4 Male 704 18.2 3.0 17.5 12.2-44.2 Female 769 18.5 3.6 17.6 12.7-50.8 Male 471 21.6 3.4 20.9 13.6-38.7 Female 534 21.6 3.7 21.1 13.6-48.5 Min-max = minimum to maximum Table 4 Weights of the children by year and sex Weight (kg) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Min-max = minimum to maximum Table 5 BMI of the children by year and sex BMI (kg/m2) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Min-max = minimum to maximum 24 Centiles were calculated for BMI for both males and females using the LMS method 33 and using the software LMSChartmaker Table 6 (www.healthforallchildren.co.uk). These data are shown in Tables 6 and 7. Centiles of BMI for males by age Age (years) n 3rd 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 97th 5-6 194 13.6 14.3 15.0 15.9 17.0 18.1 19.4 6-7 348 13.7 14.3 15.0 16.0 17.3 18.8 20.9 9-10 230 14.2 15.0 16.0 17.4 19.4 22.1 26.4 10-11 441 14.5 15.3 16.2 17.5 19.4 21.8 25.8 14-15 153 17.0 18.0 19.3 20.9 23.0 25.4 28.6 15-16 297 16.3 17.6 19.1 21.0 23.4 26.0 29.2 * Centiles were calculated for each age group independently. There was no attempt to smooth centiles across age groups because of significant missing data for ages 7.00 to 9.00 years and 12.00 to 14.00 years. Table 7 Centiles of BMI for females by age Age (years) n 3rd 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 97th 5-6 238 13.6 14.2 14.9 15.8 17.0 18.3 20.1 6-7 293 13.5 14.1 14.8 15.8 17.0 18.4 20.4 9-10 307 14.2 15.0 16.1 17.7 19.9 22.8 27.7 10-11 444 14.0 15.0 16.2 17.9 20.1 23.0 27.1 14-15 199 16.4 17.6 18.9 20.6 22.7 24.9 27.6 15-16 321 16.8 18.0 19.4 21.2 23.5 26.2 29.5 * Centiles were calculated for each age group independently. There was no attempt to smooth centiles across age groups because of significant missing data for ages 7.00 to 9.00 years and 12.00 to 14.00 years. The distribution of BMI within each age and sex grouping is presented in Figure 1. As expected, this figure shows clearly that as children get older, the mean BMI increases and the range of BMI increases. Furthermore, in the older age groups (Years 5 and 10), the spread of BMI becomes stretched towards the higher end. As the age group increases, the proportion of children or young people who are obese or very obese increases (this is seen in the figure by the appearance of more coloured bars on the right hand side of the individual distribution charts). KEY POINTS • In the older age groups the BMI distribution is stretched towards the upper end, i.e. as the age group increases, the proportion of children or young people who are obese or very obese increases. 25 Figure 1 BMI distributions by age and sex Males aged 5.00-5.99 Males aged 6.00-6.99 Males aged 9.0-9.99 12% 12% 8% 8% 8% 4% 0% 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Percent Percent Percent 12% 4% 4% 0% 0% 35.00 15.00 20.00 BMI 25.00 30.00 15.00 35.00 20.00 BMI Males aged 10.0-10.99 Males aged 14.0-14.99 35.00 Males aged 15.0-15.99 12% 8% 8% 8% Percent Percent 12% Percent 30.00 BMI 12% 4% 25.00 4% 4% 0% 0% 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 0% 15.00 20.00 BMI 25.00 30.00 15.00 35.00 20.00 BMI Females aged 5.0-5.99 30.00 35.00 BMI Females aged 6.0-6.99 Females aged 9.0-9.99 12% 12% 8% 8% 8% Percent Percent 12% Percent 25.00 4% 4% 4% 0% 0% 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 0% 15.00 35.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 15.00 BMI 20.00 BMI Females aged 10.0-10.99 30.00 35.00 BMI Females aged 14.0-14.99 Females aged 15.0-15.99 12% 12% 8% 8% 8% Percent Percent 12% Percent 25.00 4% 4% 4% 0% 0% 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 0% 15.00 35.00 15.00 BMI 20.00 25.00 BMI 26 30.00 20.00 25.00 35.00 BMI 30.00 35.00 3.2 BMI categories (underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese) Table 8 shows the percentage of children classified as underweight, of healthy weight and ‘overweight and obese’. Table 9 shows the percentage of children classified as ‘overweight but not obese’ and obese, separately. In both tables, the values are the percentage of children in each category according to Year level and sex. Table 8 Fewer than 2% of the children in any age group were underweight, which was less than expected from the definition of underweight (< 3rd centile). Overall, about 77% of all children were of healthy weight: 81.7% of boys and 78.3% of girls in Year 1, 79.6% of boys and 72.2% of girls in Year 5, and 75.7% of boys and 78.4% of girls in Year 10. In the younger two groups, slightly more boys than girls were of healthy weight, but the opposite was seen in the older age group. On average, 21% of all children and young people were overweight or obese. Percentage of children classified as underweight, of healthy weight, or overweight and obese n Underweight mean (95% CI) Healthy weight mean (95% CI) Overweight and obese mean (95% CI) Male 554 1.6 (0.6-2.6) 81.7 (78.5-84.9) 16.7(13.6-19.8) Female 529 2.0 (0.8-3.2) 78.3 (74.8-81.8) 19.7 (16.3-23.1) Male 704 0.8 (0.1-1.5) 79.6 (76.6-82.6) 19.6 (16.7-22.5) Female 769 1.4 (0.6-2.2) 72.2 (69.0-75.4) 26.4 (23.2-29.5) Male 471 1.7 (0.5-2.9) 75.7 (71.8-79.6) 22.6 (18.8-26.4) Female 534 1.1 (0.2-2.0) 78.4 (74.9-81.9) 20.5 (17.1-23.9) Male 1729 1.3 (0.8-1.8) 79.2 (77.3-81.1) 19.5 (17.6-21.4) Female 1832 1.5 (0.9-2.1) 75.8 (73.8-77.8) 22.7 (20.8-24.6) 3561 1.4 (1.0-1.8) 77.5 (76.0-78.8) 21.1 (19.8-22.4) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 TOTAL All CI = confidence interval Underweight was defined as a BMI less than the third centile for sex and age according to the CDC 2000 growth data. 32 Healthy weight was defined as not underweight, overweight or obese, as classified by the BMI. Overweight and obesity were defined using the international cut offs described by Cole and colleagues. 31 27 Table 9 Percentage of children classified as overweight or obese n Overweight but not obese mean (95% CI) Obese mean (95% CI) Male 554 12.2 (9.5-14.9) 4.5 (2.8-6.2) Female 529 15.3 (12.2-18.4) 4.4 (2.7-6.1) Male 704 13.4 (10.9-15.9) 6.2 (4.4-8.0) Female 769 19.9 (17.1-22.7) 6.5 (4.8-8.2) Male 471 19.4 (15.8-23.0) 3.2 (1.6-4.8) Female 534 16.8 (13.6-20.0) 3.7 (2.1-5.3) Male 1729 14.6 (12.9-16.3) 4.8 (3.8-5.8) Female 1832 17.7 (16.0-19.4) 5.1 (4.1-6.1) 3561 16.2 (15.0-17.4) 4.9 (4.2-5.6) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 TOTAL All CI = confidence interval Overweight and obesity were defined using the international cut offs described by Cole and colleagues. 31 In boys, the prevalence of overweight increased with age, from 12.2% in Year 1 to 13.4% in Year 5 to 19.4% in Year 10. In girls, the prevalence of overweight increased from Year 1 to Year 5 (15.3% to 19.9%) and then declined to 16.8% in Year 10. More girls than boys were overweight in years 1 and 5, but this trend reversed in Year 10. The prevalence of obesity was similar in boys and girls at each Year level. In boys, the prevalence of obesity increased from Year 1 to Year 5 (4.5% to 6.2%) and then declined slightly in Year 10 (to 3.2%). A similar pattern was seen for girls; the prevalence of obesity increased from Year 1 to Year 5 (4.4% to 6.5%) and then decreased in Year 10 (to 3.7%). 28 3.2.1 Comparison of overweight and obesity between Queensland children and children in WA and NSW New South Wales (NSW) in 2004.27 28 The comparison is shown in Figure 2. In the WA survey of children aged 7-16 years, overall, 21.7% of boys and 27.8% of girls were overweight or obese. In the NSW survey of children aged 5-16 years, overall, 25% of boys and 23.3% of girls were overweight or obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity from this survey was compared with data from recent comparable State surveys in Western Australia (WA) in 2003 and Figure 2 Comparison of the percentage of children who are overweight or obese by State (Queensland, Western Australia and New South Wales) Males Females 30 35 QLD 25 QLD 30 WA WA 25 20 NSW NSW 20 % 15 % 15 10 10 5 0 5 year 1 (aged 6)* year 5 (aged 10)* 0 year 10 (aged 15)** year 1 (aged 6)* year 5 (aged 10)* year 10 (aged 15)* Values are mean percentage within each category. No 6-year-olds were available for comparison with WA. Values for NSW are estimates from tables because numbers were not presented in their report. * Year 1 QLD boys and girls compared with NSW kindergarten boys and girls of similar age (6 years), and Year 5 QLD boys and girls compared with Year 4 NSW boys and girls of similar age (10 years). ** Year 10 boys and girls in NSW were approximately 16 years old, up to one year older than Year 10 boys and girls in QLD. Comparisons were not possible for each Year group across all three states. Overall, the percentage of overweight and obesity in Queensland children fell within the range of 15% to 30% seen across States within Australia. For boys, Queensland had the lowest prevalence of overweight and obese children in Year 5 and Year 10, but slightly higher than NSW in Year 1. For girls, Queensland had a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity in children of Year 1 and 5 ages, and for Year 10, Queensland rates were lower than WA but similar to NSW. Representative data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 4 to 5 year old children (mean age of 56.9 months) in 2004 from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children have recently been published. The percentage of children who were overweight or obese was 20.7% nationally and 17.9% in Queensland children.34 The Queensland rate of overweight and obesity from this national study is similar to the rate found for 5-year-olds in Healthy Kids Queensland (17.4% for 437 children aged 5.0 to 5.99 years). 29 3.2.2 Trends in overweight and obesity over time were not available for 1985. However, available data suggests that the rates of overweight and obesity in Queensland children in 1985 may have been lower than national rates, at least in boys aged 7-11 (unpublished data). Further analysis of trend data for Queensland will be undertaken in 2008. The prevalence of overweight and obesity from this survey was also compared with data from previous national surveys: the 1985 Australian Health and Fitness Survey (AHFS)35 and the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (NNS).36 Detailed individual state data for Queensland were not available for 1995, and weighted data Figure 3 The increasing trend in overweight and obesity is shown in Figure 3. Comparison of the percentage of overweight and obese children in the current survey with national percentages observed in 1985 and 1995. Males Females 30 % 30 1985 25 1995 25 20 2006 20 15 % 15 10 10 5 5 0 year 1* year 5* 0 year 10*** 1985 1995 2006 year 1* year 5* year 10*** Values are mean percentage within each category. There were no available data for 1985 children of an age comparable to Year 1 children in QLD * Year 1 QLD children (aged 5-7) were compared with NNS children (aged 4-6) **Year 5 QLD children (aged 9-12) were compared with AHFS children (aged 7-11) and NNS children (7-11). *** Year 10 QLD children (aged 14-17) were compared with AHFS children (aged 12-15) and the averaged value of NNS children (for the groups aged 12-15 and 16-18). Since 1985, for children of Year 5 and Year 10 age, on average there has been a twofold increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The percentage of children who were overweight or obese in the current survey was higher than the national averages observed in the respective 1995 surveys for Year 1 and Year 5 boys, and Year 5 and Year 10 girls. For Year 10 boys the prevalence of overweight and obesity is still more than double that of 1985, but was less than that observed nationally in 1995, while for Year 1 girls the prevalence is similar to the national prevalence in 1995. However, compared to the national increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity from 1985 to 1995, the rate of increase for the period 1995 to 2006 is lower in all age and sex groups for which data is available, except for year 5 boys. Further analysis of trend data will be undertaken once individual data for Queensland from 1985 and1995 are available. Separate data for Queensland children in 1995 were not available for analysis. 30 KEY POINTS • Comparison with national data from 1985 and 1995 shows that the prevalence of overweight and obesity for Queensland 5-17-year-olds has continued to increase; with most age groups the prevalence being twofold greater than national rates of 1985. However, the rate of increase appears to have slowed in Queensland since 1995. • No consistent differences in the prevalence of overweight or obesity were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. • Less than 2% of Queensland children aged 5-17 were underweight. • 77% of Queensland children aged 5-17 were of healthy weight. • 19.5% of boys and 22.7% of girls aged 5-17 were overweight or obese. • Overall, 21% of Queensland children aged 5-17 were overweight or obese. • The prevalence of overweight and obesity generally increased with age, although the prevalence was highest in Year 5 girls. • The percentage of overweight and obesity in Queensland children fell within the range of 15% to 30%, depending on the age and sex group studied, seen across States within Australia. • Overall and within most age groups, the percentage of boys and girls who were overweight or obese was lower in Queensland children than in NSW and WA children of the same age in recent surveys. 31 3.3 Waist circumference As expected from normal growth, waist circumference increased with age in boys and girls. In boys, waist circumference increased from Year 1 to Year 10 by 21.3 cm at the umbilicus and by 22.4 cm at the iliac crest. In girls, waist circumference increased by 19.6 cm at the umbilicus and by 17.8 cm at the iliac crest. BMI is used widely as a determinant of overweight or obesity, but other anthropometric indices can be used to determine risk associated with overweight and obesity. One such index is waist circumference which tracks well from childhood to adulthood and provides information relating to cardiovascular risk factors that cannot be assessed readily using BMI.37 Table 10 shows the waist measurements at the umbilicus and halfway between the last rib and the iliac crest. Table 10 Waist circumference (cm) of sample population by age Waist (cm) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 3.3.1 n Mean SD Median Minimum-maximum Male Umbilicus Iliac crest 554 56.2 55.1 5.2 4.8 55.5 54.5 44.5-86.2 44.1-81.2 Female Umbilicus Iliac crest 529 56.0 54.2 5.3 4.8 55.0 53.3 44.1-83.8 44.4-79.0 Male Umbilicus Iliac crest 699 65.5 63.6 8.8 8.3 63.7 61.7 43.7-102.7 43.0-99.8 Female Umbilicus Iliac crest 778 66.5 63.6 9.6 9.0 64.2 61.6 47.0-108.5 47.6-101.2 Male Umbilicus Iliac crest 471 77.5 75.1 8.8 8.1 76.2 73.8 58.0-123.9 56.5-110.5 Female Umbilicus Iliac crest 538 75.6 72.0 8.8 8.1 74.9 71.0 56.2-112.8 55.5-114.5 Trends in waist circumference There are good historical data relating to waist circumference in Australian children that can be used to make a robust comparison and thus indicate changes that might have significant health implications. The waist measurements taken at the umbilicus level from children in years 5 and 10 of the current survey were compared with the waist measurements of similar-aged children from the 1985 Schools Fitness Survey nationally.35 Only children who were comparable in age between the two surveys were included in the analysis. No children in Year 1 were included, but 97% of the Year 5 and 95% of the Year 10 children sample populations were. Children were compared by age; ages 9 and 10 (Year 5) and 14 and 15 (Year 10). These comparisons are presented in Tables 11 and 12 for Year 5 children and Tables 13 and 14 for Year 10 children. The differences between 1985 and 2006 are presented graphically in Figures 4 (Year 5) and 5 (Year 10). 32 Table 11 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 9-year-old children* from 2006 with similar-aged children from 1985 n 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 2006 237 53.8 56.1 59.1 63.2 68.8 76.1 87.9 1985 406 52.2 53.4 55.6 58.6 62.3 66.6 69.7 2006 308 52.7 55.7 59.3 64.3 70.9 78.8 90.0 1985 432 50.3 51.7 54.2 57.6 61.7 66.5 69.9 Male Female * Children aged 9.00 to 9.99 years. Table 12 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 10-year-old children* from 2006 with similar-aged children from 1985 n 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 2006 441 54.6 56.4 59.8 64.3 70.0 76.7 81.6 1985 501 53.3 54.5 56.9 60.1 64.1 68.8 72.4 2006 449 54.7 56.6 60.3 65.3 71.7 79.4 85.3 1985 494 51.3 52.7 55.4 59.0 63.3 68.3 72.0 Male Female * Children aged 10.00 to 10.99 years. The differences in waist circumference at the umbilicus between 1985 and 2006 for each centile for the respective age groups are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Increase in umbilicus waist circumference centiles of 9- and 10-year-old children from 1985 to 2006 Children in Year 5 (9.00 to 10.99 yr) 22 male aged 9.0-9.99 20 female aged 9.0-9.99 18 16 male aged 10.0-10.99 Difference (cm) 14 12 female aged 10.0-10.99 10 8 6 4 2 0 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th Centile centile groups), it is also clear that the difference between 1985 and 2006 becomes greater as the centile increases. Figure 4 shows that waist circumference in 9- and 10-year-old children increased from 1985 to 2006. Although this change in waist circumference is evident across the Year 5 population (i.e., in all 33 Table 13 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 14-year-old children* from 2006 with similar-aged children from 1985 n 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 2006 156 65.0 67.7 70.8 75.1 80.6 87.0 96.0 1985 479 60.9 62.5 65.5 69.4 74.3 79.9 84.0 2006 199 62.6 65.5 68.9 73.3 78.8 85.0 92.8 1985 414 58.1 59.7 62.8 66.8 71.7 77.0 80.8 Male Female * Children aged 14.00 to 14.99 years Table 14 Comparison of umbilicus waist circumference (cm) centiles in 15-year-old children * from 2006 with similar-aged children from 1985 n 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 2006 297 66.1 68.0 71.5 76.0 81.6 87.9 92.5 1985 468 63.0 64.6 67.7 71.6 76.4 81.7 85.6 2006 324 64.7 66.6 70.2 74.9 80.4 86.4 90.5 1985 423 59.5 61.6 64.2 68.2 73.1 78.4 82.2 Male Female * Children aged 15.00 to 15.99 years Figure 5 Increase of umbilicus waist circumference centiles of 14- and 15-year-old children from 1985 to 2006 Children in Year 10 (14.00 to 15.99 yr) 14 male aged 14.0-14.99 12 female aged 14.0-14.99 10 male aged 15.0-15.99 8 Difference (cm) Figure 5 shows that waist circumference increased by an average of 4-6 cm from 1985 to 2006. Although this change in waist circumference is evident across the Year 10 population (i.e., in all centile groups), it is also clear that the difference between 1985 and 2006 becomes greater as the centile increases. female aged 15.0-15.99 6 4 2 0 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th Centile KEY POINTS • As expected waist circumference increased with age. • Waist circumference increased between 1985 and 2006 in both 9- and 10- year-old children and 14and 15- year-old children. • From 1985 to 2006, the greatest increases in waist circumference, in absolute terms, occurred at the higher end of the waist circumference distribution. The data suggests that over time there has been a relative increase in abdominal obesity at the upper end of the distribution. 34 3.4 Body size The children were asked as part of the second section of the food frequency questionnaire (see page 121 for details) about how they would describe their current weight. Table 15 shows their response. The majority of Year 1 and Year 5 children were happy with their body Table 15 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 weight, with only 5% thinking they were too fat and about 8% thinking they were too thin. This was notably different by Year 10. One in four Year 10 girls and one in six Year 10 boys thought they were too fat. One in ten Year 10 boys thought they were too thin. Children’s perceptions about their current body weight n Too thin (%) About right (%) Too fat (%) Male 467 10.0 85.8 4.2 Female 464 5.5 92.0 2.5 Male 602 9.3 84.8 5.9 Female 683 4.6 88.7 6.7 Male 414 11.8 73.1 15.1 Female 524 3.5 71.7 24.8 Perception of body weight was compared to actual body weight in two ways. Firstly perception of weight status was compared with BMI categories of underweight/ healthy weight/ overweight and obese. Table 16 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 1 children BMI Category Too thin (n) About right (n) Too fat (n) Male (n=453) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 0 36 0 0 5 339 44 12 0 1 6 10 Female (n= 448) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 4 23 1 0 3 328 62 15 1 1 4 6 Year 1 Underweight was defined as a BMI less than the third centile for sex and age according to the CDC 2000 growth data 32. Healthy weight was defined as not underweight, overweight or obese, as classified by the BMI. Overweight and obesity were defined using the international cut offs described by Cole and colleagues. 31 35 Table 17 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 5 children BMI Category Too thin (n) About right (n) Too fat (n) Male (n=592) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 3 50 0 0 3 417 63 16 0 2 19 19 Female (n= 655) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 4 28 1 0 4 454 101 16 0 1 26 20 Year 5 Underweight was defined as a BMI less than the third centile for sex and age according to the CDC 2000 growth data 32. Healthy weight was defined as not underweight, overweight or obese, as classified by the BMI. Overweight and obesity were defined using the international cut offs described by Cole and colleagues. 31 Table 18 Relation of actual body weight (by BMI cut-off category) to perception of current body weight in Year 10 children BMI Category Too thin (n) About right (n) Too fat (n) Male (n=405) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 6 47 0 0 2 238 56 3 0 12 30 11 Female (n= 490) Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese 2 18 1 0 3 330 29 2 0 53 38 14 Year 10 Underweight was defined as a BMI less than the third centile for sex and age according to the CDC 2000 growth data 32. Healthy weight was defined as not underweight, overweight or obese, as classified by the BMI. Overweight and obesity were defined using the international cut offs described by Cole and colleagues. 31 The second comparison of the children’s perception about weight was compared with their actual standardised BMI score (Z-score). The Z-score is a reflection how their BMI compares to age and sex calculated norms e.g. a Z-score of + 2.0 indicates that the BMI is 2 standard deviations above what would be expected for a child of that age and sex, and approximately only 4% of children would have a value equivalent to this or higher. Year 1 boys and girls were comparable in terms of how their perception of body shape related to weight cutoff categories, with the majority of children perceiving their body size to be ‘about right’ irrespective of their BMI. In Years 5 and 10, there were trends of difference between boys and girls: boys were more likely than girls to consider themselves too thin, and for the majority of these boys, their weight, according to BMI cut-offs, was of a healthy weight. Girls, of healthy weight, were more likely to consider themselves as too fat, and this increased with age from less than 0.5% of healthy weight Year 5 girls jumping to 13.5% of Year 10 girls. A similar trend was observed in boys, but this was not as marked. Of those whose BMI placed them in the overweight or obese category, the proportion who considered themselves as “about right” in terms of body size decreased with age: 82% and 88% of Year 1 boys and girls, 68% and 72% of Year 5 boys and girls and 59% and 39% of Year 10 boys and girls. 36 Table 19 BMI Z-Scores by category of child perception of current body weight Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Too thin About right Too fat Male 455 -0.51 0.36 1.92 Female 456 -0.59 0.34 1.55 Male 592 -0.77 0.29 1.86 Female 661 -1.08 0.26 1.77 Male 405 -1.01 0.32 1.43 Female 492 -0.96 0.09 1.00 KEY POINTS • The majority of Year 1 and Year 5 children and seven in ten Year 10 children were happy with their body size. • One in four Year 10 girls thought they were too fat and one in ten Year 10 boys thought they were too thin. • Comparisons of perception of body size with weight cut-offs showed that by Year 5, boys of healthy weight are more likely than girls to consider themselves as too thin and girls are more likely to consider themselves as too fat. • Children classified as overweight or obese by BMI, are quite content with their body size at Year 1 and 5, but by Year 10, one in two would consider themselves as too fat. 37 4.0 Dietary assessment • include milks, yoghurts, cheese and/or alternatives • chose reduced-fat milk varieties (although reducedfat milks are not suitable for children under 2 years) • choose water as a drink • avoid alcohol. Childhood and adolescence is a period of substantial growth and development, and is an important time to shape and consolidate healthy eating behaviours. National dietary guidelines 23 recommend that children and adolescents should be encouraged to: • eat plenty of vegetables, legumes and fruits • eat plenty of cereals (including breads, rice, pasta and noodles), preferably wholegrain • include lean meat, fish, poultry and/or alternatives A guide to the number of serves per day from core food groups and extra foods recommended for children and adolescents is shown below. 38 Recommended daily food intake for children and adolescents (NHMRC 2003) Food Groups: Cereal, bread, rice, pasta, noodles Vegetables, legumes Fruit Milk, yoghurt, cheese Lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts & legumes Extra foods (soft drink, pie, oil, chips, sweets, etc) A single serve size is equal to one of these: 1 cup cereal; or 2 slices bread; or 1 cup cooked rice, pasta or noodles ½ cup cooked vegetables or legumes; or 1 cup salad 1 medium or 2 small pieces; or 1 cup chopped or canned 250ml glass; or200g yoghurt; 40g or 2 slices cheese 65-100g cooked lean meat, fish, or poultry; or 2 eggs; or ¹⁄³ cup nuts or ½ cup legumes 1 small piece cake; or just ½ pizza slice; or just ¹⁄³ meat pie; or 1 can (375ml) soft drink; or just 12 hot chips. 4-7 years 5-7 serves 2 serves 1 serve 2 serves ½ serve 1-2 serves 8-11 years 6-9 serves 3 serves 1 serve 2 serves 1 serve 1-2 serves 12-18 years 5-11 serves 4 serves 3 serves 3 serves 1 serve 1-3 serves Dietary intakes and food habits were assessed by 24-hour food record and food frequency questionnaire, similar to those used in the 2003 WA CAPANS Survey28 which were adapted from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey.36 Although a 24-hour food record is not always representative of an individual’s usual intake because of day-to-day variability, it is a valid measure of the diet of a group or population and is a common method used in large nutrition surveys. to the more intensive nature of collecting, evaluating and processing 24-hour dietary records for young children, 25% of year 1 classes were selected to be asked to complete the 24-hour food record. Children were encouraged to eat and drink normally, and to measure and record the amount of food or drink as it was served where possible. The record sheet gave detailed instructions about recording this information, including pictures to help the children estimate portion sizes. Each participant was given standard food-measuring instruments including measuring cups, measuring spoons and a ruler. Participants also recorded where the food was prepared (at home, at a canteen, etc). From the food record, the following dietary components were assessed: • energy • macronutrients: protein, fat (including saturated fat), carbohydrate (including sugars) • alcohol • fibre • thiamine, niacin, riboflavin Throughout the subsequent analyses of children’s diets, no consistent differences were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. 24-hour food record The participants were asked to record the food and drink consumed for one 24-hour period starting from when they woke up until they went to bed that same day. Parents of years 1 and 5 children were asked to complete this and Year 10 children completed the record themselves. Due 38 • • • • vitamin C iron, zinc calcium potassium. 4.1 Energy and macronutrients 4.1.1 Energy intake Table 20 shows the daily energy intake reported in the 24-hour food record. The food and drink record was analysed using the Foodworks database (Xyrus Software, Brisbane). Although other nutrients e.g. folate, were of interest, analysis of such nutrients could not be supported by available dietary analysis software and nutrient composition data available for use in Australia in 2006. Table 20 Average daily energy intake (kJ/day) by year and sex n Mean SD Median Male 113 7,590 1,990 7,360 Female 121 6,841 2,145 6,332 Male 648 8,523 2,768 8,345 Female 746 7,718 2602 7,423 Male 404 11,142 4,589 10,237 Female 526 8,072 2,993 7,734 Year 1 Fifty-two percent of the survey population agreed to complete the 24-hour food record; children in Year 5 had the highest response rate (64%). Of the 3,107 completed records, 553 records were either illegible or could not be coded because insufficient information was provided to allow for the coding of either the type or amount of food. A further 136 participants completed a repeat record to assess reproducibility and to provide data on the within-subject variability. These data will be provided in the technical report. Year 5 Year 10 Food frequency questionnaire These energy intake data were compared with current recommendations for energy intake39. Current recommendations for estimated energy requirements are based on a factorial approach using a prediction of basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is then incremented to take into account the levels of habitual physical activity. Thus, for any age group there are a number of estimates of estimated energy requirements depending on how active the children are. A food frequency questionnaire, which included a detailed list of foods organised by food categories (meat, vegetables, fruit, etc) was given to each child. Parents of years 1 and 5 children were asked to complete this and Year 10 children completed the questionnaire themselves. The parents or participant indicated the number of times each particular food was eaten on average, over the previous 12 months. Other questions asked about the types of foods consumed (e.g., type of breakfast cereal) and about the dietary habits from infancy. These questions were chosen for analysis at this stage because consultation with key stakeholders revealed that they were issues with specific policy or health implications. The food habits section reports on the frequency of consumption of the following variables: • serves of fruit and vegetables • breakfast • evening meal with television • evening meal with parents • fast food • milk • soft drinks (non-diet and diet) • energy, electrolyte and sports drinks. The mean energy intakes reported here for children in years 1 and 5, and males in Year 10 fall within the range of requirements listed for children categorised as having light to moderate levels of habitual physical activity. The reported mean energy intake for Year 10 females was about 15% lower than that recommended based on the requirements of 15-16-year-old females classified as having light to moderate levels of habitual physical activity. These lower reported intakes by Year 10 females might reflect a greater degree of under-reporting as detailed below. Consumption of all remaining items from the food frequency questionnaire are shown in section 4.6. 39 4.1.2 Critical evaluation of energy intake Theoretically, energy intake is equal to energy expenditure plus growth in a healthy child who is growing normally. When self-reported intake using a variety of dietary assessment instruments has been compared against energy expenditure based on objective measurements, energy intake is typically under-reported by up to 25%.42 When reported energy intake (EI) is divided by predicted BMR, the result provides an estimate of the degree of accuracy of food intake reporting. The quality of individual dietary records can be examined by comparing the value recorded for energy intake with a factored increment of the predicted Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)1 for an individual, often referred to as the ‘Goldberg cut off’ approach.40 This method is useful in providing an estimation of the degree of underreporting of reported food intake. For this survey, the revised cut offs published by Black were used to evaluate the reported energy intakes.41 These cut offs allow the validation of energy intake at the individual level when the recording period is less than 14 days. When energy intake over a single day has been assessed, the lower 95% confidence limit for an acceptable energy intake: predicted BMR ratios is 0.87. This approach has been used in similar surveys, such as the WA CAPANS 2003 survey.28 For comparisons with other survey data, the mean ratio of energy intake to predicted BMR (EI:BMR) is also reported. This measure provides an estimate of the extent of underreporting of food intake. The means were 1.78 and 1.75 for Year 1 males and females, 1.58 and 1.59 for Year 5 males and females and 1.57 and 1.37 for Year 10 males and females. These compare with means of 1.75 for 10-15 year old boys in both the 1985 and 1995 national surveys, and 1.37 in 1985 and 1.53 in 1995 for girls aged 10-15 years.43 This suggests that the EI:BMR in this survey was within the same range observed nationally in 1985 and 1995 for girls, but was lower for boys. There may have been a greater degree of under-reporting amongst Year 5 and 10 boys in Queensland in 2006 compared with the earlier national surveys. Using 0.87 as the cut off for an acceptable dietary record, the dietary records for 99% and 96% of Year 1 males and females, 93% and 94% of Year 5 males and females, and 86% and 82% of Year 10 males and females were valid. When energy expenditure (EE) is measured by objective means, the ratio of energy expenditure to predicted BMR (EE:BMR) gives an estimate of physical activity level. For an individual this could range from 1.2 (bed rest) to 2.2 (vigorous activity). 1 Predicted BMR can be calculated from age, sex, weight and height. 40 4.1.3 Macronutrients Tables 21-23 show the average daily intakes, reported in the 24-hour food record, of various Table 21 macronutrients by Year level and sex. Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 1 by sex Male (n = 113) Female (n = 121) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Protein (g) 68.6 20.3 66.5 62.4 22.5 57.9 Protein (%) 15.8 3.3 15.5 15.8 3.4 15.2 Total Carbohydrate (g) 231.1 65.8 221.6 202.6 67.0 195.0 Total Carbohydrate (%) 52.2 6.6 51.9 51.2 7.4 51.5 Sugar (g) 116.0 49.3 110.1 100.2 45.2 91.7 Sugar (%) 25.4 8.3 24.2 24.4 6.7 23.9 Fat (g) 65.8 23.6 62.4 61.6 25.6 55.4 Fat (%) 32.0 6.1 32.4 33.0 6.7 32.0 Total Saturated Fat (g) 30.1 11.9 29.2 27.1 12.2 25.1 Total Saturated Fat (%) 14.6 3.7 15.3 14.5 3.8 14.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcohol (g) Alcohol (%) Fibre (g) Table 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.2 6.5 17.5 15.9 6.5 14.8 Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 5 by sex Male (n = 648) Female (n = 746) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Protein (g) 80.6 33.5 76.5 73.3 30.8 69.1 Protein (%) 16.3 4.6 15.7 16.4 4.4 15.8 Total Carbohydrate (g) 248.8 86.1 238.8 227.4 80.8 217.6 Total Carbohydrate (%) 50.3 8.4 51.6 51.1 8.8 51.1 Sugar (g) 117.5 57.2 108.6 105.7 52.1 97.6 Sugar (%) 23.1 8.9 22.4 22.9 8.1 22.1 Total Fat (g) 77.4 33.0 72.5 68.8 30.9 64.9 Total Fat (%) 33.3 6.9 33.2 32.6 7.2 32.7 Saturated Fat (g) 34.9 16.1 32.3 30.7 15.0 28.3 Saturated Fat (%) 15.1 4.0 15.1 14.5 4.1 14.5 Alcohol (g) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcohol (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.2 8.4 17.2 17.1 7.3 16.1 Fibre (g) Table 23 Average daily macronutrient intakes of children in Year 10 by sex Male (n = 404) Female (n = 526) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Protein (g) 112.4 54.4 102.0 79.4 35.8 74.5 Protein (%) 17.4 4.8 16.9 17.1 5.6 16.5 Total Carbohydrate (g) 320.5 137.2 301.8 232.4 92.7 224.2 Total Carbohydrate (%) 50.0 9.5 49.9 49.7 9.5 49.5 Sugar (g) 147.2 86.7 127.8 110.3 58.7 102.4 Sugar (%) 21.9 8.4 21.6 22.8 9.0 22.9 Total Fat (g) 99.7 54.1 85.6 73.0 36.1 67.1 Total Fat (%) 32.5 8.0 32.4 33.1 8.3 32.9 Saturated Fat (g) 43.9 4.6 14.5 31.9 17.5 28.6 Saturated Fat (%) 14.3 4.6 14.5 14.4 4.6 14.3 Alcohol (g) 0.5 5.3 0 0 0 0 Alcohol (%) 0.2 1.7 0 0 0 0 Fibre (g) 23.4 12.1 20.8 18.4 9.3 17.2 41 The mean weight of all macronutrients intakes increased with age, and boys consumed more macronutrients than girls at all ages. Mean protein intake increased from an average of 65g per day in Year 1, to 78g per day in Year 5, and 95g per day in Year 10 (though the difference between males and females in Year 10 was large). This is comparable with the 1995 National Nutrition Survey which reported intakes of 64g per day for children aged 4-7 and 82g per day for children aged 8-11, and 101g per day for boys aged 16-18 and 80g per day for girls aged 16-18. Carbohydrate and fat intake followed similar patterns of increase. National Nutrition Survey data, which reported carbohydrate intakes of 52%, 50% and 49% for children aged 4-7, 8-11 and 16-18 respectively. The percentage of energy intake from sugar, which decreased from 25% to 22% from Year 1 to Year 10 was slightly lower than the 1995 National Nutrition Survey findings, which reported intakes of 28% for children aged 4-7, 25% for children aged 8-11and 25% for children aged 16-18. The mean intake of fat, expressed as a percentage of energy intake, ranged from 32% to 33% across all ages. The mean intake for percentage of energy intake from saturated fat ranged from 14% to 15% across the Year groups. Boys and girls at all Year levels consumed approximately 50% of their energy intake from carbohydrate. This is comparable with the 1995 KEY POINTS • The mean reported daily energy intake was within the expected levels for boys and girls in years 1 and 5, and boys in Year 10. • The mean reported daily energy intake was about 15% lower than the expected level in Year 10 girls, which suggests a greater degree of underreporting in this group. • On average, Queensland children aged 5-17 consumed significantly more protein than current recommended dietary intakes, but consumption was comparable to the 1995 National Nutrition Survey data. • On average, Queensland children aged 5-17 consumed diets in which 50% of the energy intake was derived from carbohydrate. Nearly half of this (22-25% of energy) was derived from sugars. • On average, Queensland children aged 5-17, consumed diets in which 32.5% of the energy intake was derived from fat, and 14.5% was derived from saturated fat. This compares to current NHMRC dietary guidelines recommending approximately 30% of energy intake as fat and no more than 10% coming from saturated fat as being desirable. 42 4.2 Micronutrients Tables 24-26 show the average daily intakes of various micronutrients by Year level and sex. Table 24 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 1 by sex Male (n = 113) Female (n = 121) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Thiamin (mg) 1.6 0.9 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.4 Riboflavin (mg) 2.2 1.0 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.7 Niacin (mg) 16.6 6.7 15.9 16.1 7.8 14.5 Niacin equivalents (mg) 30.2 9.8 28.6 28.5 10.9 26.4 Vitamin C (mg) 87.6 62.4 74.0 83.9 71.0 57.2 Calcium (mg) 909 414 911 779 352 758 Iron (mg) 10.2 3.9 9.6 9.0 3.1 8.7 Zinc (mg) 9.2 3.4 8.5 8.2 3.3 7.4 2,491 892 2421 2,161 823 2,112 Potassium (mg) Table 25 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 5 by sex Male (n = 648) Female (n = 746) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Thiamin (mg) 1.8 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.4 Riboflavin (mg) 2.4 1.2 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.9 Niacin (mg) 20.1 9.3 18.9 18.5 10.6 16.5 Niacin equivalents (mg) 36.2 15.1 34.5 33.3 15.4 30.7 Vitamin C (mg) 100.5 88.3 77.7 104.4 97.8 74.0 Calcium (mg) 916 457 858 815 437 735 Iron (mg) 12.1 4.9 11.4 10.7 4.4 10.1 Zinc (mg) 10.7 5.2 9.8 9.8 4.8 9.0 Potassium (mg) 2,669 1,066 2,624 2,483 1,026 2,330 Table 26 Average daily micronutrient intakes of children in Year 10 by sex Male (n = 404) Female (n = 526) Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Thiamin (mg) 2.4 1.6 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.5 Riboflavin (mg) 3.0 1.9 2.6 2.0 1.3 1.8 Niacin (mg) 27.6 15.0 23.4 19.3 11.1 17.5 Niacin equivalents (mg) 50.4 25.0 44.5 35.4 17.5 32.5 Vitamin C (mg) 120.5 130.0 83.0 111.8 108.5 82.9 Calcium (mg) 1135 716 997 838 491 782 Iron (mg) 16.5 8.0 15.1 11.4 5.2 10.7 Zinc (mg) 15.1 8.3 13.5 10.5 5.3 9.7 Potassium (mg) 3,468 1,723 3,050 2,668 1,206 2,509 Micronutrient intakes were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) recommended for each micronutrient.39 The EAR is the daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half of healthy individuals in a particular age, stage or sex. The EAR is used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes within a group or population. Table 22 shows the percentage of the study sample that failed to meet the micronutrient EAR for children of that age. The micronutrient intakes for this comparison were “adjusted” intakes. It is well documented and accepted that one day’s food record may not represent “usual” 43 food intake. This fact can at least partially be addressed if information is known relating to the day to day variation in food records is completed and analysed. Thus information is available on within subject as well as between subject variation in food intake. Knowing Table 27 this information allowed a new “adjusted” value for all micronutrients to be calculated for the individuals taking part in the survey. This process is described in detail elsewhere 36, but a brief summary of the analysis is provided in Appendix VII. Percentage of children failing to meet the micronutrient EAR by year and sex Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin C Calcium Iron Zinc Male 0 0 0 0 2.7 0 0 Female 0 0 0 0 6.6 0 0 Male 0 0 0 1.2 43.3 0.9 0.5 Female 0 0 0 0.7 55.8 0.4 0.1 Male 0 0 0 0 50.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 87.3 11.4 1.3 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Female # These data have been calculated on adjusted food intake values which takes in to account the fact that the data were from one day food records. – Values are the percentage of children not achieving the EAR for each vitamin or mineral according to age and sex. also a concern for both boys and girls in Year 5 and Year 10 boys, with half of the children not drinking or eating enough calcium. Children in Year 1 had diets that met most of the micronutrient requirements. Higher proportions of inadequate micronutrient intakes were observed in Year 10 girls. The two micronutrients of concern for Year 10 girls were calcium and iron: with over four fifths consuming insufficient calcium and one in 10 consuming insufficient iron. Calcium intakes were KEY POINTS On the day of the survey: • Almost one in ten Year 5 girls and more than one in four Year 10 girls had diets inadequate in iron. • About one in twenty Year 1 boys and girls and about half of all children in Year 5 and Year 10 had diets inadequate in calcium. • Six out of every seven Year 10 girls had diets that were inadequate in calcium. • Diets inadequate in calcium were more common amongst girls than boys. Almost one-quarter of Year 1 girls, over a half of Year 5 girls and almost three-quarters of Year 10 girls had inadequate calcium intake. • One in ten Year 10 girls had diets inadequate in iron. • Higher proportions of inadequate micronutrient intakes were observed in Year 10 girls. These lower reported intakes by Year 10 girls might reflect a greater degree of under-reporting, as previously described. 44 4.3 Food categories food record. Table 28 shows the percentage of children who consumed foods from 18 food categories during the study. Details explaining the food categories are in Appendix I. Consumption of the major food categories, such as cereals and cereal products, meat products, egg products etc., used in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey 36 were also identified from the 24- hour Table 28 Percentage (%) of males and females consuming foods of selected major food categories by year group and sex Year 1 n= Male (113) Year 5 Year 10 Female (121) Male (648) Female (746) Male (404) Female (526) Non-alcoholic beverages 64 72 62 63 70 66 Cereals and cereal products 100 100 98 98 99 95 Cereal-based products and dishes 82 74 77 79 73 72 Fats and oils 72 73 53 53 42 44 Fish and seafood products and dishes 14 12 10 10 6 8 Fruit products and dishes 79 84 63 70 55 61 Egg products 15 13 9 9 13 13 Meat, poultry and game products and dishes 80 83 77 79 80 78 Milk products and dishes 98 96 95 94 90 88 Soups 3 4 4 4 6 4 Seed and nut products and dishes 17 19 16 12 11 11 Savoury sauces and condiments 35 31 33 34 38 37 Vegetable products and dishes 71 75 70 74 67 81 Legume and pulse products and dishes 3 4 3 3 5 4 Snack foods 38 27 28 31 27 26 Sugar products and dishes 61 53 52 53 46 38 Confectionery and health bars 46 36 43 47 41 50 Miscellaneous 48 47 39 39 30 39 Table 29 Mean daily intake (g) of selected major food categories of males and females for those who consumed each food group, by year and sex Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male (113) Female (121) Male (648) Female (746) Male (404) Female (526) Non-alcoholic beverages 397 367 470 425 731 529 Cereals and cereal products 172 173 196 185 261 180 Cereal-based products and dishes 124 113 163 146 223 153 8 8 8 7 11 9 Fish and seafood products and dishes 112 122 158 127 202 148 Fruit products and dishes 221 190 201 187 240 217 Egg products 48 79 76 60 72 86 n= Fats and oils Meat, poultry and game products and dishes 127 107 177 165 264 187 Milk products and dishes 443 374 451 381 570 386 Soups 238 224 444 375 510 469 Seed and nut products and dishes 24 32 25 22 53 31 Savoury sauces and condiments 37 24 41 50 62 45 Vegetable products and dishes 163 135 195 195 268 226 Legume and pulse products and dishes 33 95 172 97 183 138 Snack foods 26 31 49 36 55 43 Sugar products and dishes 32 28 36 33 28 28 Confectionery and health bars 34 29 40 33 51 41 Miscellaneous 7 7 8 8 12 9 45 Nearly half of the boys in Year 10 did not consume fruit products and dishes, and one in three did not consume vegetable products or dishes on the day of the survey. Reported intakes for Year 10 girls were similar, with four out of 10 not consuming fruit products or dishes, and one in 5 not consuming vegetable dishes or products on day of the survey. This contrasts with reported intakes for Year 1 in which approximately three-quarters of boys and girls consumed vegetable products and dishes and four out of five consumed fruit products and dishes on the day of the survey. Tables 29 and 30 show the mean weight (g) and median weight (g) of consumption of these food categories for males and females. It should be noted that these data are the mean intake of only those children who consumed food in these categories during the 24-hour recording period. These data should be considered in the context of data presented in Table 28. For example, for girls in Year 5 the mean consumption of soup was 375 g. However, only 4% of the girls in Year 5 consumed soup during the measurement period. Dairy products and cereals were consumed by nine out of every 10 children. Table 30 Median daily intake (g) of selected major food categories of males and females for those who consumed each food group, by year and sex Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male (113) Female (121) Male (648) Female (746) Male (404) Female (526) Non-alcoholic beverages 263 263 391 314 624 420 Cereals and cereal products 145 133 143 132 195 138 Cereal-based products and dishes 92 77 119 105 162 102 Fats and oils 5 5 5 5 10 5 Fish and seafood products and dishes 120 105 102 95 90 112 Fruit products and dishes 160 171 166 166 166 168 Egg products 50 64 50 50 50 60 Meat, poultry and game products and dishes 88 88 141 125 190 144 Milk products and dishes 407 341 396 322 490 297 Soups 167 252 505 379 500 379 Seed and nut products and dishes 19 20 18 13 25 13 Savoury sauces and condiments 21 20 23 21 23 21 Vegetable products and dishes 142 95 167 165 213 180 Legume and pulse products and dishes 47 44 138 70 127 138 Snack foods 22 25 20 25 30 29 Sugar products and dishes 13 8 14 13 17 11 Confectionery and health bars 32 29 31 30 37 35 Miscellaneous 6 5 6 6 8 6 n= • One serve of milk approximates 250g, one serve of yoghurt 200g and one serve of cheese 40g and therefore it is difficult to estimate the number of dairy serves that children were consuming. Estimates are based on a conservative serve size of 200g, Table 31 shows the mean consumption of the various food categories across the entire sample, so for example, the mean consumption of soup across the entire sample of the 746 girls in Year 5 was 15.0g. For comparison with the recommended intakes from core food groups38 (page 38), an approximate estimate can be derived using the following assumptions: • an average serve of fruit weighs 150g and that the food group ‘fruit products and dishes’ is predominantly fruit • an average serve of vegetables weighs 75g and that the ‘vegetable products and dishes’ food group is predominantly vegetables 46 Table 31 Mean daily intake (g) of selected major food categories across the entire sample by year and sex Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male (113) Female (121) Male (648) Female (746) Male (404) Female (526) Non-alcoholic beverages 254 264 291 268 512 349 Cereals and cereal products 172 173 192 181 258 171 Cereal-based products and dishes 102 84 126 115 163 110 6 6 4 4 5 4 n= Fats and oils Fish and seafood products and dishes 16 15 16 13 12 12 Fruit products and dishes 175 160 127 131 132 132 Egg products 7 10 7 5 9 11 Meat, poultry and game products and dishes 102 89 136 130 211 146 Milk products and dishes 434 359 428 358 513 340 Soups 7 9 18 15 31 19 Seed and nut products and dishes 4 6 4 3 6 3 Savoury sauces and condiments 13 7 14 17 24 17 Vegetable products and dishes 183 116 101 137 144 180 Legume and pulse products and dishes 1 4 5 3 9 6 Snack foods 10 8 14 11 15 11 Sugar products and dishes 20 15 19 17 13 11 Confectionery and health bars 16 10 17 16 21 21 Miscellaneous 3 3 3 3 4 4 For the sample population as a whole, reported consumption of fruit products and dishes decreased with age. Using the assumptions stated earlier relating to weights of average serves, mean intakes approximated to just over one serve of fruit per day for Year 1 children and just under one serve a day for years 5 and 10 children. Likewise, for reported consumption of vegetable products and dishes, mean intakes approximated to one and a half serves in Year 1 children, nearly 2 serves in Year 5 children and just under two and a half serves in Year 10 children. Consumption of legume and pulse product and dishes was negligible. Consumption of milk and milk products, for the sample population as a whole, increased with age in boys, but not for girls. A proxy of 200g for a serve, would suggest that whilst the average Year 1 and Year 5 boy is eating the recommended dairy serves, the average Year 10 boy and the average Year 1, Year 5 and Year 10 girl is eating insufficient milk products. Non alcoholic beverages (fruit drinks, soft drink, cordial, coffee and tea) were also prominent in the reported intakes across the sample population. On average Year 1 children consumed 250ml, and this increased to 350ml in Year 10 girls and 500ml in Year 10 boys. KEY POINTS On the day of the survey: • on average, Year 1 children met and Year 5 children were close to meeting, the recommended fruit intake of one serve per day • on average, Year 10 children consumed less than a third of the recommended intake of three serves of fruit per day • on average, Year 1 children ate less than a half, Year 5 children ate less than two thirds and Year 10 children ate less than three quarters of the serves of vegetables recommended for their age groups • on average, Year 10 girls only consumed just over half the recommended intake of milk and milk products • low intakes of milk products are reflected by the large proportion of children, particularly Year 10 girls, with inadequate calcium intakes. 47 4.4 Consumption of foods of interest from the 24-hour food record From the 24-hour food record, consumption of one serve or more of fruit, one serve or more of vegetables, take-away food*, dietary supplements and various Table 32 types of beverages were extracted. Tables 32 and 33 present data on the consumption of these foods and beverages. Percentage of study population consuming one serve or more of fruit and vegetables, take-away food and dietary supplements on the day of the food record n One or more serve of fruit One or more serve of vegetables Take-away food* Supplements Year 1 Male 113 70.5 49.5 20.3 5.1 Female 121 65.7 39.6 13.6 9.8 Year 5 Male 648 55.7 46.0 21.1 4.4 Female 746 59.3 51.5 19.3 3.3 Male 404 46.7 48.0 26.3 3.2 Female 526 56.2 58.6 22.8 1.9 Year 10 * For the 24-hour food record, take-away food was defined as meals or snacks such as burgers, pizza, chicken or chips from places like McDonalds, Hungry Jacks, KFC, Pizza Hut, Red Rooster or local take away food places. It also included pies, sausage rolls, and fish and chips, as well as items bought hot from supermarkets etc. It did not include sushi, take away Asian foods or salads, sandwiches or rolls. Table 33 Overall, 40% of the participants consumed less than one serve of fruit on the day of the 24-hour food record. Comparison with recommended fruit intake (page 38) indicates that only two-thirds of Year 1 and just over half of Year 5 boys and girls met the recommended intake of at least one serve of fruit per day. Year 10 fruit consumption, as recorded above, cannot be compared with recommendations (since requirements for Year 10 children are three serves per day). Percentage of study population consuming soft drinks and sports and energy drinks on the day of the food record n Non-diet soft drinks Diet soft drinks Sports drinks Energy drinks Male 113 10.5 Female 121 11.5 1.0 0 0 3.9 0.9 0 Male 648 16.9 3.4 1.5 0.2 Female 746 13.0 3.8 0.4 0.1 Male 404 28.4 6.3 7.0 0.4 Female 526 19.2 5.1 2.2 1.1 Year 1 Year 5 Approximately half of all children consumed less than one serve of vegetables on the day of the survey. Year 10 Take-away food was consumed by about 20% of all participants and was highest in Year 10 children, with almost one-quarter consuming take-away food on the day of the survey. Whilst consumption of sports and energy drinks was generally low, one in 13 Year 10 boys drank a sports drink on the day of the survey. Almost 10% of Year 1 girls and 5% of Year 1 boys consumed dietary supplements on the day of the survey. Use of supplements declined with age. Alcohol intake was also recorded. The only recorded consumption was in Year 10 boys, of whom 1.6% reported drinking alcohol on the day of the survey. Table 33 presents the percentage of children recording consumption of each specified beverage. Consumption of both non-diet and diet soft drinks increased with age, and more boys than girls consumed non-diet soft drinks on the day of the survey. Soft drinks (non diet and diet) were consumed by a third of Year 10 boys and a quarter of Year 10 girls. 48 KEY POINTS On the day of the survey: • approximately two-thirds of Year 1 and just over half of Year 5 boys and girls met recommendations for fruit consumption • half of Queensland 5-17-year-olds had less than one serve of vegetables 4.5 • approximately 1 in 5 of Queensland 5-17-year-olds had take-away food • one in 10 Year 1 boys and one in six Year 1 girls consumed soft drink and this increased to one in three Year 10 boys and one in four Year 10 girls. 4.5.1 Food habits From the food frequency questionnaire, key dietary habits and frequency of consumption of specific meals and foods of interest consumed over the previous 12 months, were assessed. These included: • fruit and vegetable • breakfast • evening meal with parents • evening meal while watching television • fast food • milk • soft drinks (diet and non-diet) • energy drinks • sports drinks. Table 34 Fruit and vegetables Self-reported usual intake of fruit and vegetables over the year before the survey was assessed by two short questions. A serve of fruit was described as a medium piece of fruit, two small pieces of fruit or one cup of diced pieces. A serve of vegetables was described as half a cup of cooked vegetables or one cup of salad vegetables. Table 34 gives the frequency of consumption of fruits and Table 35 the frequency of consumption of vegetables. Frequency of reported fruit consumption in the previous 12 months n Don’t eat fruit 1 serve or less per day 2 serves per day 3 serves per day 4 serves or more per day Year 1 Male 471 1.8 36.8 44.4 14.3 2.7 Female 466 1.6 39.0 43.7 11.9 3.8 Year 5 Male 612 3.0 47.1 35.4 9.8 4.7 Female 703 1.2 38.7 43.6 11.7 4.8 Year 10 Male 412 4.7 44.0 33.6 12.8 4.9 Female 526 3.4 40.4 39.1 13.7 3.4 Values are the percentage of children in each category according to year level and sex. Table 35 Frequency of reported vegetable consumption in the previous 12 months n Don’t eat vegetables 1 serve or less per day 2 serves per day 3 serves per day 4 serves per day 5 serves per day 6 serves or more per day Year 1 Male 470 3.1 46.6 26.6 15.9 6.6 1.0 0.3 Female 466 2.1 46.0 34.2 11.6 5.4 0.6 0 Year 5 Male 611 2.4 32.2 29.2 22.3 9.6 2.9 1.3 Female 703 1.4 33.7 31.6 19.7 7.6 4.1 1.9 Male 413 1.7 25.3 26.0 23.5 15.1 5.6 2.8 Female 526 0.7 26.3 28.7 21.9 15.6 5.0 1.7 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who ate vegetables in each frequency category according to year level and sex. 49 The data was compared to the national recommendations shown on page 38. On average, 60% of Year 1 and Year 5 children reported regularly consuming two pieces of fruit or more per day, thus exceeding the minimum recommendations for fruit consumption. In contrast, only 1 in 6 Year 10 boys and girls reported regularly consuming the recommended amount of fruit (three serves/day). The percentage of children regularly consuming the recommended amount of vegetables for their age declined with age. Just over half of Year 1 children reported regularly consuming the recommended amount of vegetables or more (at least two serves/day) for their age group. In Year 5 children, just over a third reported regularly consuming the recommended amount of vegetables or more (three serves/day). In Year 10, only 23.5% of boys and 22.3% of girls reported regularly consuming the recommended amount of vegetables (a minimum of four 4 serves/day). 4.5.2 Meal habits Breakfast The children were asked to record how often they ate breakfast over the past year. Table 36 Reported breakfast consumption in the previous 12 months n Rarely or Never 1-2 days per week 3-4 days per week 5-6 days per week Every day Male 471 0 0.4 0.6 4.2 94.8 Female 464 0.1 0.9 1.6 6.5 90.9 Year 1 Year 5 Male 611 1.0 0.6 3.3 3.8 91.2 Female 704 1.1 2.3 4.1 5.8 86.6 Year 10 Male 412 4.8 3.8 5.8 12.6 72.8 Female 525 11.3 8.9 10.6 15.5 53.8 Values are the percentage of children who ate breakfast in each frequency category according to year level and sex. A high percentage of children in Years 1 and 5 reported eating breakfast every day. The proportion who ate breakfast daily declined steadily with age from more than nine in ten children in Year 1, just under nine in ten children in Year 5, and on average six in ten children in Year 10. Girls in Year 10 reported eating breakfast the least: only just over half of them had breakfast every day and more than one in 10 had breakfast rarely or never. The children were also asked about the usual type of breakfast cereal eaten over the previous 12 months and the frequency with which they had prepared (or helped prepare) their breakfast. 50 Table 37 Reported usual type of breakfast cereal consumption in the previous 12 months n Did not eat cereal Porridge Plain wheat flakes/ biscuit/ puffed wheat Plain corn & rice based cereals Plain bran based cereals Cereals with added sugar/ flavour Cereals (including muesli) with added fruit and/ or nuts Breakfast bars Liquid breakfast More than 1 Year 1 Male 471 0.9 5.6 40.3 12.4 0.3 17.4 4.8 0 0 18.3 Female 465 1.8 7.8 33.0 15.1 0.3 16.6 7.9 0.4 0 17.1 Year 5 Male 612 2.5 7.2 34.8 16.0 0.5 21.8 9.1 0.1 0.3 7.7 Female 766 6.0 8.0 30.1 18.4 0.8 20.5 8.4 0.6 0.5 6.7 Male 414 11.6 4.5 31.7 11.7 0.9 16.7 13.4 0.2 0.3 9.1 Female 524 21.6 7.1 15.8 15.3 1.8 14.1 19.7 0 1.7 2.9 Year 10 The most popular choice of breakfast cereal in all ages and in both sexes were plain wheat flakes/ biscuit/ puffed wheat cereals. These cereals were reported as being consumed most often by between 15% to 40% Table 38 of children. Cereals with added sugar/flavour were reported as being consumed by about 15% to 20% of children. One in five girls in Year 10 reported not consuming breakfast cereals at all. Reported frequency with which the child prepared, or helped prepare, their own breakfast over the previous 12 months n Rarely or never Irregularly 1-4 days/week 5-7 days per week Year 1 Male 470 34.6 10.0 35.2 20.2 Female 464 31.8 12.5 35.0 20.7 Year 5 Male 611 17.5 10.7 25.2 46.6 Female 705 14.8 9.3 29.8 46.1 Year 10 Male 410 12.4 7.3 17.0 63.3 Female 523 21.1 7.3 17.9 53.7 As children got older the more likely it was that they reported making their own breakfasts or helping to prepare the own breakfast. One in five Year 1 children did this on most days of the week and almost two in three of Year 10 children. Evening meal practices The children were asked to record the frequency with which they ate their evening meal a) while watching the television and b) with the family (at least one parent). They were also asked how often they helped in the preparation of evening meals. 51 Table 39 Reported frequency of eating evening meal while watching TV in the previous 12 months n Rarely or Never Irregularly 1-4 times per week 5-7 times per week Year 1 Male 469 48.9 5.7 28.4 17.0 Female 464 46.3 5.7 30.6 17.4 Year 5 Male 610 37.4 8.6 33.8 20.2 Female 701 37.3 9.9 34.6 18.1 Male 414 31.6 4.5 31.3 32.6 Female 523 31.8 6.0 33.7 28.5 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who ate the evening meal while watching television in each frequency category according to year level and sex. Overall, about one-half to two-thirds of all participants ate the evening meal while watching television at least once a week. The percentage of children who ate the evening meal while watching television on most days (5-7 days/week) increased with age from one in six Table 40 Year 1 children to three in ten Year 10 children. A fairly constant percentage (about one third) of children ate the evening meal while watching television on some days (1-4 days/week). Reported frequency of eating evening meal with family in the previous 12 months n Rarely or Never Irregularly 1-4 times per week 5-7 times per week Irregularly Year 1 Male 470 0.6 2.8 10.1 85.9 2.8 Female 465 1.2 3.5 10.7 84.5 3.5 Year 5 Male 611 2.9 4.7 7.9 84.6 4.7 Female 702 3.3 4.5 8.7 83.5 4.5 Year 10 Male 414 8.4 4.9 16.5 70.2 4.9 Female 523 7.3 4.3 21.4 67.0 4.3 Values are the percentage of children who ate the evening meal with family (including at least one parent) in each frequency category according to year level and sex. In years 1 and 5, a high percentage of children, on average five out of every six, ate the evening meal with their family five or more times a week. Fewer Year 10 children ate the evening meal with their family five or Table 41 more times a week; 70.2% of boys and 67.0% of girls. Few Year 1 and 5 children rarely or never ate their evening meal with the family and less than 10% of Year 10 children rarely or never ate the family meal with family. Reported frequency with which child helped prepare the family evening meal over the past 12 months n Rarely or never Irregularly 1-4 days/week 5-7 days per week Year 1 Male 469 59.1 12.3 26.9 1.8 Female 464 45.0 20.3 31.2 3.5 Male 608 53.0 13.2 29.5 4.2 Female 702 35.5 15.1 41.7 7.7 Male 414 41.6 6.2 45.9 6.2 Female 524 36.2 7.4 47.4 9.0 Year 5 Year 10 The percentage of children who regularly helped prepare the family meal on one day of the week or more increased with age, from about a third of Years 1 and 5 children to almost half of Year 10 children. The number of children not involved with meal preparation decreased with age, with only two in five Year 10 children reporting helping rarely or never. 52 Consumption of fast food Fast food was described as meals or snacks from fast-food chains, and several examples Table 42 of fast-food chains were listed for the children. Reported frequency of consuming ‘fast food’ in the previous 12 months n Never Once per fortnight or less Once per week 2-4 times per week 5-7 times per week Year 1 Male 469 3.4 66.3 27.1 3.2 0 Female 464 4.5 57.6 35.3 2.3 0.2 Year 5 Male 612 6.5 63.5 26.7 3.3 1 Female 703 5.3 61.3 30.8 2.5 0.1 Male 414 4.2 56.2 30.8 6.8 1.9 Female 523 13.7 59.3 21.4 5.2 0.4 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed fast food in each frequency category according to year level and sex. More than one in ten Year 10 girls reported that they never ate fast food. Around three in five children in Year 1 and Year 5 reported eating fast food once per fortnight or less. Overall, about one-third of participants consumed fast food at least once per week, but frequency of consumption was highest in Year 10 boys, with about one in ten reporting fast food 2-4 times a week or more. 4.5.3 Beverages Consumption of milk Table 43 Type of milk consumed in the previous 12 months n Don’t drink milk Whole milk Low or reduced-fat milk Skim milk Soy milk Other More than 1 type Year 1 Male 471 1.9 74.2 15.4 1.6 1.5 4.6 0.8 Female 466 2.0 73.5 17.4 1.8 1.4 3.0 1.0 Year 5 Male 611 0.7 67.6 19.1 5.0 2.1 4.2 1.3 Female 704 3.8 62.1 18.8 6.5 1.4 6.4 1.1 Male 414 2.2 67.6 17.1 6.4 2.1 3.3 1.2 Female 521 6.4 56.3 22.2 10.0 1.0 2.9 1.2 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed milk in each frequency category according to year level and sex. On average, more than 95% of all children drank milk. In Years 5 and 10, more girls than boys reported not drinking any type of milk. Whilst current guidelines recommend two to three serves of dairy intake, including milk, to promote calcium intake, it is recommended that children over 2 years of age should be encouraged to choose reduced-fat varieties. Whole milk was the predominant milk of choice by most children in this survey, though there was a clear trend for older children to switch to the low or reduced fat milks. Whilst threequarters of Year 1 children consumed whole milk, this dropped to just over half of Year 10 children and whilst one in six Year 1 children consumed low or reduced-fat milk, this increased to one in five of Year 10 children. 53 Consumption of soft drinks Table 44 Frequency of reported non-diet soft drink consumption in the previous 12 months n Never ≤ 1 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day > 2 per day Year 1 Male 449 45.7 23.9 18.6 8.2 1.4 1.5 0.6 Female 456 40.5 21.4 21.5 12.4 1.0 2.5 0.5 Year 5 Male 600 30.4 28.8 22.3 13.7 1.9 1.8 0.9 Female 693 30.6 25.8 22.8 14.5 2.0 2.9 1.4 Male 410 11.3 17.3 27.7 26.6 7.9 5.2 4.1 Female 521 27.2 24.7 21.4 15.0 4.6 4.3 2.8 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed non-diet soft drinks in each frequency category according to year level and sex. Soft drink consumption increased with age. Three in ten Year 1 children reported drinking soft drink once a week or more and this rose to seven in ten of Year 10 boys and just under half of Year 10 girls. This trend is also reflected in the number of children who reported never drinking soft drink. Whilst two in five Year 1 children never drank soft drink, this dropped to only one in ten of Year 10 boys and just under three in ten Year 10 girls. Soft drink consumption patterns were in general similar between boys and girls, apart from Year 10. One in four Year 10 girls and two in five Year 10 boys reported consuming soft drink at least 2-4 times a week. Consumption of diet soft drinks Table 45 Frequency of reported diet soft drink consumption in the previous 12 months n Never ≤ 1 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day >2 per day Year 1 Male 439 77.9 7.9 7.7 4.9 0.7 0.7 0.3 Female 447 71.1 11.2 9.3 6.7 0.7 0.9 0.2 Year 5 Male 597 60.1 15.6 11.3 9.6 1.4 1.3 0.5 Female 690 60.1 17.4 10.7 8.2 1.4 1.7 0.4 Male 411 53.8 14.8 16.9 9.6 2.8 1.6 0.7 Female 520 50.5 18.9 17.2 8.5 1.2 2.8 0.9 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed diet soft drinks in each frequency category according to year level and sex. Children reported consuming diet soft drink less frequently than regular soft drink. As with soft drink consumption, consumption of diet soft drink increased with age. One in six Year 1 children reported drinking diet soft drink once a week or more and this rose to approximately one in four of Year 10 children. This trend is also reflected in the number of children who reported never drinking diet soft drink. Just under three quarters of Year 1 children never drank diet soft drink, and this was reduced to just over a half of Year 10 children. Diet soft drink consumption patterns were similar between boys and girls at all Year levels. 54 Consumption of energy drinks Table 46 Frequency of reported energy drink consumption in the previous 12 months n Never ≤ 1 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day >2 per day Year 1 Male 450 98.1 1.4 0.1 0.4 0 0 0 Female 452 99.1 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 Year 5 Male 599 92.3 6.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 Female 695 91.6 6.2 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 Male 410 48.1 33.6 10.7 5.2 2.0 0.5 0 Female 522 64.6 24.4 6.1 2.4 2.4 0 0.2 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed energy drinks in each frequency category according to year level and sex. As with soft drink consumption, consumption of energy drinks increased with age, and there was a notable step-up in consumption for the older children. Less than 2%, or one in 50, children in years 1 and 5 reported drinking energy drinks once a week or more. However in Year 10, one in six boys and one in eight girls reported drinking energy drinks once a week or more. This trend is also reflected in the number of children who reported never drinking energy drinks. Over 90% of years 1 and 5 children never drank energy drinks, and this dropped to just over a half of Year 10 children. Consumption of sports drinks Table 47 Frequency of reported sports drink consumption in the previous 12 months n Never ≤1 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day > 2 per day Year 1 Male 454 77.8 17.9 2.8 1.5 0 0 0 Female 456 87.1 11.1 1.2 0.4 0 0.1 0 Year 5 Male 600 47.8 40.0 9.0 2.4 0.6 0 0.1 Female 698 61.5 30.3 5.6 2.0 0.1 0 0.5 Male 411 17.1 39.5 21.1 16.3 3.2 1.5 1.3 Female 523 35.8 41.9 14.3 5.1 2.0 0.7 0.3 Year 10 Values are the percentage of children who consumed sports drinks in each frequency category according to year level and sex. Sports drink consumption patterns were higher amongst boys than girls at each Year level. By Year 10, two out of five of boys were consuming sports drinks once a week or more, compared to one in five girls. Children drank sports drinks more frequently than energy drinks, but not as frequently as soft drinks. As with soft drinks and energy drinks, consumption of sports drinks increased with age and again there was a step-up in consumption for the older children of Year 10. Approximately one in 20 Year 1 children, one in ten Year 5 children and one in three Year 10 children reported consuming sports drinks once a week or more. 55 KEY POINTS Beverages- over the past year: • On average, more than 95% of all children drank milk. Year 10 girls were notable with one in 15 girls not drinking any type of milk. • In contrast to the recommendation that children aged over 2 years should choose low fat milk, most children drank whole milk. Only one in five of Year 1 children reported drinking low fat milk, and this increased to one in three amongst Year 10 girls. • Soft drink consumption increased with age. Three in ten Year 1 children reported drinking soft drink once a week or more and this rose to seven in ten of Year 10 boys and just under half of Year 10 girls. • As with soft drink consumption, consumption of diet soft drink also increased with age. One in six Year 1 children reported drinking diet soft drink once a week or more and this rose to approximately one in four Year 10 children. • Approximately, one in 20 Year 1 children, one in ten Year 5 children and one in three Year 10 children reported consuming sports drinks once a week or more. Sports drink consumption patterns were higher amongst boys than girls at each Year level. • Energy drinks were consumed less than sports drinks. Less than 2%, or one in 50, children in years 1 and 5 reported drinking energy drinks once a week or more. However in Year 10, one in six boys and one in eight girls reported drinking energy drinks once a week or more. • Throughout the analyses of children’s diets, no consistent differences were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. Fruit and vegetables- over the past year: • On average, three in five Year 1 and Year 5 children reported consuming two pieces of fruit or more per day, thus exceeding their minimum daily recommendations for fruit consumption. • Only 17% of Year 10 children reported consuming the recommended amount of fruit for their age (3 serves/day). • On average a half of Year 1 children, a third of Year 5 children and just over a fifth of Year 10 children reported consuming the recommended amount of vegetables for their age. Meal habits- over the past year: • Over 90% of children in Years 1 and 5 ate breakfast every day, however this dropped to three quarters of Year 10 boys and just over half of Year 10 girls. • A high percentage of children, on average five out of every six Year 1 and 5 children and two in three Year 10 children, ate the evening meal with their family five or more times a week. • Approximately one-half to two-thirds of all children ate their evening meal in front of the television at least once per week. The percentage of children who ate the evening meal while watching television on most days (5-7 days/week) increased with age from one in six Year 1 children to three in ten Year 10 children. • About one-third of children in all Year levels reported consuming fast food at least once per week. 56 4.6 All food and drink items from the food frequency questionnaire More detailed information from the food frequency questionnaire relating to the frequency of consumption of various food items over the past year is shown in the following tables. The foods have been grouped by: • meat chicken, fish and eggs/ vegetarian meat substitutes • beans and lentils • vegetables/ fruit • • • • bread and cereal foods baked goods and snacks sugar, spreads and dressings dairy foods/ non-milk drinks. Data are also shown on supplement usage and past infant feeding practices. Meat, chicken, fish, eggs Table 48 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 49 Proportion of children consuming mince dishes (e.g. bolognaise sauce, rissoles, meatloaf) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 458 3.1 4.0 20.6 44.5 26.7 0.8 0 0.2 Female 455 5.9 2.4 16.7 52.8 21.2 0.7 0.3 0 Male 604 4.0 7.9 20.2 45.1 21.5 0.8 0.5 0 Female 706 4.0 9.4 23.0 44.3 17.7 0.6 0.9 0 Male 412 4.6 6.5 27.2 39.7 20.9 0.8 0.4 0 Female 521 5.2 10.0 28.2 37.6 17.3 1.5 0 0.1 Proportion of children consuming mixed dishes with meat like beef, lamb, or pork (e.g. stir-fry, casserole, Chinese) n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 50 Year 5 Year 10 < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 454 6.6 10.4 20.7 40.6 19.8 0.8 1.0 0 Female 459 8.8 8.9 25.3 38.5 16.4 1.3 0.5 0.2 Male 604 8.1 11.6 22.8 34.7 20.7 1.5 0.7 0 Female 704 5.9 9.0 23.0 38.0 21.3 1.1 1.4 0.2 Male 412 4.2 10.7 29.8 34.1 16.6 2.9 1.5 0.2 Female 523 7.2 12.8 27.3 29.7 19.9 2.1 1.5 0.3 Proportion of children consuming mixed dishes with chicken, turkey, duck, (e.g. stir-fry,casserole, Chinese) n Year 1 Never Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 446 9.4 10.1 24.0 37.0 17.9 0.7 0.8 0 Female 453 10.5 11.2 23.4 35.4 17.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 Male 600 9.1 14.2 21.7 34.2 19.3 0.7 0.8 0 Female 700 10.3 11.9 24.7 33.2 18.2 1.1 0.5 0 Male 411 8.0 20.8 31.7 26.4 12.2 0.1 0.8 0 Female 522 8.5 16.8 28.0 31.6 12.9 1.8 0.4 0.1 57 Table 51 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 52 Proportion of children consuming roast, BBQ or steamed chicken, turkey, duck n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Year 5 Year 10 Table 53 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 54 Year 5 Year 10 Table 55 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 444 4.3 12.3 34.4 40.9 8.0 0.1 0 449 6.5 8.9 31.5 41.3 10.9 0.6 0.3 0 Male 598 6.9 15.3 26.9 42.0 7.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 Female 700 6.9 17.8 33.4 33.7 7.1 0.9 0.3 0 Male 410 6.6 16.9 37.9 30.1 7.6 0.5 0.3 0 Female 521 7.1 19.7 35.2 30.1 7.0 0.6 0.3 0 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming crumbed fried chicken, nuggets Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 443 8.7 27.7 39.3 19.1 4.8 0 0.3 0 Female 449 9.1 25.9 35.3 24.4 4.3 0.7 0.3 0 Male 590 15.1 35.4 31.6 12.9 4.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 Female 696 13.7 33.9 30.4 18.2 2.8 0.4 0.7 0 Male 408 13.3 41.0 28.5 14.4 2.0 0.5 0.2 0 Female 517 18.9 30.5 32.5 15.3 2.4 0.4 0 0 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming roast meat (e.g. beef, lamb, pork) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week Male 441 4.3 23.2 39.3 30.0 3.1 0.2 0 0 Female 439 5.8 14.9 43.8 31.8 1.9 1.2 0.7 0 Male 598 5.9 18.8 39.9 31.1 3.8 0.3 0.2 0 Female 692 6.9 21.2 39.1 28.1 3.6 0.7 0.3 0 Male 408 4.3 14.7 39.2 31.2 7.6 0.9 2.1 0 Female 519 7.4 21.2 33.8 27.5 8.8 0.4 0.9 0.2 Proportion of children consuming crumbed steak or chops n Year 1 5-6 per week Female n Year 1 2-4 per week Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 447 9.5 14.1 30.2 32.9 12.6 0.5 0.3 0 Female 443 11.4 7.7 24.4 39.1 16.6 0.6 0.3 0 Male 598 7.5 13.9 27.2 36.2 14.1 0.8 0.3 0 Female 700 7.1 15.0 25.3 34.9 15.9 1.2 0.6 0 Male 409 3.2 7.8 24.4 36.9 22.6 3.4 1.7 0 Female 522 11.5 12.3 24.6 28.1 18.9 2.6 1.5 0.5 Proportion of children consuming sausages, frankfurters, cheerios n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 445 3.8 14.7 31.9 35.7 13.5 0.2 0.2 Female 448 5.0 10.9 32.7 39.7 10.4 1.0 0.3 0 Male 598 5.0 14.7 33.5 36.1 8.6 1.8 0 0.2 Female 693 8.1 19.9 30.4 33.4 6.9 0.8 0.4 0.2 Male 411 4.4 17.9 36.5 28.8 10.5 1.7 0.3 0 Female 523 10.5 21.8 35.4 25.7 6.4 0 0 0.1 58 Table 56 Proportion of children consuming bacon n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 57 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 58 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 59 Year 5 Year 10 Table 60 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 448 9.7 23.9 38.1 21.8 5.6 0.7 0.2 Female 451 10.7 21.6 37.1 25.5 4.6 0.6 0 0 Male 603 9.3 20.5 35.8 27.8 5.2 0.5 0.6 0.3 Female 703 9.5 22.1 34.7 24.6 7.6 1.1 0.2 0.3 Male 412 6.6 12.7 42.9 26.5 8.8 1.4 0.8 0.4 Female 520 11.7 23.6 32.9 24.9 5.8 0.1 0.5 0.6 Proportion of children consuming ham n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 7.2 14.9 17.7 20.0 31.3 5.1 3.0 0.8 Female 452 8.3 10.6 19.3 20.4 30.0 6.9 4.5 0.1 Male 600 7.9 13.6 18.9 23.2 26.4 4.8 5.2 0.1 Female 701 12.8 9.3 20.1 19.3 27.4 4.1 6.1 0.8 Male 409 7.4 11.2 24.8 23.6 19.7 5.5 6.5 1.3 Female 521 11.9 14.4 20.3 26.1 19.0 3.9 4.3 0.1 Proportion of children consuming salami, luncheon meats (e.g. devon, pressed chicken) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 450 29.9 24.0 19.7 11.8 10.9 2.6 1.5 0.4 Female 450 30.1 21.0 17.6 12.2 14.7 1.9 2.5 0.1 Male 603 23.0 26.3 17.6 15.0 12.4 1.7 3.6 0.3 Female 702 27.8 22.6 21.6 12.4 11.7 1.8 2.0 0 Male 409 17.6 19.0 26.3 16.2 12.2 3.5 4.8 0.4 Female 523 22.2 25.0 23.5 9.9 11.7 2.5 4.3 1.0 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming liver including pate n Year 1 Never Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 454 94.3 3.9 1.1 0 0.3 0 0.4 0 Female 457 88.6 9.3 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 Male 602 91.6 7.2 0.9 0.3 0 0 0 0 Female 706 91.0 6.0 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0 0 Male 412 85.8 11.6 2.0 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 Female 523 88.5 9.5 1.6 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 Proportion of children consuming other offal (e.g. kidneys) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 94.0 5.3 0.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 Female 456 95.1 3.3 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 Male 600 94.5 4.1 1.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 Female 703 93.7 3.9 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0 0 Male 411 90.0 6.9 1.6 0.6 0 0.5 0.4 0 Female 522 92.3 5.7 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 59 Table 61 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 62 Proportion of children consuming canned fish (e.g. tuna, salmon, sardines) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 456 37.6 18.4 20.7 14.8 6.8 0.8 0.8 0 Female 457 40.5 16.2 23.0 13.7 6.1 0.6 0 0 Male 602 38.7 18.4 21.4 12.5 7.8 0.4 0.9 0 Female 706 38.1 17.8 22.7 12.9 7.0 0.7 0.5 0.2 Male 413 40.7 21.8 21.2 8.7 6.5 0.8 0.3 0 Female 523 46.3 19.4 20.0 8.5 4.5 0.4 0.9 0 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming fish steamed, baked, grilled n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 63 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 64 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 65 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 444 22.1 23.4 30.2 17.9 5.5 0.4 0.4 0 Female 445 26.6 23.2 26.5 19.1 3.7 0.9 0 0 Male 597 26.0 23.8 31.1 17.3 1.3 0.4 0.2 0 Female 699 27.7 25.6 26.0 16.3 3.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 Male 412 18.8 28.0 33.5 16.5 2.3 0.6 0.2 0 Female 521 28.3 24.8 31.3 13.6 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming fish fried, battered, crumbed n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week Male 451 10.4 24.7 43.4 19.3 1.9 0.2 0 0 Female 447 12.0 28.9 35.1 21.5 1.8 0.6 0.2 0 Male 595 13.3 26.6 40.0 17.2 2.4 0.1 0.4 0 Female 703 16.9 28.7 37.1 15.5 1.2 0.5 0 0.2 Male 411 11.8 30.7 40.1 14.2 2.1 0.9 0.2 0 Female 523 25.5 27.7 35.5 9.1 1.7 0 0 0.5 Proportion of children consuming other seafood (e.g. prawns, oysters, calamari) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 452 37.1 33.8 24.8 3.3 0.9 0 0 Female 454 37.9 30.7 24.8 5.0 1.6 0 0 0 Male 600 34.5 37.1 22.7 4.4 1.0 0.1 0 0.2 Female 705 37.5 34.2 23.8 3.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 Male 413 28.9 35.2 26.0 7.4 1.9 0.6 0 0 Female 522 37.2 34.2 21.9 4.4 1.7 0.7 0 0 Proportion of children consuming eggs or egg dishes n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0.1 Male 454 10.6 9.6 20.1 34.1 19.7 3.7 2.1 Female 454 7.8 8.9 18.8 32.4 26.0 3.0 3.0 0 Male 601 8.5 10.9 20.4 34.7 22.4 1.2 1.7 0.1 Female 700 6.7 11.3 24.2 32.6 20.8 2.5 1.5 0.4 Male 411 9.2 13.3 28.1 31.3 13.3 1.6 2.3 0.8 Female 520 10.9 11.9 28.9 30.5 13.4 2.7 1.4 0.4 60 Meat, chicken, fish and eggs are important sources of protein and, in the case of some meat, iron. Approximately half to two-thirds of the children were consuming such items at least once a week, with the proportion of children that never consumed these food items, on the whole, being low: around 3-10% in most cases. Processed foods (e.g. salami, luncheon meats ) were consumed by fewer children, with about a quarter of all children reporting that they never consumed these products. Canned or steamed, baked or grilled fish was reported as being never consumed by between a quarter to a third of all children. Fried/battered or crumbed fish were consumed by more children, with only about 10% of children saying that they never consumed these items except for Year 10 girls in whom about 25% reported that they never consumed these foods. Consumption of offal, including pate, was rare, with over 90% of children in nearly all year and sex groups reporting no consumption. Vegetarian meat substitutes Table 66 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 67 Proportion of children consuming soy- based meat substitutes (e.g. TVP, soy burger) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Year 5 Year 10 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 92.6 3.9 1.5 0.8 1.3 0 0 0 Female 454 95.2 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.1 0 0 Male 601 89.8 5.1 2.8 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0 Female 703 90.7 3.4 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.2 0 Male 413 89.0 5.5 1.7 2.0 1.3 0.5 0 0 Female 523 89.7 5.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.2 0.1 0 Proportion of children consuming nut-based meat substitutes (e.g. Nutolene™, Vegelinks™) n Year 1 5-6 per week Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 96.0 1.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 0 0 0 Female 454 97.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0 0.3 0 Male 600 93.6 4.2 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.4 0 0 Female 705 93.3 2.7 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0 Male 412 92.5 4.0 1.0 1.4 0.7 0.5 0 0 Female 523 93.3 3.6 1.7 0.9 0.5 0 0.1 0 Soy based meat substitutes were not frequently consumed, with nine out of ten children never consuming them and approximately only 5% of all children consuming them more than once per month. Similarly, less than 5% of all children consumed nut based meat substitutes more than once per month. Beans and lentils Table 68 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Proportion of children consuming soybean, tofu n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 443 89.7 6.4 2.4 1.0 0.4 0 0.2 0 Female 443 94.7 2.3 1.4 0.8 0.7 0 0 0 Male 599 91.5 3.9 2.6 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.2 0 Female 702 91.7 4.8 1.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.5 0 Male 411 90.3 5.7 2.0 1.7 0.3 0 0.1 0 Female 521 84.1 8.1 4.6 2.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0 61 Table 69 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 70 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Proportion of children consuming baked beans n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 453 36.0 17.7 24.3 15.1 6.1 0.5 0.3 Female 456 33.7 16.4 27.4 16.6 5.8 0 0.2 0 Male 604 35.7 19.1 22.9 15.7 5.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 Female 706 41.5 19.4 24.6 10.0 3.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 Male 412 32.3 26.4 23.0 13.0 3.4 1.0 0.8 0 Female 519 46.7 22.5 21.5 5.3 3.4 0.6 0 0 Proportion of children consuming other beans/peas/lentils (e.g. kidney, borlotti, chickpeas, dhal, split pea) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 454 48.9 15.9 18.1 6.6 8.0 1.4 1.1 0 Female 454 50.5 14.4 16.1 10.6 6.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 Male 603 50.0 16.5 16.2 9.3 5.7 1.9 0.3 0 Female 704 45.8 16.2 17.9 9.6 7.0 1.9 1.4 0.2 Male 410 32.3 20.8 18.4 10.1 13.0 2.6 2.6 0.1 Female 523 40.2 19.4 15.7 11.0 10.0 2.2 1.4 0.1 Beans/peas/lentils, including baked beans, were consumed by about 15 – 25% of all children at least once a week. Soybeans and/or tofu were consumed by few children with about 85% - 95% of all children reporting that they never consumed these foods. Vegetables (fresh frozen, canned) Table 71 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 72 Proportion of children consuming green/ mixed salad (e.g. lettuce, tomato, cucumber, onion, etc) in a sandwich n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 457 31.4 11.7 14.8 15.3 18.8 2.6 4.5 0.9 Female 457 29.1 9.7 16.0 19.9 18.6 3.3 3.0 0.5 Male 603 24.1 13.9 12.3 18.9 20.9 4.1 4.9 0.9 Female 704 15.4 11.2 16.7 20.6 22.6 4.7 8.2 0.6 Male 413 8.3 11.0 25.3 32.7 15.4 4.3 3.0 0 Female 523 6.1 7.0 15.9 30.0 22.9 9.3 8.1 0.6 Proportion of children consuming green/ mixed salad (e.g. lettuce, tomato, cucumber, onion, etc) as a side salad n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 458 22.7 7.0 14.9 17.4 29.9 3.9 3.8 0.5 Female 452 18.5 9.3 11.8 20.3 31.3 5.1 3.0 0.6 Male 602 18.5 11.7 13.2 18.7 27.5 5.5 4.1 0.8 Female 705 10.0 8.3 15.6 23.1 33.2 4.4 4.5 0.8 Male 413 11.3 20.7 32.8 24.7 8.6 0.9 1.0 0 Female 522 14.2 18.3 27.3 26.7 10.1 2.6 0.5 0.3 62 Table 73 Proportion of children consuming stir-fried and mixed cooked vegetables n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 74 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 75 Year 5 Year 10 Table 76 Year 5 Year 10 Table 77 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 1.2 Male 452 9.8 7.3 12.9 15.8 35.6 10.0 7.6 456 10.1 5.9 11.9 20.1 32.8 11.9 7.3 0 Male 599 9.2 7.8 13.0 18.2 28.7 12.8 9.5 0.7 Female 700 7.0 7.4 17.1 20.2 31.0 11.6 4.7 1.0 Male 411 8.3 11.0 25.3 32.7 15.4 4.3 3.0 0 Female 522 6.1 7.0 15.9 30.0 22.9 9.3 8.1 0.6 ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming mixed vegetables in a casserole or stew n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 448 13.3 12.7 23.2 29.3 18.5 1.8 1.3 0 Female 447 13.4 13.0 23.9 28.4 18.0 1.8 1.3 0.2 Male 599 14.1 10.5 24.6 27.0 20.2 2.4 0.6 0.6 Female 697 14.2 16.7 26.1 22.7 17.3 2.0 0.8 0.2 Male 405 11.3 20.7 32.8 24.7 8.6 0.9 1.0 0 Female 518 14.2 18.3 27.3 26.7 10.1 2.6 0.5 0.3 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming vegetable soup Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 440 40.1 28.2 23.1 6.0 1.7 0.5 0.4 0 Female 448 41.3 21.8 24.0 9.6 2.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 Male 605 38.2 27.8 21.4 9.2 2.9 0.3 0.1 0 Female 703 35.2 28.2 24.7 8.3 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 Male 409 29.8 30.8 26.2 8.1 4.0 0.7 0 0.5 Female 519 37.3 29.3 22.1 6.7 2.2 1.6 0.8 0 Proportion of children consuming potato cooked without fat (e.g. boiled, mashed, dry baked) n Year 1 < 1 per month Female n Year 1 Never Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0.9 Male 458 6.6 3.1 11.2 13.5 44.3 15.6 4.8 Female 461 3.1 4.0 8.5 17.3 46.8 13.2 7.1 0 Male 603 4.3 4.5 10.4 20.3 41.4 14.1 4.3 0.6 Female 705 5.3 4.4 11.1 16.7 45.9 10.5 5.3 0.8 Male 412 3.8 4.5 17.4 22.5 32.0 14.9 4.9 0 Female 522 3.5 5.2 13.3 16.3 38.8 13.2 9.4 0.4 Proportion of children consuming potato cooked with fat (e.g. chips, French fries, gems, wedges, roast) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 456 3.2 8.1 31.6 38.1 17.7 0.5 0.6 0.2 Female 457 2.7 6.7 30.4 40.7 17.6 1.4 0.5 0 Male 603 5.3 14.5 28.4 33.3 16.7 0.8 1.1 0 Female 705 3.9 15.1 27.4 38.6 12.9 1.4 0.5 0.1 Male 413 4.3 12.5 31.6 31.0 14.8 2.9 2.9 0 Female 521 4.6 15.4 29.7 32.2 14.1 2.1 1.2 0.7 63 Table 78 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 79 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 80 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 81 Proportion of children consuming carrots n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 456 5.6 3.5 4.3 9.1 42.1 22.4 12.3 0.8 Female 457 5.7 3.5 7.1 9.8 41.7 19.2 12.7 0.2 Male 605 6.2 5.0 8.7 11.1 39.2 17.0 10.5 2.2 Female 701 4.9 5.1 7.1 13.9 42.3 14.3 11.3 1.0 Male 412 5.1 4.6 11.4 22.1 29.2 18.0 8.6 1.0 Female 523 4.1 3.1 7.4 16.8 33.8 17.6 14.7 2.5 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming pumpkin n Never < 1 per month Male 454 23.1 9.8 9.0 17.0 30.0 7.0 3.5 0.7 Female 454 18.5 6.5 13.8 21.9 25.9 8.8 4.3 0.3 Male 597 23.3 8.7 14.6 19.1 22.4 7.9 3.7 0.3 Female 704 22.8 13.1 14.2 17.0 24.3 5.6 3.0 0 Male 413 21.0 11.3 15.0 21.4 16.8 9.3 4.8 0.4 Female 522 23.0 10.0 16.2 14.2 22.1 8.6 5.7 0.2 Proportion of children consuming sweet potatoes and other root vegetables n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 450 26.2 11.0 16.8 17.4 18.7 5.8 3.6 0.6 Female 453 21.2 13.4 18.9 18.9 20.9 4.2 0.3 0.3 Male 602 26.8 14.1 14.1 17.5 19.5 4.8 0.4 0.4 Female 701 22.3 15.9 18.1 18.1 18.2 3.7 0 0.1 Male 413 17.4 12.7 28.4 18.1 13.4 7.5 0 0 Female 521 21.9 8.4 17.0 17.8 21.4 7.6 0.2 0.2 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0.6 Proportion of children consuming green peas n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 82 Year 5 Year 10 < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 453 20.3 7.6 8.1 12.5 33.4 11.6 5.9 Female 457 13.6 5.4 9.7 18.0 35.7 11.0 6.6 0 Male 603 12.0 7.8 8.8 19.8 33.4 11.4 6.5 0.3 Female 698 16.0 6.9 13.2 17.2 31.3 9.1 6.3 0.1 Male 412 9.6 4.8 13.6 22.7 26.4 15.1 7.9 0 Female 521 13.6 5.3 9.5 16.4 30.2 14.3 10.4 0.5 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming green beans n Year 1 Never Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 455 25.8 7.3 11.5 14.0 27.8 8.0 5.4 0.2 Female 456 18.0 9.0 13.5 16.5 28.9 8.9 5.2 0 Male 601 22.3 10.4 11.6 15.1 29.1 6.8 4.7 0 Female 702 21.0 10.5 12.5 15.7 27.8 6.9 5.5 0 Male 411 13.1 8.5 14.9 22.6 24.9 9.3 6.5 0 Female 521 15.6 7.4 15.3 16.9 26.3 11.3 6.6 0.7 64 Table 83 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 84 Proportion of children consuming silverbeet, spinach n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week Year 5 Year 10 Table 85 Male 454 53.6 16.3 15.4 7.6 5.9 1.2 0 0 454 58.3 17.1 12.0 7.8 4.3 0.2 0.2 0 Male 601 56.4 17.4 14.6 6.5 4.2 0.4 0.5 0 Female 701 55.7 17.2 17.0 6.1 2.6 0.5 0.7 0.2 Male 414 53.0 19.5 19.0 6.5 1.9 0.1 0 0 Female 521 53.0 19.0 15.8 5.7 2.1 1.5 0.8 0.1 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming celery, asparagus, or bean sprouts Year 5 Year 10 Table 86 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 87 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 450 55.2 13.4 15.4 6.9 7.0 2.0 0.1 0 Female 453 52.8 15.3 15.1 9.7 6.0 1.3 0 0 Male 599 49.0 18.8 17.8 7.3 5.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 Female 700 46.9 18.4 19.1 9.1 6.1 0 0.4 0 Male 414 41.1 23.7 20.0 9.9 3.5 1.2 0.7 0 Female 522 34.7 21.4 25.1 10.2 5.2 2.0 1.3 0.1 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming broccoli n Year 1 ≥ 2 per day Female n Year 1 1 per day Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 457 17.3 7.1 10.9 14.1 31.7 13.9 5.0 0 Female 454 13.5 6.5 12.5 11.8 39.1 10.3 6.4 0 Male 600 13.3 9.6 8.7 20.4 34.0 8.3 5.4 0.4 Female 701 13.9 5.5 14.6 19.6 31.0 8.4 6.5 0.5 Male 412 13.9 10.4 15.8 24.0 23.5 8.1 3.8 0.4 Female 522 15.0 6.1 12.3 22.8 25.2 11.8 6.2 0.7 Proportion of children consuming cauliflower n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 450 27.1 11.2 20.6 14.8 18.3 5.7 2.4 0 Female 448 25.0 11.1 16.4 13.3 23.7 7.0 3.5 0 Male 599 22.9 14.0 15.7 18.9 21.6 4.2 2.6 0 Female 699 19.3 11.4 22.4 19.0 20.1 4.4 3.0 0.3 Male 412 18.1 16.4 24.3 19.9 16.2 4.0 0.7 0.5 Female 521 18.9 12.8 17.7 19.7 19.0 6.5 5.1 0.2 Proportion of children consuming brussels sprouts, cabbage, coleslaw, Asian greens n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 44.6 13.8 19.6 12.6 6.6 2.5 0.3 0 Female 454 36.9 16.8 19.6 14.6 9.4 1.8 1.0 0 Male 598 39.6 11.7 20.8 15.0 10.1 1.4 1.2 0 Female 701 31.4 17.0 22.2 14.3 10.2 3.1 1.5 0.2 Male 413 29.7 16.3 25.6 17.8 7.0 2.5 0.6 0.4 Female 521 30.5 14.1 24.9 16.0 9.2 3.2 2.0 0.2 65 Table 88 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 89 Proportion of children consuming zucchini, eggplant, squash n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 454 45.5 10.8 14.7 12.3 11.3 4.3 1.1 Female 450 41.6 12.1 18.5 13.2 11.8 1.8 0.8 0 Male 598 43.3 17.2 12.2 13.2 11.7 1.1 1.1 0.3 Female 699 43.6 16.1 15.0 13.9 8.2 2.3 0.8 0.1 Male 411 47.1 13.7 21.8 10.5 5.5 1.5 0 0 Female 520 49.4 17.0 14.9 9.2 5.7 2.2 1.3 0.2 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming lettuce, rocket, endive, other raw salad greens n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 90 Year 5 Year 10 Table 91 Year 5 Year 10 Table 92 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week Male 450 26.4 9.6 14.0 22.4 19.8 4.8 2.2 0.8 453 20.6 7.9 11.4 25.7 26.6 6.0 1.8 0.1 Male 600 20.4 10.1 12.7 24.3 23.8 3.7 5.0 0.1 Female 701 15.0 6.5 15.9 23.1 27.6 6.3 5.0 0.7 Male 413 11.8 4.7 21.4 25.1 23.6 7.1 6.3 0 Female 522 8.6 6.2 14.4 22.8 28.8 12.5 5.3 1.3 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming capsicum Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 447 44.2 11.9 12.7 14.5 12.4 2.3 1.7 0.3 Female 452 45.0 10.8 12.2 16.2 12.2 2.1 1.0 0.6 Male 598 42.3 15.8 12.0 12.6 13.9 1.6 1.5 0.3 Female 699 39.8 11.5 15.3 13.1 14.7 3.8 1.7 0 Male 413 30.7 13.0 19.7 19.9 11.1 4.6 1.0 0.1 Female 520 29.3 14.4 17.8 16.2 14.0 3.9 3.8 0.7 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming tomatoes including canned n Year 1 < 1 per month Female n Year 1 Never Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 453 17.4 5.2 12.0 21.5 28.8 10.5 3.8 0.8 Female 453 16.1 4.2 13.4 19.3 32.2 9.7 4.1 1.0 Male 601 21.8 5.8 9.1 22.5 27.2 9.1 3.5 0.9 Female 698 19.0 5.9 15.2 18.6 26.3 9.5 4.7 0.7 Male 414 18.6 6.0 13.9 22.4 26.2 7.4 5.5 0 Female 518 21.4 5.8 8.0 18.5 29.6 8.9 5.8 2.1 Proportion of children consuming tomato products (e.g. dried, paste, sauce) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 448 11.8 6.8 15.3 23.3 29.0 9.1 4.0 0.7 Female 451 10.8 4.1 16.0 25.5 32.7 6.5 3.7 0.8 Male 600 10.5 7.7 14.7 26.3 30.3 6.8 3.1 0.6 Female 700 11.3 5.3 21.8 27.8 24.5 5.6 2.9 0.7 Male 413 10.2 8.5 21.9 25.6 24.0 6.8 2.9 0 Female 520 6.8 11.8 19.8 28.0 23.5 6.6 2.9 0.5 66 Table 93 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Tabel 94 Proportion of children consuming avocado n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Year 5 Year 10 Table 95 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 96 Year 5 Year 10 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 450 51.1 10.2 13.9 11.6 9.3 2.1 1.7 0 455 50.0 12.2 12.5 11.4 11.0 2.3 0.3 0.3 Male 599 55.3 10.9 14.0 8.3 9.9 1.0 0.6 0 Female 701 49.1 10.6 16.8 11.6 7.1 2.3 2.2 0.1 Male 413 49.2 13.8 16.7 10.6 6.3 1.3 1.9 0.3 Female 519 42.2 9.7 16.2 14.4 10.0 4.8 2.7 0 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming onion or leeks Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 448 32.4 7.1 11.4 15.0 25.1 6.4 2.2 0.4 Female 449 37.6 9.0 11.4 15.5 18.0 5.9 1.7 1.0 Male 599 28.4 8.4 12.5 16.3 23.9 7.3 2.9 0.3 Female 699 30.7 8.9 12.4 18.9 18.5 6.7 3.4 0.6 Male 413 15.7 9.0 18.1 26.2 20.2 5.9 4.5 0.4 Female 520 24.3 9.4 14.0 22.1 20.2 5.2 4.3 0.3 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming sweetcorn, corn on the cob n Never Male 448 13.7 9.7 22.2 22.3 25.9 5.0 1.3 0 Female 454 9.4 9.2 18.0 25.5 30.2 3.9 3.7 0.2 Male 595 12.3 9.1 24.1 28.1 19.4 4.6 2.4 0 Female 698 9.2 11.3 25.3 23.9 21.4 5.3 3.3 0.3 < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 413 12.0 14.1 27.8 24.5 14.7 3.4 3.1 0.5 Female 518 12.0 14.5 23.1 27.5 13.2 5.3 3.9 0.4 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Proportion of children consuming mushrooms n Year 1 5-6 per week Female n Year 1 2-4 per week Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 452 48.5 9.9 13.8 16.3 10.3 1.2 0 0 Female 454 46.6 13.9 13.1 11.4 12.8 1.9 0.2 0 Male 598 47.0 11.2 15.6 15.3 9.4 1.1 0.2 0 Female 699 47.0 12.3 15.6 14.3 7.5 1.4 1.2 0.6 Male 412 40.0 14.5 19.0 14.5 9.4 2.3 0.5 0 Female 522 43.5 11.3 14.8 15.1 9.6 3.2 2.2 0.3 Salad consumption, both in a sandwich and as a side salad, generally increased in regularity as children became older. For example, around 30% of Year 1 children reported “never” consuming salad in a sandwich, whilst this number fell to about 7% in Year 10 children. Close to 70% of all children (excluding Year 10 boys) reported consuming stir fried and mixed cooked vegetables at least once a week, with 10-15% reporting consumption as high as 5-6 times per week. Only 55% of Year 10 boys had a weekly consumption of stir-fried and/or mixed vegetables. One in three children received additional vegetables in stews and casseroles at least once a week. Carrots were the most consumed vegetable with over 80% of children reporting consumption at least once a week and with at least a quarter of children reporting consumption 5-6 times per week. Boiled and baked potato was also common, with approximately 60% of all children reporting intakes of at least twice a week. Around 50-60% of children reported consuming potato cooked with fat (ie chips, French fries, gems, wedges or roast) at least once a week. 67 Rarely consumed vegetables included silverbeet, spinach, celery, zucchini, eggplant, squash, avocado and mushrooms, with over 40% of children reporting that they never consumed them at all. Fruit (fresh, frozen, canned dried) Table 97 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 98 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Table 99 Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Proportion of children consuming dried fruit- all types, (e.g. sultanas, prunes, apricots) n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 17.3 18.6 24.5 14.5 15.5 4.4 4.9 0.4 Female 454 16.9 18.9 22.0 17.5 14.2 4.7 5.5 0.4 Male 600 32.1 17.6 21.3 12.6 10.5 2.8 2.8 0.2 Female 699 25.8 21.9 22.0 12.0 11.1 1.9 4.5 0.7 Male 412 17.7 19.8 26.1 20.7 6.9 4.3 4.1 0.4 Female 519 19.6 18.5 25.0 16.5 10.7 4.1 5.0 0.6 Proportion of children consuming fruit salad, mixed fruit n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 441 16.0 15.6 22.0 18.6 16.9 4.5 5.1 1.3 Female 444 14.6 12.2 20.8 22.6 16.0 6.3 4.8 2.3 Male 592 20.2 19.1 25.3 18.6 9.2 2.7 4.3 0.6 Female 696 12.3 20.5 27.2 17.3 13.5 3.9 3.2 2.1 Male 411 11.9 17.7 30.3 25.8 6.3 5.1 2.7 0.3 Female 514 7.6 15.0 28.7 23.1 15.7 4.4 4.6 0.9 Proportion of children consuming apple, pear n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 458 1.9 1.8 5.2 8.4 27.5 19.8 28.2 7.1 Female 457 2.4 2.0 3.4 10.1 31.7 16.8 25.4 8.1 Male 598 4.8 5.0 8.3 15.2 27.0 12.7 21.0 5.9 Female 702 2.1 1.9 9.6 13.5 29.7 15.7 23.3 4.3 Male 410 2.2 5.9 13.8 17.1 24.8 9.6 20.1 6.6 Female 522 5.2 4.9 9.0 20.1 25.0 6.8 23.6 5.4 Table 100 Proportion of children consuming orange, mandarin, grapefruit Year 1 Year 5 Year10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 455 12.3 4.7 13.1 16.2 25.0 14.0 12.1 2.7 Female 455 12.9 6.0 8.0 18.4 29.3 10.3 10.1 5.1 Male 594 11.0 7.0 11.1 18.6 23.5 8.3 15.2 5.3 Female 700 8.2 4.8 12.8 18.5 26.8 10.3 15.6 2.9 Male 412 7.3 7.2 17.6 19.8 24.8 7.0 13.0 3.3 Female 520 6.3 5.9 16.8 20.8 23.7 9.2 12.3 5.1 68 Table 101 Proportion of children consuming banana n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 457 9.7 7.9 14.4 17.2 26.1 11.9 10.8 1.9 Female 443 10.5 5.1 10.6 18.7 32.5 9.8 9.5 3.3 Male 599 16.1 11.0 17.7 18.7 21.0 6.3 7.9 1.2 Female 702 12.4 9.3 18.6 19.3 21.9 6.7 10.0 1.8 Male 413 10.9 10.9 21.1 24.6 19.1 5.9 4.7 2.8 Female 519 12.2 13.7 21.8 22.8 16.3 5.4 5.7 2.2 Table 102 Proportion of children consuming peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherries Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 25.0 15.1 19.8 20.3 13.3 3.9 2.3 0.4 Female 450 24.0 12.6 17.9 16.6 18.7 4.8 3.8 1.7 Male 599 26.8 18.9 22.4 12.9 11.8 3.7 3.2 0.2 Female 701 17.5 16.3 24.1 19.0 12.7 3.9 5.4 1.0 Male 413 18.6 14.6 23.2 25.5 9.4 3.9 4.0 0.8 Female 520 15.9 14.7 22.8 23.1 11.9 4.9 5.2 1.6 ≥ 2 per day Table 103 Proportion of children consuming mango, paw- paw Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 449 33.0 22.3 14.2 14.2 9.5 1.6 1.0 0 Female 451 33.7 16.5 14.7 14.7 8.2 1.9 3.0 0.2 Male 599 32.3 22.4 12.3 12.3 9.3 1.3 1.8 0.2 Female 696 25.7 22.0 13.7 13.7 7.8 2.7 3.4 1.3 Male 412 20.8 20.9 16.7 16.7 7.4 1.8 3.8 1.1 Female 521 19.2 21.8 15.6 15.6 11.4 3.0 3.4 1.4 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 104 Proportion of children consuming pineapple Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 451 30.7 16.6 24.9 17.1 8.3 1.7 0.7 0 Female 452 25.2 17.8 23.7 16.4 11.3 3.2 2.2 0.2 Male 598 22.0 22.1 24.3 19.0 9.9 1.5 0.9 0.2 Female 697 20.3 17.7 27.4 18.7 8.8 3.4 3.2 0.5 Male 414 16.9 18.4 30.2 19.7 10.3 2.6 1.9 0 Female 522 14.8 19.5 28.2 17.4 12.5 4.4 2.4 0.7 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 105 Proportion of children consuming berries (e.g. strawberries, blueberries) n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 453 18.4 13.3 20.6 21.6 15.3 4.0 5.9 0.9 Female 457 13.9 9.6 20.2 21.6 19.8 5.8 6.9 2.1 Male 599 20.3 16.9 20.8 18.7 15.1 3.8 3.7 0.8 Female 697 13.7 13.1 24.3 24.1 15.3 3.2 5.2 1.1 Male 414 16.8 19.3 27.5 20.6 10.6 3.1 1.7 0.4 Female 519 14.1 16.7 21.7 26.9 12.5 4.1 2.7 1.3 69 Table 106 Proportion of children consuming melon (e.g. watermelon, rockmelon) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 454 11.3 11.7 22.7 20.5 22.4 5.8 3.5 2.0 Female 455 10.4 9.8 19.0 22.9 23.9 7.0 5.9 1.1 Male 600 13.2 14.5 25.7 21.3 16.6 4.5 3.5 0.7 Female 699 8.8 14.5 25.7 23.8 16.4 4.4 5.2 1.3 Male 412 10.6 15.2 34.1 24.7 10.3 3.1 1.8 0.3 Female 519 8.1 20.7 27.9 22.3 11.3 3.8 4.5 1.5 Table 107 Proportion of children consuming other fruit (e.g. grapes, kiwi fruit) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 13.2 6.9 19.4 17.0 28.1 7.3 6.3 1.7 Female 457 10.1 5.1 17.8 21.0 29.4 6.8 7.5 2.4 Male 599 12.8 12.5 22.1 20.5 19.6 4.5 6.3 1.6 Female 700 7.7 8.7 20.9 25.8 21.0 6.1 8.0 1.8 Male 413 10.0 13.8 25.6 22.1 18.3 3.3 5.3 1.7 Female 521 7.3 8.7 28.4 25.5 14.3 6.9 6.8 2.1 Over 80% of Year 1 children and 60-70% of Years 5 and 10 children reported consuming an apple or pear 2-4 times per week. One in four of all children reported eating an apple or pear every day. Whilst citrus fruits (orange, mandarin, grapefruit) were consumed less frequently, 70% or more of all children reported consuming them once a week or more with between 10% to 15% reporting daily consumption. Other fruits such as bananas, stone fruit, mango, pineapple, berries and paw-paw had low levels of reported consumption with about a quarter to a third of children reporting that they never consumed these items. Many of these fruit are seasonal which could affect overall consumption as well as introduce recall bias. It should be noted that the banana consumption during the time of the survey is likely to have been dramatically affected by the banana shortage, as a result of hurricane Katrina, in 2006. Bread and Cereal foods Table 108 Proportion of children consuming white bread, toast or rolls Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 6.3 7.7 7.0 6.5 12.0 12.1 26.7 21.6 Female 452 4.5 6.5 6.1 6.0 11.1 10.4 31.7 23.7 Male 596 3.3 5.9 6.7 8.0 14.9 11.8 28.0 21.6 Female 700 3.0 5.6 6.0 9.3 12.4 11.1 30.8 21.8 Male 412 1.9 2.5 5.4 8.3 16.0 14.4 26.3 25.2 Female 523 6.7 4.1 8.8 9.9 16.7 12.4 25.6 15.8 Table 109 Proportion of children consuming wholemeal or mixed grain bread, toast, rolls Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 19.1 6.0 8.7 8.1 12.9 8.5 22.2 14.4 Female 456 21.7 6.0 12.0 9.1 16.5 7.6 16.3 10.8 Male 601 20.4 9.2 12.0 10.3 13.3 6.2 17.5 11.1 Female 698 21.8 9.2 13.0 11.4 13.2 6.9 16.9 7.8 Male 414 15.6 8.0 12.9 16.7 13.5 9.5 15.7 8.0 Female 522 11.3 6.8 15.1 15.0 15.5 10.7 17.8 7.9 70 Table 110 Proportion of children consuming English muffin, bagel, crumpet, foccacia, flat bread Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 452 19.1 21.7 25.7 20.1 11.6 0.4 1.1 0.3 Female 451 19.5 19.9 24.5 19.4 11.3 1.6 3.6 0.1 Male 601 16.5 21.9 27.6 19.4 9.5 1.6 3.0 0.6 Female 699 18.1 20.3 26.9 20.0 9.6 2.3 2.7 0.2 Male 414 15.1 20.3 29.1 20.8 6.6 2.8 4.7 0.6 Female 522 18.3 22.9 27.2 17.3 7.8 2.6 3.4 0.5 Table 111 Proportion of children consuming dry or savoury biscuits, crispbread, crackers, rice cakes Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 454 4.4 3.1 10.7 18.3 29.3 12.4 15.8 6.0 Female 456 3.0 3.2 10.7 13.6 32.1 8.2 22.3 6.9 Male 601 6.8 10.1 16.8 17.1 24.0 8.8 14.1 2.3 Female 702 8.3 9.3 13.4 18.4 24.3 8.7 14.3 3.1 Male 414 13.1 9.8 21.1 20.3 19.5 5.6 8.4 2.3 Female 523 7.6 10.9 21.1 26.0 16.4 7.1 8.8 2.1 < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 112 Proportion of children consuming muesli Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never Male 439 66.7 9.0 10.2 7.9 4.0 0.2 1.8 0.2 Female 450 65.1 12.2 6.4 5.5 5.2 0.3 5.1 0.3 Male 596 58.3 17.3 8.8 6.4 4.4 1.4 2.9 0.5 Female 700 59.8 12.7 9.3 9.1 3.4 1.9 3.0 0.7 Male 414 27.8 19.4 15.8 13.0 11.6 4.2 6.1 2.1 Female 521 34.2 16.2 17.8 13.7 7.7 3.3 6.6 0.5 ≥ 2 per day Table 113 Proportion of children consuming cooked porridge Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 449 40.7 11.8 17.7 12.2 13.9 1.3 2.4 0 Female 456 43.0 12.8 16.2 11.7 10.5 1.6 4.0 0.1 Male 601 42.7 13.6 17.0 8.4 11.9 2.5 3.0 0.9 Female 698 40.9 18.4 16.6 9.5 9.5 1.6 2.9 0.6 Male 413 41.2 20.5 18.6 9.9 6.3 1.9 1.6 0 Female 523 40.7 20.6 16.5 11.0 6.8 1.4 2.5 0.6 Table 114 Proportion of children consuming breakfast cereal Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 462 2.1 0.3 2.8 6.9 19.2 17.3 48.5 3.0 Female 453 2.4 1.6 4.5 5.8 18.3 16.2 50.1 1.2 Male 601 1.3 2.5 4.5 7.4 22.0 14.0 44.1 4.2 Female 699 2.9 4.0 6.2 8.5 23.4 12.7 40.6 1.8 Male 414 4.7 6.2 6.8 8.5 14.9 14.7 40.4 3.8 Female 520 8.9 9.8 11.5 11.1 14.7 10.2 23.9 1.7 71 Table 115 Proportion of children consuming rice including white or brown Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 6.4 4.7 15.5 37.1 27.3 4.0 3.3 1.8 Female 453 4.4 4.8 14.6 38.0 28.5 3.9 4.4 1.4 Male 599 7.6 5.7 19.6 32.8 28.2 1.8 3.3 0.9 Female 693 7.4 5.9 16.8 34.2 28.4 3.2 2.8 1.3 Male 410 6.2 6.2 26.7 30.0 22.7 2.1 4.0 2.0 Female 519 7.9 7.1 26.3 28.5 18.9 5.3 5.2 0.7 ≥ 2 per day Table 116 Proportion of children consuming pasta including filled pasta, noodles, lasagne Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 459 2.2 2.0 11.3 37.4 41.4 4.1 1.6 0 Female 462 1.3 1.2 10.6 41.4 39.7 2.6 2.7 0.4 Male 603 2.2 3.2 16.3 35.6 37.5 2.7 1.8 0.7 Female 702 1.6 4.4 14.7 38.4 35.0 2.1 3.3 0.4 Male 413 3.6 3.2 20.1 37.6 27.0 4.9 2.7 0.8 Female 523 1.8 4.6 17.6 37.7 32.1 4.9 0.9 0.4 Close to half of all children consumed white bread, toast or rolls at least once a day, with about a fifth consuming these items at least twice a day. Consumption of wholemeal or mixed grain bread, toast or rolls was less common, with about a quarter to a third of all children consuming these items daily or more. Rice was consumed by most children to some extent. Almost three quarters of Year 1 children reported rice consumption at least once a week, with this figure falling to about 60% in Year 10 children. Pasta, including filled pasta, noodles and lasagne, were also consumed by about three quarters of all children at least once a week. Baked Goods and Snacks Table 117 Proportion of children consuming meat pie, sausage roll, other savoury pastries Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 455 9.5 26.9 37.4 20.9 4.0 0.6 0.7 0 Female 456 10.4 23.7 33.0 27.6 4.7 0.3 0.4 0 Male 601 5.5 21.2 40.1 26.7 5.3 0.8 0.4 0 Female 697 8.1 23.4 36.0 25.1 5.2 0.9 0.9 0.2 Male 414 3.2 10.3 30.5 33.2 15.3 4.1 2.7 0.7 Female 521 8.9 22.0 35.5 20.3 10.1 1.1 1.9 0.2 Table 118 Proportion of children consuming pizza Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 3.9 26.6 50.0 18.9 0.6 0 0 0 Female 456 7.4 26.4 46.2 19.8 0.3 0 0 0 Male 599 2.6 25.0 49.9 20.7 1.7 0.2 0 0 Female 696 5.6 30.2 42.4 19.2 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.2 Male 414 2.8 17.4 48.5 25.1 3.8 2.0 0 0.4 Female 520 6.6 28.5 44.6 18.0 1.9 0 0.5 0 72 Table 119 Proportion of children consuming hamburger with bun Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 448 17.9 36.1 35.4 10.2 0.4 0 0 0 Female 456 22.7 35.8 31.7 9.5 0.3 0 0 0 Male 599 14.2 33.2 38.3 13.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 0 Female 693 15.3 36.0 33.2 13.3 0.8 0.2 1.1 0.2 Male 412 6.3 19.0 43.3 22.9 6.1 1.7 0.7 0 Female 520 11.5 30.5 41.3 12.0 3.8 0 0.7 0 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 120 Proportion of children consuming cakes, muffins, scones, pikelets n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 455 2.3 14.8 25.1 27.8 22.2 3.0 3.8 1.0 Female 457 2.1 9.2 30.0 27.4 24.9 2.5 3.7 0.1 Male 598 3.3 14.0 28.1 24.0 21.2 3.5 5.7 0.1 Female 698 2.0 14.9 27.9 26.1 19.3 2.5 6.6 0.6 Male 413 3.2 17.1 38.1 24.7 10.9 3.3 2.8 0 Female 522 4.0 18.4 41.0 21.9 8.1 1.5 5.0 0 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 121 Proportion of children consuming sweet pies or sweet pastries n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 444 37.8 38.4 18.9 4.0 0.7 0 0.3 0 Female 455 36.3 29.4 22.7 8.8 1.9 0.2 0.6 0 Male 601 31.7 38.9 19.2 7.3 2.6 0.1 0.1 0 Female 696 30.7 33.3 22.7 9.9 2.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 Male 412 15.8 28.8 42.7 8.9 3.7 0 0.2 0 Female 521 20.7 32.9 33.5 9.0 3.1 0.3 0.5 0 Table 122 Proportion of children consuming other puddings and desserts Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 444 13.8 24.8 24.9 15.4 14.6 1.3 5.2 0 Female 445 11.4 18.4 27.3 20.0 16.6 1.3 5.0 0 Male 601 13.5 24.3 24.1 17.0 12.6 2.8 5.4 0 Female 694 9.2 29.7 26.7 17.8 9.1 2.6 4.4 0.4 Male 413 7.1 19.8 31.2 23.5 11.7 2.8 3.6 0.2 Female 520 10.2 28.8 29.1 20.8 7.8 1.2 1.9 0.1 Table 123 Proportion of children consuming plain sweet biscuits Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 442 3.2 14.4 15.3 25.7 26.2 4.3 10.1 0.7 Female 448 4.8 10.1 15.4 21.2 31.2 5.0 10.8 1.5 Male 602 8.9 16.4 18.6 22.6 19.2 4.0 9.4 0.9 Female 697 9.5 16.4 20.9 19.7 21.4 3.2 7.7 1.1 Male 411 5.8 16.5 27.3 23.6 15.9 5.5 3.5 1.9 Female 521 10.5 18.5 28.1 22.2 12.3 3.4 3.6 1.4 73 Table 124 Proportion of children consuming fancy biscuit including jam/cream filled, chocolate, fruit and nut Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 448 8.5 21.3 29.8 18.5 17.7 0.5 2.9 0.8 Female 455 8.7 18.1 26.7 21.8 16.3 3.3 4.4 0.8 Male 598 14.2 21.2 24.3 21.2 11.4 2.7 4.5 0.5 Female 697 11.4 22.9 26.3 21.2 12.4 2.1 2.4 1.2 Male 412 6.9 22.8 26.3 23.5 13.9 4.2 1.6 0.7 Female 522 10.4 21.8 30.3 21.5 10.9 1.7 2.7 0.7 Table 125 Proportion of children consuming chocolate including chocolate bars (e.g. Mars™) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 456 7.7 18.4 28.8 28.8 13.9 1.2 0.9 0.1 Female 457 3.3 17.8 27.9 30.6 16.0 2.4 1.7 0.4 Male 601 4.0 18.5 31.7 26.6 12.5 3.6 2.6 0.5 Female 696 3.7 18.2 27.9 28.5 15.6 2.1 3.5 0.4 Male 414 2.8 11.7 30.4 28.6 16.9 4.1 4.1 1.5 Female 522 2.2 15.9 25.3 27.0 19.0 5.2 3.7 1.7 Table 126 Proportion of children consuming other lollies, confectioneries Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 449 3.0 13.3 27.7 28.9 20.5 3.8 2.6 0.2 Female 455 3.0 10.8 23.0 33.9 23.2 3.0 2.9 0.1 Male 602 4.0 13.7 28.1 30.2 18.4 2.1 3.0 0.5 Female 693 3.7 12.5 29.5 33.2 15.7 2.3 2.1 1.0 Male 413 3.0 14.5 20.5 35.2 18.0 3.0 3.7 2.1 Female 521 4.0 11.4 28.5 26.6 19.7 3.0 4.3 2.3 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Table 127 Proportion of children consuming nuts Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 449 34.4 23.9 17.3 12.5 8.0 1.7 2.3 Female 450 31.1 18.3 17.7 13.5 13.8 3.2 2.3 0 Male 594 27.0 21.0 25.2 14.0 7.8 2.9 1.8 0.2 Female 695 24.7 21.8 25.3 15.3 7.8 1.2 3.6 0.3 Male 413 19.1 21.1 26.1 18.9 7.4 1.9 4.0 1.6 Female 515 15.8 23.6 24.2 18.8 11.5 2.0 3.8 0.2 Table 128 Proportion of children consuming potato chips, corn chips, (e.g. Twisties™) etc Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 461 0.9 13.2 26.1 28.4 22.3 4.5 4.4 0.1 Female 458 2.0 9.2 25.3 30.4 22.7 2.8 7.1 0.4 Male 602 2.9 9.5 27.9 24.0 22.8 5.5 7.1 0.3 Female 696 1.2 10.4 23.0 27.3 20.2 6.2 11.1 0.5 Male 413 1.3 11.1 19.4 32.6 18.4 5.5 8.8 2.8 Female 522 4.5 15.3 27.7 22.6 14.0 4.7 9.7 1.4 Between a fifth and a third of all children consumed meat pies, sausages rolls or other savoury pastries at least once a week. Approximately one in four Year 10 boys reported consuming these items at least twice per week 74 or more. Pizza was consumed by nearly all children to some extent, with close to a fifth of all children reporting consumption once a week. Hamburgers with buns were consumed by about 10 – 15% of children at least once a week, except for Year 10 boys where this increased to about 30% of those surveyed. About half of all children reported consuming chocolate or chocolate bars at least once a week, and other confectionary such as lollies were consumed at a slightly greater rate. About a third of Year 1 children never consumed nuts, whereas less than 2% of the same children reported never consuming potato chips or corn chips. Sugar, Spreads and Dressings Table 129 Proportion of children consuming sugar, syrups Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 455 13.3 9.0 10.8 15.5 16.4 6.0 26.4 2.5 Female 452 12.7 9.0 11.6 15.3 18.4 8.2 22.0 2.6 Male 600 8.5 8.9 12.7 18.7 13.9 6.9 25.2 5.1 Female 697 10.9 12.4 12.6 15.4 16.7 6.5 23.5 2.0 Male 413 7.5 9.3 13.1 21.2 13.7 4.5 26.8 3.9 Female 523 8.6 15.3 20.8 20.6 8.3 9.0 14.2 2.7 Table 130 Proportion of children consuming jam, marmalade Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 453 25.5 12.7 17.3 14.0 18.0 4.6 7.4 0.4 Female 452 28.7 9.4 19.8 19.2 12.5 2.7 7.0 0.7 Male 599 23.9 14.8 17.1 19.6 16.4 2.8 5.2 0.3 Female 695 27.8 17.7 19.0 14.7 13.2 2.2 4.8 0.5 Male 414 14.3 15.3 22.2 23.6 14.0 4.1 6.1 0.6 Female 522 21.9 25.8 23.7 15.0 7.5 4.0 2.0 0.2 Table 131 Proportion of children consuming peanut butter, other nut spreads Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 454 22.9 8.6 7.9 15.1 26.0 6.2 10.1 3.3 Female 453 25.7 5.6 12.3 18.7 17.3 6.9 12.5 1.0 Male 599 18.5 10.7 12.8 16.8 24.6 6.8 8.1 1.7 Female 694 20.1 12.1 17.4 17.5 18.1 5.5 8.1 1.1 Male 412 19.2 11.8 20.1 19.6 15.6 4.6 7.8 1.3 Female 523 20.3 20.3 17.9 18.5 12.6 4.6 4.0 1.7 Table 132 Proportion of children consuming butter, dairy blends, margarine Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 4.0 2.8 0.5 2.8 9.6 13.1 42.6 24.6 Female 454 4.2 1.5 1.7 3.6 8.7 11.6 42.6 26.3 Male 596 6.4 3.7 3.4 5.7 9.1 12.1 38.4 21.1 Female 691 7.6 4.2 5.7 7.0 9.4 11.2 35.1 19.8 Male 409 6.5 3.2 6.8 13.3 11.6 14.2 31.4 12.9 Female 519 6.9 7.2 4.5 12.2 15.9 11.2 29.8 12.2 75 Table 133 Proportion of children consuming Vegemite™, Marmite™, Promite™ Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 447 14.1 3.3 7.6 13.1 24.1 12.3 21.4 4.0 Female 447 15.4 2.6 4.3 9.8 23.6 11.1 25.8 7.4 Male 598 20.5 7.5 8.9 13.3 20.2 10.6 14.7 4.4 Female 693 20.7 6.2 9.7 15.3 18.3 8.8 16.3 4.6 Male 413 25.1 11.5 10.0 22.6 12.7 4.1 11.1 2.8 Female 521 17.8 9.6 10.1 18.8 14.9 13.3 12.1 3.4 ≥ 2 per day Tabel 134 Proportion of children consuming oil and vinegar dressing Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 450 61.2 13.7 8.7 5.7 6.5 1.7 2.4 0 Female 456 59.3 10.8 8.8 8.7 6.6 1.8 3.7 0.4 Male 598 52.4 13.8 10.7 10.0 8.8 1.5 2.7 0.2 Female 693 48.8 14.7 12.2 10.4 8.4 2.3 3.2 0 Male 412 35.8 15.0 19.4 14.8 7.7 2.6 3.7 0.8 Female 519 33.5 18.8 18.8 12.5 7.9 4.5 3.4 0.7 ≥ 2 per day Table 135 Proportion of children consuming mayonnaise, other creamy dressing Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day Male 452 56.9 14.5 Female 455 52.2 12.8 11.7 8.1 5.3 2.1 1.4 0 12.1 10.6 8.0 1.6 2.4 0.3 Male 601 38.7 15.1 17.9 15.8 9.3 1.4 1.8 0 Female 695 33.9 14.7 19.6 15.8 12.3 1.6 2.0 0.1 Male 414 22.3 15.5 26.8 17.3 11.7 2.7 3.2 0.5 Female 523 22.2 17.3 24.2 17.7 9.6 4.6 3.9 0.4 About a quarter of all children reported consuming sugar or syrup once a day, except for Year 10 girls in whom about 15% reported this level of consumption. Jam and marmalade were consumed at least once a week by between 30% to 50% of all children. Twenty to 25% of all children reported that they never consumed peanut butter or other nut spreads, with between 4% and 13% of children reporting daily consumption. Consumption of butter, dairy blends and margarine were greater in the younger children. Around two thirds of Year 1 children reported consumption at least once a day, whilst this figure dropped to close to 40% in Year 10 children. Consumption of oil and vinegar dressings increased markedly with age. About 60% of Year 1 children reported never consuming, whilst this figure fell to about 35% in Year 10 children, with about 10% to 15% of the these children reporting that these items were consumed once a week. Dairy Foods Table 136 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy as a drink n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 13.7 1.7 6.3 8.7 23.1 8.7 25.0 12.7 Female 448 15.5 4.1 7.1 7.6 20.4 7.3 25.9 12.0 Male 600 16.6 3.0 8.5 10.7 17.7 7.1 24.7 11.6 Female 693 21.6 7.4 8.1 9.9 17.7 8.7 19.4 7.3 Male 411 21.9 5.6 8.2 16.0 16.8 6.6 16.4 8.6 Female 517 21.4 12.1 11.4 13.6 13.2 4.3 16.9 7.0 76 Table 137 Proportion of children consuming flavoured milk/soy drink (e.g. milkshake, iced-coffee, hot chocolate) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 455 7.3 10.3 20.8 21.7 20.7 5.6 10.9 2.6 Female 456 5.8 13.9 15.3 19.8 25.4 5.5 12.8 1.4 Male 602 6.1 11.6 19.3 20.6 18.5 8.0 13.3 2.6 Female 696 6.9 13.5 22.7 22.1 16.8 5.6 10.4 2.1 Male 412 5.7 10.5 20.8 22.0 23.2 5.2 8.7 3.8 Female 522 6.5 12.5 23.1 21.9 16.4 7.1 9.7 2.7 Table 138 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy on breakfast cereals Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 440 8.8 0.1 2.3 3.5 13.7 13.1 55.1 3.2 Female 447 9.6 0.3 4.3 4.0 13.5 11.4 55.6 1.2 Male 597 9.0 2.3 1.9 5.3 13.8 12.5 51.6 3.7 Female 688 12.9 3.8 4.3 7.6 16.0 13.5 39.4 2.5 Male 412 14.1 4.8 5.9 10.0 10.8 14.7 36.0 3.7 Female 515 15.8 8.3 10.7 11.6 15.0 9.3 26.7 2.5 Table 139 Proportion of children consuming milk/soy to top up hot drinks (e.g. milk in tea) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 441 49.3 9.5 8.8 11.6 10.7 2.6 5.7 1.7 Female 441 52.4 9.2 8.5 8.7 8.7 4.2 6.7 1.6 Male 593 34.2 10.2 11.9 14.1 10.6 5.3 11.3 2.5 Female 691 35.6 11.5 10.9 13.4 12.4 5.3 9.0 1.8 Male 403 22.5 9.9 10.8 15.1 17.4 5.1 16.8 2.4 Female 520 19.3 14.6 16.4 13.6 13.0 6.0 12.4 4.6 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Table 140 Proportion of children consuming cream or sour cream Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 448 33.0 24.0 26.0 11.9 5.0 0 0.2 Female 451 33.3 21.3 26.1 12.5 6.0 0.4 0.4 0 Male 598 29.2 23.1 26.8 15.9 4.6 0 0.1 0.2 Female 688 26.5 23.8 27.0 14.9 5.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 Male 412 21.4 20.5 34.7 17.6 4.5 0.4 0.9 0 Female 521 19.6 27.3 27.4 17.5 5.6 1.6 1.0 0 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Table 141 Proportion of children consuming ice-cream n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 457 1.5 11.5 24.3 20.8 33.4 2.5 6.1 0 Female 456 1.4 9.0 23.6 25.3 29.7 5.1 5.3 0.6 Male 595 1.3 9.4 26.2 18.6 28.2 9.7 6.4 0.1 Female 694 2.2 11.1 24.2 23.2 27.6 7.2 3.6 1.0 Male 412 3.4 9.7 24.4 23.3 24.6 7.7 6.5 0.5 Female 518 5.6 16.2 27.6 22.3 15.1 6.0 6.4 0.8 77 Table 142 Proportion of children consuming yoghurt including plain, frozen, flavoured, and fromage frais Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 452 7.0 3.7 13.3 11.6 26.8 12.0 22.5 3.0 Female 455 8.1 5.5 8.1 11.9 31.5 12.5 20.2 2.3 Male 601 16.1 11.3 17.3 13.6 23.5 7.0 10.2 1.0 Female 696 12.6 12.3 17.7 16.3 23.9 7.2 9.9 0.1 Male 411 16.3 14.2 21.1 22.4 15.5 5.9 3.5 1.0 Female 521 13.0 18.0 24.1 22.0 13.3 3.2 6.3 0.1 Table 143 Proportion of children consuming cottage or ricotta cheese Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day 0 Male 444 75.0 13.0 6.9 2.0 2.4 0.2 0.6 Female 456 76.4 10.6 6.0 2.7 3.2 0.8 0.3 0 Male 600 74.6 10.6 7.8 3.1 2.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 Female 688 69.3 13.3 8.8 5.0 2.3 0.8 0.3 0.3 Male 411 52.0 19.5 17.0 6.7 2.9 1.3 0.7 0 Female 521 52.6 21.3 15.0 6.4 3.0 0.4 1.3 0 Table 144 Proportion of children consuming cheddar and all other cheeses Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 451 2.5 2.2 6.5 13.5 31.2 17.5 22.5 3.8 Female 454 4.7 0.9 6.1 8.8 34.9 19.0 22.0 3.3 Male 599 5.5 3.1 7.4 13.3 35.3 13.9 17.6 3.7 Female 692 7.9 4.3 7.8 16.1 36.3 13.0 12.3 2.3 Male 412 8.2 6.0 19.5 19.0 27.8 7.0 11.2 1.3 Female 521 7.7 11.0 13.6 20.7 25.8 8.7 10.4 2.1 A quarter to just over a third of all children reported consuming milk/soy as a drink at least once a day. In contrast, 15% to 20% of all children reported never drinking milk as a drink per se. Over a half of Year 1 children consumed milk/soy with breakfast cereal at least once a day, this figure falling to about a quarter of Year 10 girls. Yoghurt consumption decreased with age, with 75% of Year 1 children reporting eating yoghurt at least once a week and 25% reporting daily consumption, dropping to 50% of Year 10 consuming yogurt once a week and only 5% reporting daily consumption. Ice cream was consumed by between 50% to 60% of all children at least once a week. Between 25% and 40% of children had ice-cream at least twice a week and 6% to 7% of all children reported consuming ice-cream once per day. Cheese consumption dropped with age, with over 40% of Year 1 children reporting consuming cheddar and other cheeses 5-6 times a week or more, and falling to 20% of Year 10 children. Across the sample, at least 70% of children had cheese of one kind or other at least once per week. 78 Non- milk drinks Table 145 Proportion of children consuming water including unflavoured mineral water, soda water, tap water Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 460 3.8 0.5 0.3 0.7 1.4 4.3 7.7 81.5 Female 454 3.3 0.5 0.2 0 1.4 3.1 9.0 82.7 Male 602 3.1 2.2 1.3 1.0 2.1 5.0 7.9 77.4 Female 696 2.4 1.0 4.5 2.1 2.3 5.5 8.3 73.8 Male 411 3.3 1.1 2.6 6.9 3.8 7.6 7.9 66.8 Female 523 4.0 2.0 1.0 4.2 1.5 6.8 6.4 74.2 Table 146 Proportion of children consuming 100% fruit juice Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 452 8.5 10.9 14.3 11.5 20.0 6.8 23.0 5.0 Female 451 12.7 10.4 11.9 14.1 17.6 8.1 20.5 4.8 Male 599 9.3 12.9 14.3 12.4 19.3 7.7 20.0 4.1 Female 692 10.5 10.6 15.3 15.1 16.3 8.8 19.6 3.8 Male 409 6.7 14.1 21.4 18.4 16.5 6.2 12.9 3.9 Female 522 9.8 13.1 17.3 16.6 16.1 8.2 14.0 5.1 Table 147 Proportion of children consuming fruit juice drinks (e.g. 35% fruit) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 441 19.6 14.3 16.7 8.6 17.9 6.4 13.2 3.1 Female 445 15.3 14.5 16.4 12.6 18.9 6.0 12.9 2.4 Male 600 15.2 12.6 14.7 10.1 20.3 9.1 15.3 2.3 Female 686 16.6 13.6 13.0 14.4 15.8 9.5 13.0 3.5 Male 409 8.8 8.4 14.7 20.7 20.2 12.8 11.4 1.8 Female 520 10.0 11.5 14.9 20.1 16.2 8.5 13.6 4.2 Table 148 Proportion of children consuming cordial Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 449 19.5 15.4 12.4 11.0 19.3 5.9 9.4 7.1 Female 444 19.4 16.8 12.1 8.6 18.1 6.2 12.3 6.6 Male 600 17.8 13.3 13.8 13.6 18.4 6.3 9.1 7.6 Female 692 18.3 16.3 16.0 17.2 14.0 4.8 9.5 4.0 Male 409 16.1 10.6 18.1 18.9 12.9 5.6 10.5 7.4 Female 520 24.8 18.3 16.8 14.0 10.3 3.4 6.2 6.1 79 Table 149 Proportion of children consuming coffee Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 447 95.8 1.8 0.9 1.1 0.4 0 0 0 Female 451 95.7 2.0 0.7 1.3 0 0 0.2 0.1 Male 597 87.6 4.4 2.2 2.6 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.6 Female 694 91.0 3.9 1.0 1.8 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.0 Male 410 50.1 8.9 8.6 12.3 7.8 3.9 6.3 2.1 Female 521 63.3 8.1 8.2 7.3 5.6 1.5 5.3 0.6 Table 150 Proportion of children consuming tea Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 452 75.2 9.3 4.2 4.4 3.5 0.9 2.3 0.2 Female 453 70.6 8.8 6.2 6.5 4.4 1.0 1.9 0.6 Male 601 57.3 15.9 8.6 5.8 6.5 2.3 2.9 0.5 Female 699 55.8 11.8 12.7 6.4 8.2 1.0 3.5 0.6 Male 411 36.3 14.3 14.6 16.5 7.9 2.1 7.2 1.3 Female 522 45.1 10.7 13.0 11.0 7.9 3.6 5.5 3.4 Seventy-five percent of Year 5 and 10 children, and 80% of Year 1 children reported drinking water at least twice a day. A notable 5% of all children, however, reporting drinking water never or rarely, and up to 10% of Year 5 and 10 children reporting drinking water only once a week or less. Fruit juice (100%) was reported to be drunk on a daily basis by approximately a quarter of Year 1 children, however it was less common for Year 10 children, with only 10%-15% reporting drinking fruit juice daily. Fruit juice drinks and cordials were reported to be drunk daily by about 15% of children at all three Year levels. Coffee consumption was negligible in Year 1 children but about a fifth of Year 10 girls and a third of Year 10 boys reported consuming coffee once a week or more. Similarly tea was not commonly drunk: with 80% of Year 1, 70% of Year 5 and 50% of Year 10 children respectively, never or rarely drinking tea. Additional non-milk drink items for children in Year 10 Children in Year 10 were also asked to report on their usual frequency of consumption of alcohol over the past twelve months Table 151 Proportion of children consuming beer- low alcohol Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Male 386 76.0 13.3 6.9 2.8 0.9 0 0.2 Female 504 86.6 9.5 2.9 1.0 0 0 0 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Table 152 Proportion of children consuming beer- full strength n Year 10 Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month Male 386 79.1 10.2 5.9 3.7 0.7 0.4 0.2 Female 505 92.1 5.0 0.7 2.3 0 0 0 80 Table 153 Proportion of children consuming red wine Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Male 384 91.7 4.9 1.7 1.0 0.7 0 0 Female 505 89.9 5.9 3.2 0.8 0.2 0 0 2-4 per week 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Table 154 Proportion of children consuming white wine or champagne/sparkling wine Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week Male 386 91.8 5.8 1.3 1.1 0 0 0 Female 507 86.6 8.9 3.5 0.3 0.6 0 0 Table 155 Proportion of children consuming wine cooler Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Male 386 94.8 3.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 0 0 Female 505 97.0 1.5 1.3 0.2 0 0 0 ≥ 1 per day Table 156 Proportion of children consuming sherry or port Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week Male 386 94.0 4.9 1.0 0.1 0 0 0 Female 506 95.2 4.0 0.8 0 0 0 0 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Table 157 Proportion of children consuming pre-mixed drinks (e.g. Bacardi breezer) Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 386 78.0 11.6 6.7 2.8 0.8 0 0 Female 505 76.1 11.4 7.6 3.4 1.2 0.3 0 5-6 per week ≥ 1 per day Table 158 Proportion of children consuming spirits or liqueurs Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week Male 384 91.7 4.9 1.7 1.0 0.7 0 0 Female 505 89.9 5.9 3.2 0.8 0.2 0 0 Seventy five percent of Year 10 reported never drinking alcohol. About 3% of Year 10 children reported consuming full strength beer, low alcohol beer, pre mixed drinks or spirits and liqueurs at least once a week. Pre-mixed drinks themselves were reported to be drunk by 10% of Year 10 at least once a month. 81 Supplements Table 159 Proportion of children consuming vitamin and mineral supplements (including tablets, capsules or drops) Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 449 58.5 3.5 3.5 2.3 4.6 1.7 23.6 2.2 Female 453 64.2 5.9 4.2 0.6 3.8 2.1 17.3 2.0 Male 600 63.1 6.1 4.9 3.1 3.8 1.3 15.5 2.3 Female 695 63.5 9.0 5.6 2.9 2.0 1.2 14.6 1.1 Male 411 53.0 12.3 9.7 8.6 5.1 0.7 9.7 0.9 Female 523 49.8 14.6 8.4 4.8 3.2 0.9 15.1 3.2 Table 160 Proportion of children consuming sports supplements Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 447 99.4 0 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0 0 Female 452 99.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 Male 598 96.6 2.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0 0 Female 690 93.3 1.3 2.6 1.6 0.7 0.1 0 0.5 Male 411 74.3 8.9 6.1 5.2 3.1 0.9 1.4 0.1 Female 523 87.1 6.9 1.6 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.2 Table 161 Proportion of children consuming weight control supplements Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 450 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Female 453 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Male 600 98.4 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 0 Female 693 96.8 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.2 0 0.3 0.4 Male 411 95.5 0.8 2.2 0.2 0.4 0 0.9 0 Female 524 97.3 2.1 0.1 0 0.2 0 0 0.3 Table 162 Proportion of children consuming other dietary supplements Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Never < 1 per month 1-3 per month 1 per week 2-4 per week 5-6 per week 1 per day ≥ 2 per day Male 449 97.3 0.3 0 0.1 0.4 0 1.2 0.7 Female 453 97.7 0.6 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.7 0 Male 600 96.4 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0 1.1 0.2 Female 696 94.8 1.8 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.2 Male 411 94.0 0.9 2.0 0.9 0.3 0 1.9 0.1 Female 524 94.1 2.0 0.1 1.3 0 0 2.3 0.2 Vitamin supplements were consumed at least one a day by approximately one in five Year 1 children and one in six children in Years 5 and 10. The consumption of sports supplements was negligible in children in Years 1 and 5, however about 10% of Year 10 boys and just under 5% of Year 10 girls reported consuming sports supplements at least once per week. Consumption of weight control supplements was also negligible in most children; the exception being Year 10 boys of whom 5% reported consumption at a frequency of once a month or more and 1% reported consuming weight control supplements on a daily basis. The consumption of “other” supplements was rare, with on average 3-5% of all children reporting some consuming them once a month or more. 82 Special Diets The children were asked to report on whether they had been on a special diet over the previous 12months. Whilst over 90% of Year 1 and 5 children reported no to this question, 12% of Year 1 boys and 17% of Year 10 girls reported being on a special diet. Table 163 Proportion of children reporting eating special foods or having a special diet over the previous twelve months Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n No Male 467 92.1 Yes 7.9 Female 463 93.9 6.1 Male 610 91.9 8.1 Female 702 93.2 6.7 Male 414 88.0 12.0 Female 522 83.2 16.8 The reasons for the special diets are reported in Table 164. Nine possible reasons were offered and there was also space for children to add their own reasons (the options offered weren’t mutually exclusive). Table 164 Reasons for eating special foods or having a special diet over the previous twelve months Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male Female Male Female Male Vegetarian 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.6 0.2 Female 3.8 For asthma 0.9 0.2 1.4 1.1 0 0.2 For allergy 2.3 2.3 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.5 To avoid milk 1.9 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.3 To avoid wheat 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.8 0.6 For diabetes 0.2 0 0 0.3 1.1 0.8 Behaviour 3.2 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.2 0.5 For sport 0 0 0.3 0.1 4.2 2.7 To lose weight 0.2 0 1.7 1.2 2.5 8.4 To gain weight 0.8 0 0.2 0.2 3.1 0.3 Other 1.4 1.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 3.1 The reasons for special diets were similar across the sexes in Year groups, with a couple of exceptions. More boys than girls in Year 1 were reported being on special diets for behaviour reasons and more girls than boys in Year 10 reported being on diets to lose weight. Reasons listed as ‘other’ fell under several main categories: • wanting to eat healthier/ get fitter and healthier • to avoid certain additives/ preservatives in the diet • to avoid lactose in the diet • to help with persistent stomach aches and pains • to reduce meat content of diet • to increase fruit and vegetable intake of diet • to reduce processed foods / to increase fibre • to increase iron in the diet • to help with eczema 83 Past Feeding Practices Since the majority of children in Year 1 and 5 had their parents complete, or help complete, the FFQ, they were asked to report on how they had been fed as an infant (this was not included in the Year 10 questionnaire). Table 165 Proportion of children who were breast-fed as an infant Year 1 Year 5 n No Yes Don’t know Male 469 15.1 84.6 0.3 Female 464 14.6 85.4 0 Male 606 14.8 81.9 3.2 Female 696 17.1 78.1 4.8 Table 166 Length of time children were breastfed (i.e. receiving breastmilk only and no infant formula or other milk as their main drink) Year 1 Year 5 n Did not Breast feed Less than 4 months 4-6 months 7-12 months 13-18 months >18 months Don’t know Male 461 15.5 25.1 22.4 25.3 7.4 3.6 0.7 Female 460 14.5 30.4 22.4 18.5 7.9 5.5 0.9 Male 594 13.8 29.2 17.9 22.0 9.1 2.6 5.3 Female 677 17.1 21.8 21.9 19.0 7.0 5.2 7.8 Table 167 Age when children started eating solid foods Year 1 Year 5 n Less than 4 months 4-6 months 7-12 months 13-18 months Don’t know Male 471 12.3 64.9 20.6 0.7 1.5 Female 466 11.1 69.1 17.7 0.8 1.3 Male 600 17.6 57.3 17.8 2.6 4.7 Female 692 15.8 57.3 16.3 2.8 7.6 Information relating to breast feeding was obtained from Year 1 and Year 5 children only. About 80% of all Year 1 and Year 5 children had been breastfed, and of these 70% to 80% had been fully breastfed for 4 months or more. Approximately one in three children had been breast-fed for more than 6 months. This survey relied on recall of breast feeding duration by parents, presumably to a large extent mothers. A number of studies have evaluated the accuracy of breast feeding duration by maternal recall. For example, in a study conducted in Brazil, 70 % of mothers accurately recalled breast feeding duration when their children were 4 years of age based on data collected when the child was 11 months of age. 44 In an Australian study almost 80% of mothers recalled accurately the duration of breast feeding to within 1 month when their offspring were 3 years of age on average. 45 In general correlation coefficients of around 0.90 have been reported for the relationship between prospectively recorded breast feeding duration and that recalled at a later date. Solid foods were introduced mainly between 4 and 6 months of age. Approximately one in six children had received solid food before the age of 4 months. 84 5.0 Physical activity R The overall compliance for the pedometer was good. A day’s recording was deemed valid if it had been recorded as worn for at least eight hours per day. More than 90% of all participants who agreed to the pedometer study completed a minimum of two days; 66% of Year 1 children, 75% of Year 5 children and 78% of Year 10 children recorded steps on four days or more. egular physical activity is an important part of physical, social and psychological development in children. Weight-bearing activity is important to bone health, and moderate-to-vigorous activity is important for preventing diseases or conditions related to a sedentary lifestyle. The Australian Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Youth recommend at least one hour of moderate or vigorous physical activity each day and that children limit their use of electronic media for entertainment, such as watching television and videos/DVDs or using computer games or internet, to two hours per day.46 Physical activity questionnaire Children (or their parents for Year 1 children) completed a questionnaire about their physical activity during the previous seven days. They were provided with a list of named physical activities (31 for Years 1 and 5 children, and 35 for Year 10 children) and asked to indicate the number of times they performed each activity during the week and on the weekend. Questions also asked about participation in physical activity at school, whether the children walked to school, and other leisure pursuits (television, hobbies, etc.). Physical activity levels were assessed using a physical activity questionnaire and by a pedometer, standard methods to assess physical activity behaviour at the population level and methods that are similar to those used in the 2003 WA CAPANS Survey.28 Different methods allow for various aspects of physical activity behaviour to be captured. The pedometer provides an objective measure of movement, whilst questionnaires can help provide more qualitative information about physical activity habits. Children also indicated their participation in various activities during the preceding year. In order to assess whether the children were meeting the current physical activity guidelines, the children were asked to report the number of days in the past week on which they had engaged in physical activity or active play that caused their heart rate to rise or caused them to ‘huff and puff’. This was taken as an indicator of activity that was of a moderate or vigorous intensity. Pedometer diary A pedometer is worn on the waist and measures the number of steps taken. It is used widely in children, adolescents and adults as a quantitative measure of physical activity. Each participant was given a pedometer and instructed on its use. Children were asked to use the pedometer for five consecutive days including both weekdays and weekend days. Participants or their parents recorded the number of steps taken each day, the time the pedometer was worn, and whether the pedometer had been taken off during the day and why. Throughout the subsequent analyses of children’s activity behaviours, no consistent differences were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. 85 5.1 Pedometer steps The data in Figure 6 show the mean number of daily steps, defined as the mean number of steps per day for Figure 6 each participant who wore the pedometer for eight hours or more, on four or five days during the study period. Mean number of steps per day, measured with a pedometer, by Year and sex Year group 16,000 Male 14,000 Female Mean daily steps 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1 5 The same records were used to explore the difference in steps taken on a weekday compared with a weekend day. 10 Table 168 shows the mean number of daily steps and the corresponding mean number for type of day (weekday or weekend). Table 168 Mean number of steps per day, per weekday and per weekend day, measured with a pedometer, by year and sex Steps Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Mean daily steps (SD) Weekday steps Weekend steps Male 306 13,184 (3,033) 12,956 13,798 Female 297 11,495 (3,082) 11,269 11,909 Male 438 14,555 (4,216) 15,395 12,873 Female 566 12,518 (3,443) 12,869 11,702 Male 265 12,966 (4,074) 13,847 11,747 Female 398 10,870 (3,254) 11,334 9844 Whilst there are no current national step guidelines for children, there has been a suggestion in the international literature 48 that to maintain a healthy weight, girls aged 6-12 should aim for a target of 12000 steps, and boys of the same age, 15000 steps per day. No recommendations for older children exist. Using these targets, 27% of the boys in Year 1 and 42% of the girls in Year 1 achieved adequate steps. This increased to 40% of boys, and 53% of girls, in Year 5. In each age group, boys accumulated more mean daily steps and more steps per day than girls on both weekdays and weekends. The difference between boys and girls by Year 10 was over 2,000 steps. Year 1 children took more steps on weekends than on weekdays, but this was reversed in Year 5 and 10 children, who were more active on weekdays than on weekends. This trend was similar in boys and girls. 86 KEY POINTS • Boys on average took more steps than girls at all ages, and this difference was greatest (more than 2,000 steps) in Year 10 children. • In terms of steps taken, Year 5 children were the most active and Year 10 children the least active. • Year 1 children are more active on weekends than during the week. • Year 5 and 10 children are more active during the week than on weekends. • Using suggested international targets for daily steps, approximately only three in ten Year 1 boys and four in ten Year 1 girls met physical activity targets. This increased to four in ten of Year 5 boys and just over half of Year 5 girls. • Throughout the analyses of children’s physical activity behaviours, no consistent differences were observed between children in urban areas and children in rural areas. 87 5.2 Physical activities and sports Children were asked about the type of physical activities that they had participated in over the previous week. They were also asked to indicate what physical activities they usually participated in the previous year as a way of finding out about participation in seasonalbased activities and sports not undertaken at the time of the survey. Year 1 and 5 children were provided with a list of 31 activities and sports, and Year 10 children were provided with a list of 35 activities and sports. There was also space on the survey for the children to include any activity or sport not already on the list. Viewed the other way, for the entire sample, 85.2% of all children reported some sport, exercise or dance, in the previous year (85.1% for males and 85.2% for females) and 83.6% in the previous week (83.1% for males and 84.1% for females). The most recent ABS study on children’s participation in leisure 47, reported that 69% of males and 58% of females surveyed had had involvement in organised sport outside of school. The higher figures for Queensland children may be partly attributable to inclusion of exercise and dance, and the fact that children were not specifically asked to tick activities that were outside of school hours. This said, the participation rates are also slightly higher than that reported in the 2003 CAPANS Survey 28, who found 81.6% of males and 76.8% of females had participated in sport, exercise and dance over the previous week. With the exclusion of school sport and PE, the proportion of children who reported not participating in any sport or physical activity, over the previous week and over the past year, decreased with age. The physical activities and sports were divided into two categories: i) sport, exercise and dance and ii) active play. ‘Sport, exercise and dance’ involved all team games, organised sports e.g. athletics, dance and aerobics. ‘Active play’ included activities such as playing outside, playing on equipment, bike riding, trampolining, rollerblading, skipping, skateboarding and jogging/running. The percentage of children reporting no involvement in these categories, over the previous 12 months, are shown in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7 Of interest, when participation in school sport and PE was included, past year participation rates in sport, exercise and dance increased to 92% for both males and females: increasing from 84% of Year 1 children to 95% of Year 10 children. Participation in active play in the previous year is shown in Figure 8. Participation in active play decreased with age for both previous year and the past week. Percentage of children by year and gender who reported no involvement outside of school in ‘sport, exercise or dance’ over the previous year Figure 8 Percentage of children by year and gender who reported no involvement outside of school in ‘active play’ over the previous year Year 1 Female Year 1 Male Year 1 Female Year 5 Female Year 1 Male Year 5 Male Year 5 Female Year 10 Female Year 5 Male Year 10 Male Year 10 Female 0 5 10 15 20 25 Percentage (%) Year 10 Male 0 One in five Year 1 children reported no sport, exercise or dance (not including school sport or PE) over the previous year. This dropped to less than one in 10 children in Years 5 and 10. Similar rates were observed for participation over the previous week. 5 10 15 20 25 Percentage (%) Five percent of Year 1, 3.5% of Year 5 and 17.9% of Year 10 children reported no active play over the previous week. There was little difference between males and 88 females. These rates are slightly higher than those found in the 2003 CAPANS Survey 28, which reported 0.5-1.0% of primary school children recording no active play and 7.9- 11.0% of secondary school children.The top 20 most cited activities for both the previous week and the previous year are shown in Tables 169-174. Table 169 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 1 males and females Male % Female % Playing outside 89.7 Playing outside 89.9 Playing on playground equipment 86.3 Playing on playground equipment 86.5 Sports/PE at school 81.0 Sports/PE at school 85.7 Chores 73.0 Chores 71.0 Bike riding 71.9 Bike riding 68.0 Trampolining 58.8 Trampolining 58.7 Running/jogging 42.8 Skipping with a rope 53.2 Soccer 37.9 Dance 44.5 Walking 32.7 Running/jogging 38.7 Swimming (at a pool) 29.9 Walking 37.8 Skateboarding/rollerblading 27.6 Swimming (at a pool) 28.4 Athletics 22.1 Skateboarding/rollerblading 24.3 Skipping with a rope 19.9 Walking the dog 18.3 Handball/4 square 18.6 Athletics 19.1 Dance 14.5 Gymnastics 11.3 Walking the dog 14.0 Soccer 9.9 Rugby league 11.6 Handball/4 square 8.3 Tennis 11.0 Tennis 6.8 Cricket 10.5 Basketball 5.3 Australian rules football 8.7 Martial arts 3.9 * There were 31 listed physical activities to choose from and space for others, not listed, to be added 89 Table 170 Physical activities* that Year 1 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year Male % Female % Playing outside 74.3 Playing outside 76.9 Playing on playground equipment 75.0 Bike riding 71.4 Bike riding 67.5 Playing on playground equipment 71.3 Trampolining 61.7 Trampolining 63.2 Swimming (at a pool) 59.9 Swimming (at a pool) 61.3 Chores 58.6 Sports/PE at school 58.0 Sports/PE at school 57.9 Chores 57.5 Running/jogging 35.2 Skipping with a rope 49.8 Walking 34.7 Dance 39.0 Soccer 34.2 Walking 35.3 Skateboarding/rollerblading 29.6 Running/jogging 35.2 Athletics 23.1 Skateboarding/rollerblading 26.3 Skipping with a rope 21.8 Walking the dog 22.2 Cricket 18.5 Athletics 19.4 Walking the dog 17.1 Gymnastics 12.4 Handball/4 square 15.4 Soccer 8.0 Dance 14.0 Handball/4 square 7.8 6.9 Tennis 13.5 Tennis Australian rules football 13.4 Basketball 4.9 Rugby league 10.8 Cricket 4.6 * There were 31 listed physical activities to chose from and space for others, not listed, to be added For Year 1 children, common physical activities included general activities such as bike riding, playing outside, trampolining, skipping and swimming. The most played sports were soccer, athletics, handball and cricket for boys and gymnastics, soccer and athletics for girls. Table 171 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 5 males and females Male % Female % Sports/PE at school 87.7 Sports/PE at school 91.7 Playing outside 84.3 Playing outside 89.9 Chores 64.8 Chores 79.2 Running/jogging 63.5 Running/jogging 69.5 Bike riding 66.4 Bike riding 64.5 Handball/4 square 55.3 Walking 61.4 Soccer 52.7 Playing on playground equipment 60.6 Playing on playground equipment 49.1 Skipping with a rope 57.7 50.3 Walking 43.9 Trampolining Skateboarding/rollerblading 42.5 Handball/4 square 47.3 Trampolining 42.4 Skateboarding/rollerblading 42.8 Athletics 35.5 Soccer 40.7 Rugby league 30.0 Dance 39.4 Swimming (at a pool) 26.1 Walking the dog 35.8 35.6 Walking the dog 25.9 Netball Skipping with a rope 23.8 Athletics 36.8 Tennis 22.5 Swimming (at a pool) 33.3 Cricket 20.5 Basketball 22.9 AFL 19.0 Tennis 19.9 Basketball 17.9 Baseball/softball 16.3 * There were 31 listed physical activities to chose from and space for others, not listed, to be added 90 Table 172 Physical activities* that Year 5 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year Male % Female % Playing outside 79.7 Playing outside 81.7 Sports/PE at school 74.7 Sports/PE at school 77.0 Bike riding 73.0 Bike riding 72.7 Swimming (at a pool) 62.0 Chores 71.5 Chores 59.0 Swimming (at a pool) 66.3 Running/jogging 57.9 Running/jogging 65.3 Handball/4 square 53.6 Playing on playground equipment 64.5 Playing on playground equipment 51.6 Skipping with a rope 64.0 Soccer 50.2 Walking 61.5 Trampolining 49.2 Trampolining 58.5 Athletics 47.2 Skateboarding/rollerblading 48.8 Skateboarding/rollerblading 46.9 Handball/4 square 47.9 Walking 44.7 Athletics 42.9 Walking the dog 34.4 Dance 42.6 Cricket 33.0 Walking the dog 40.6 Rugby league 29.8 Soccer 40.3 Skipping with a rope 29.4 Netball 40.3 Tennis 27.7 Tennis 24.8 AFL 23.0 Basketball 24.2 Basketball 18.3 Baseball/softball 22.6 * There were 31 listed physical activities to chose from and space for others, not listed, to be added For Year 5 children, common physical activities included general activities such as bike riding, playing outside, skipping and swimming. The most played sports were soccer, handball and athletics for boys and handball, soccer and athletics for girls. Table 173 Participation in physical activities* over the previous week for Year 10 males and females Male % Female % Sports/PE at school 77.6 Chores 77.1 Chores 60.5 Sports/PE at school 68.5 Running/jogging 40.3 Walking 49.9 Bike riding 38.1 Running/jogging 41.0 Soccer 31.6 Dance 31.9 Touch football 29.6 Walking the dog 27.3 Rugby league 29.3 Athletics 24.8 Athletics 27.3 Touch football 23.4 22.3 Walking 22.9 Netball Basketball 22.7 Basketball 19.4 Walking the dog 20.6 Soccer 19.3 Tennis 19.7 Tennis 16.1 Handball/4 square 15.4 Swimming (at a pool) 15.4 Swimming (at a pool) 12.8 Bike riding 14.9 11.3 AFL 11.8 Volleyball Rugby union 11.1 Aerobics 8.5 Skateboarding/rollerblading 9.0 Handball/4 square 7.2 Volleyball 8.7 Cricket 4.6 Surfing 8.2 Scooter 4.4 Cricket 8.1 Hockey 4.2 * There were 35 listed physical activities to choose from and space for others, not listed, to be added 91 Table 174 Physical activities* that Year 10 males and females had ‘usually’ participated in over the previous year Male % Female % Sports/PE at school 71.0 Chores 72.9 Chores 61.2 Sports/PE at school 65.9 Bike riding 53.2 Walking 59.8 Swimming (at a pool) 48.3 Swimming (at a pool) 57.1 Running/jogging 47.7 Running/jogging 50.0 Soccer 42.8 Athletics 44.2 Touch football 41.4 Dance 37.8 Athletics 41.8 Walking the dog 36.2 Rugby league 39.4 Touch football 33.3 Walking 34.8 Soccer 33.1 Basketball 34.3 Netball 30.5 28.0 Cricket 33.1 Tennis Walking the dog 30.8 Bike riding 26.9 Tennis 29.7 Basketball 25.5 Handball/4 square 28.6 Volleyball 21.7 Rugby union 24.7 Handball/4 square 17.4 Golf 22.6 Cricket 16.8 Skateboarding/rollerblading 18.0 Baseball/softball 14.3 Volleyball 17.2 Aerobics 14.2 AFL 17.0 Rollerblading 13.6 * There were 35 listed physical activities to choose from and space for others, not listed, to be added For Year 10 children, common physical activities included general activities such as bike riding, running, walking and swimming. The most played ‘sports’ were soccer, touch football, rugby league and athletics for boys and athletics, touch football, soccer and netball for girls. Frequency of physical activity and sports As well as recording whether they had participated in certain physical activities over the previous week, the children were also asked to record the number of times they had done each specific activity during the week and at the weekend. The total number of times for each activity was calculated, and averaged across the whole sample (i.e. whether the activity had been participated in or not). Year 10 children were also asked to record the time spent on each activity. Table 175 Top 12 most frequently participated activities for Year 1 children (averaged across the whole study sample) Male Average number of times per week Female Average number of times per week Playing outside 6.5 Playing outside 6.4 Playing at playground 4.4 Playing at playground 4.6 Chores 3.7 Chores 3.4 Bike riding 3.5 Trampolining 3.1 Trampolining 3.1 Bike riding 3.0 Running around/jogging 2.2 Skipping 2.3 Walking 1.2 Running around /jogging 2.1 PE/ school sports 1.2 PE/ school sports 1.4 Soccer 1.1 Walking 1.2 Skate-boarding/ rollerblading 1.0 Dance 1.0 Handball 0.5 Skate-boarding/ rollerblading 0.9 Skipping 0.5 Swimming 0.5 92 For both boys and girls in Year 1, the top twelve most frequently participated activities were amongst the top fifteen of the most common activities listed in Table 169 i.e. they were activities that a lot of children did, and on average reported doing more than once a week. Simply ‘playing’ for children of this age was the major physical activity, followed by bike riding and trampolining. On average children reported one session of PE or school sports per week. Soccer for boys, and dance for girls, was the only form of organised physical activity (apart from school PE/sports) that was engaged in, on average, once per week or more. Table 176 Top 12 most frequently participated activities for Year 5 children (averaged across the whole study sample) Male Average number of times per week Female Average number of times per week Playing outside 5.7 Playing outside 6.3 Chores 3.9 Chores 5.4 Bike riding 3.8 Running around/ jogging 3.6 Running around /jogging 3.4 Bike riding 2.9 Handball 2.5 Trampolining 2.7 Soccer 2.1 Walking 2.6 Trampolining 2.0 Playing at playground 2.3 Walking 1.8 Skipping 2.2 Skating/ rollerblading 1.8 Handball 1.7 Playing at playground 1.6 Skate-boarding/ rollerblading 1.6 PE/ school sports 1.6 Walking the dog 1.5 Rugby union 1.0 PE/ school sports 1.5 As with children in Year 1, for both boys and girls in Year 5, the top twelve most frequently participated activities were amongst the top fifteen of the most common activities listed in Table 171, i.e. they were activities that a lot of children did, and on average reported doing more than once a week. Playing and running around were still reported as being frequent activities that children participate in at this age. Organised sport was more prominent than at Year 1, with boys in Year 5 reporting, on average, two or more sessions of soccer and handball, and handball was also reported to be played by girls more than once a week. Both boys and girls in Year 5 reported, on average just over one and a half sessions of PE or school sports in the past week. As reported earlier, Year 10 children were also asked to record the time they had spent in the various activities over the past week. Table 177 Top 12 most frequently participated activities over previous week for Year 10 children and time (in minutes) spent on them (averaged across the whole study sample) Male Average number of times per week Mean time (mins) Female Average number of times per week Mean time (mins) Chores 4.5 86 Chores 4.1 89 PE/ school sport 2.0 104 PE/ school sports 1.8 84 Running around/ jogging 1.8 36 Walking 1.6 52 Bike-riding 1.7 70 Running around/ jogging 1.1 32 Soccer 1.0 59 Walking the dog 1.0 23 Rugby league 0.9 52 Dancing 0.9 47 Cricket 0.9 20 Touch football 0.6 32 Walking 0.8 27 Netball 0.6 32 Walking the dog 0.8 25 Athletics 0.6 27 Touch football 0.8 30 Soccer 0.5 25 Handball 0.7 17 Swimming 0.5 20 Rugby union 0.6 25 Bike-riding 0.5 16 93 For Year 10 boys, the most frequently played sports and physical activities were predominantly amongst the top twelve most common activities (shown in Table 173), with the exception of cricket and rugby union. Organised sports were more prevalent amongst the list of top frequently played activities in this older age group. participated in at least once every two weeks. Year 10 girls were more likely than boys to report doing ‘lifestyle’ activities, such as walking, running, walking the dog and dancing at least once a week. Both boys and girls in Year 10 reported, on average, two sessions of PE or school sports per week. For Year 10 girls, the most frequently participated activities were again amongst the most common activities: they were activities that were popular and The average time spent per week, across the whole sample, for all listed physical activities in Year 10 children is shown in Table 178. Table 178 Average time (in minutes) spent on physical activities and sports over the previous week by Year 10 children. Male Mean minutes per week Female Mean minutes per week PE/ School sport Chores 104 Chores 89 86 PE/ School sport 84 Bike-riding 70 Walking 52 Soccer 59 Dancing 47 32 Rugby league 52 Running around/ jogging Running around/ jogging 36 Netball 32 Touch football 30 Touch football 32 Tennis 28 Athletics 27 Walking 27 Soccer 25 Basketball 27 Swimming 20 Surfing 27 Walking the dog 23 Skateboarding 25 Basketball 19 Walking the dog 25 Bike-riding 16 Rugby union 24 Tennis 16 Athletics 24 Volleyball 10 Cricket 20 Aerobics 8 AFL 20 Baseball/ Softball 5 Handball 17 Hockey 5 Golf 16 Surf-lifesaving 5 Hockey 13 Surfing 5 Swimming 11 Cricket 4 Volleyball 7 Gym 4 Baseball/ Softball 5 Handball 4 Netball 5 Martial arts 3 Canoeing 5 Rugby league 3 Scooter 4 Rollerblading 2 2 Martial arts 3 Rugby union Surf-lifesaving 2 Golf 2 Rowing 2 AFL 2 2 Dancing 2 Scooter Rollerblading 1 Rowing 2 Gym 1 Skateboarding 2 Aerobics 1 Canoeing 1 Triathlon 1 Waterpolo 1 Waterpolo 1 Triathlon 0 The average time spent on various physical activities and sports again highlights the important contribution of school sport and PE towards overall time spent on physical activity per week. 94 Excluding chores and walking (either walking or walking the dog), the average time spent on active play (e.g. biking, skate-boarding, running) or sports over the previous week, was just over 10 hours for boys in Year 10, and just over 7 hours for girls in Year 10. To determine how many Year 10 boys and girls were meeting physical activity recommendations, the number of self-reported minutes on all physical activities, over the previous week, were calculated for each Year 10 child. Table 179 shows the mean and standard deviation of accumulated time in physical activities. Table 179 Accumulated time over previous week on all physical activities by Year 10 children Male Minutes per week mean (SD), median Female Minutes per week mean(SD), median All activities 787 (531), 710 All activities 584 (416), 470 All activities (excluding chores, walking, and walking the dog) 646 (470), 530 All activities (excluding chores, walking, and walking the dog) 420 (342), 325 Year 10 boys accumulated an average of just under 11 hours per week of physical activity excluding chores and walking, and Year 10 girls, 7 hours per week. The percentage who reached the national target of 60 minutes per day (420 minutes per week) was also calculated. Sixty-three percent of Year 10 boys accumulated 420 minutes in the previous week, compared to 41% of Year 10 girls. KEY POINTS • Nine out of 10 of the Queensland children surveyed, reported being involved with sport, exercise or dance in the previous year. • The most recorded physical activity for Year 1 children was playing outside, either as simple playing, skipping and trampolining, or playing on playground equipment. • Bike riding was also a popular physical activity for children of all ages, apart from Year 10 girls. • Common sports across all ages were soccer and athletics, with handball being popular among the younger children and touch football popular amongst the children in Year 10. • School-based sports and physical education (PE) provided a significant opportunity for physical activity, listed as first or second activity for both boys and girls in Years 5 and 10. • For self–reported time spent in sports and physical activity, just under two thirds of Year 10 boys were reaching a daily average of the required 60 minutes per day, compared to two fifths of Year 10 girls. 95 5.3 Physical activity patterns and electronic media for entertainment The children were asked how many days of the past seven days had they engaged in physical activity or active play that raised their heart rate or caused them to ‘huff and puff’ for a total of 60 minutes per day. This was used as an indication of time spent in moderate or vigorous physical activity and was compared with the recommendations shown on the previous page. The average number of days which they achieved this recommendation is shown by Year and sex in Table 180. Table 180 Self reported frequency of the number of days over the past seven days that children engaged in physical activity or active play that raised their heart rate or caused them to huff and puff for a total of 60 minutes or more per day n Number of days in past week Mean (median) Percentage of children who reported every day in past 7 days % Percentage of children who reported 3 days or more in past 7 days % Year 1 Male 420 3.0 (3.3) 16.5 53.4 Female 394 2.2 (2.0) 6.3 35.1 Male 605 3.0 (3.0) 11.7 51.7 Female 696 3.0 (3.0) 9.5 53.5 Male 405 3.5 (3.0) 12.5 65.9 Female 505 2.8 (3.0) 4.8 52.6 Year 5 Year 10 On average, children reported that they achieved this 60-minute target on three days of the previous week. The number of children who met the daily recommended level of activity decreased with age, and was higher amongst boys at all ages. The percentage of boys who were active for 60 minutes a day over the past week decreased from 16.5 % in Year 1 to 12.5% in Year 10 and in girls, from 6.3% in Year 1 to 4.8% in Year 10. The children were also asked to record how long they had spent on the previous day (or most recent school day) ‘watching television, videos, DVDs or playing video or computer games for entertainment’ in daylight hours. The mean number of minutes recorded is shown in Table 181, along with the percentage of children who spent more than two hours on these activities. Children in years 1 and 5 recorded slightly more than 80 minutes of screen-based electronic media entertainment, whereas children in Year 10 reported on average just over 100 minutes on the previous day: Year 10 boys recorded an average of two hours. Table 181 Reported time spent and the percentage of children who spent more than two hours on screenbased electronic media for entertainment, during daylight hours in the previous day n Mean (SD) number of minutes Median number of minutes Percentage of children who reported spending over 2 hours Year 1 Male 431 83 (75) 75 16.0 Female 418 84 (64) 60 17.5 Year 5 Male 588 91 (73) 90 26.6 Female 681 79 (72) 60 19.2 Male 395 123 (103) 120 39.3 Female 498 91 (92) 60 27.0 Year 10 The percentage of children who exceeded two hours of screen-based electronic media for entertainment on the previous day increased with age from 17% of Year 1 children to 23% of Year 5 children to 33% of children in Year 10. Almost two in five boys in Year 10 spent more than two hours of the previous day on screen-based electronic media for entertainment. 96 Other leisure activities and past-times Further details of time and type of screen based entertainment and other leisure activities were also collected. The children were asked to estimate the number of minutes they had spent on specified sedentary activities and leisure past-times, over the previous seven days. The children were asked to think about an average school day and also both Saturday and Sunday. The mean and median number of minutes spent on various such activities are shown in Tables 182 to 184. Table 182 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 1 children Year 1 School Day Saturday Sunday Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Watch TV show 97 (60) 92 (60) 85 (60) 91 (60) 74 (60) 77 (60) Watch videos’s/ DVDs 19 (0) 17 (0) 60 (0) 65 (60) 50 (0) 54 (50) Play video games 11 (0) 2 (0) 31 (0) 8 (0) 26 (0) 5 (0) Use a computer for fun (chat, surf, games, MSN) 9 (0) 8 (0) 15 (0) 11 (0) 11 (0) 10 (0) Study, homework or extra tutoring 50 (30) 38 (30) 6 (0) 5 (0) 5 (0) 4 (0) Read for fun 26 (15) 27 (15) 14 (0) 22 (15) 13 (0) 18 (10) Chat on phone / texting / SMS 1 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) Hang out out home, park or shopping centre 84 (0) 80 (0) 98 (0) 112 (0) 86 (0) 106 (0) Do hobbies, craft 21 (0) 19 (0) 26 (0) 43 (30) 24 (0) 37 (0) Music lesson, practice 4 (0) 3 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) Travel in a car, train, bus or boat/ferry 46 (30) 44 (30) 38 (30) 43 (30) 36 (30) 39 (30) Go to church or Sunday school 2 (0) 2 (0) 1 (1) 2 (0) 15 (0) 13 (0) Table 183 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 5 children Year 5 School Day Saturday Sunday Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Watch TV show 109 (90) 105 (60) 117 (120) 101 (60) 108 (90) 84 (60) Watch videos’s/ DVDs 18 (0) 17 (0) 56 (30) 55 (20) 46 (0) 41 (0) Play video games 28 (0) 6 (0) 60 (30) 17 (0) 58 (30) 15 (0) Use a computer for fun (chat, surf, games, MSN) 23 (0) 24 (0) 30 (0) 27 (0) 26 (0) 22 (0) Study, homework or extra tutoring 46 (30) 49 (30) 6 (0) 8 (0) 4 (0) 7 (0) Read for fun 29 (15) 36 (20) 18 (0) 26 (10) 17 (0) 25 (0) Chat on phone / texting / SMS 4 (0) 6 (0) 5 (0) 6 (0) 4 (0) 5 (0) Hang out out home, park or shopping centre 78 (0) 70 (0) 99 (30) 115 (30) 111 (0) 103 (0) Do hobbies, craft 17 (0) 22 (0) 27 (0) 26 (0) 24 (0) 24 (0) Music lesson, practice 17 (10) 27 (10) 5 (0) 10(0) 4 (0) 10 (0) Travel in a car, train, bus or boat/ferry 39 (20) 42 (20) 44 (30) 34 (30) 35 (10) 32 (10) Go to church or Sunday school 4 (0) 3 (0) 4 (0) 6 (0) 12 (0) 17 (0) 97 Table 184 Mean (and median) time spent, in minutes, on leisure activities during the previous week for Year 10 children Year 10 School Day Saturday Sunday Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Male (mins) Female (mins) Watch TV show 156 (120) 138 (120) 145 (120) 109 (90) 149 (120) 108 (90) Watch videos’s/ DVDs 22 (0) 18 (0) 60 (0) 60 (0) 43 (0) 45 (0) Play video games 37 (0) 4 (0) 73 (0) 6 (0) 57 (0) 8 (0) Use a computer for fun (chat, surf, games, MSN) 72 (30) 92 (60) 65 (30) 73 (30) 59 (0) 67 (30) Study, homework or extra tutoring 65 (45) 78 (60) 28 (0) 34 (0) 32 (0) 40 (0) Read for fun 21 (0) 29 (0) 13 (0) 19 (0) 13 (0) 17 (0) Chat on phone / texting / SMS 30 (1) 71 (30) 31 (0) 65 (20) 28 (0) 51 (10) Hang out out home, park or shopping centre 98 (0) 112 (30) 125 (60) 139 (60) 134 (0) 115 (0) Do hobbies, craft 34 (0) 27 (0) 49 (0) 29 (0) 41 (0) 19 (0) Music lesson, practice 14 (0) 22 (0) 5 (0) 9 (0) 5 (0) 7 (0) Travel in a car, train, bus or boat/ferry 69 (30) 71 (45) 39 (25) 41 (30) 36 (20) 34 (15) Go to church or Sunday school 9 (0) 5 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 8 (0) 17 (0) These data confirm that television viewing is one of the major leisure activities enjoyed by children and a leisure pursuit that increases with age. These data also demonstrate increasing time spent on all electronic media entertainment as children get older, with boys in Year 10 spending on average more than three hours per day on TV, videos and DVD’s and electronic games. There was also a marked increase for Year 10 children in the use of computers for chatting, surfing and games; reported to be as much as 60 minutes per day or more on both weekdays and weekend days, for both boys and girls. It was notable too that Year 10 girls reported spending, on average, an hour per day on the phone, either chatting or texting, and this was double that of Year 10 boys. The second major leisure activity was simply ‘hanging out’, either at home, in the park or at a shopping centre. This took up on average 2 hours of the day on weekend days for Year 10 boys and girls. Whilst more time was allocated to studying in the older children, notably those in Year 10, hobbies and travelling changed little with age. KEY POINTS Over the week before the survey: • The percentage of children who self-reported meeting the daily recommendations of 60 minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity over the past week decreased with age and was higher in boys than girls at all ages. • One in six Year 1 boys were active for an hour every day and this dropped to one in eight by Year 10. One in 15 Year 1 girls were active for an hour every day and this decreased to one in 20 by Year 10. On the school day before the survey: • The average Queensland child, aged 5 to 17, spent 90 minutes per day on screen-based electronic media for entertainment with boys on average spending more time than girls. • Time spent on screen-based electronic media increased with age. More than two in five boys and one in four Year 10 girls exceeded the current daily recommendations. In general: • Television viewing is the predominant leisure behaviour of Queensland children and is a leisure habit that children spend more time on with age. • Time spent on all electronic media increases with age, with Year 10 children spending three to four • hours per week day and weekend day on a variety of electronic media. • Simply ‘hanging out’ is how Year 10 defined spending up to two hours of each day over the weekends 98 5.4 Self-reported activity levels School Sports/ PE The children were asked to self-report on how often they were very active at specific occasions over the past week: • At school sports and PE • At breaks at school (morning & afternoon/ lunch) • After school/ in the evenings/ at weekends The children were asked to report how often they were very active in school sports or PE (very active was defined as activity that raised their heart rate or caused them to ‘huff and puff’). Table 185 Self-reported perception of being ‘very active’ in school sports or PE over the previous week Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Didn’t do Sports/ PE Hardly ever Sometimes Quite often Always Don’t Know Male 441 2.2 2.7 25.5 27.5 19.6 22.5 Female 428 2.3 2.8 30.3 30.3 14.5 19.8 Male 625 2.7 5.5 27.1 36.7 27.7 0.3 Female 720 3.3 6.3 26.2 36.4 27.6 0.2 Male 415 13.0 5.1 22.4 35.7 23.8 0 Female 528 14.6 7.8 26.4 34.6 16.6 0 Breaks at school: The children were asked about what they mostly did during the morning/afternoon break and during the lunchbreak whilst at school (besides eating food). i) Morning/ Afternoon Table 186 Self-reported activity during a usual morning or afternoon break at school over the previous week Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male n Sat down (talking/ reading/ study) Stood or walked around Ran or played a little Ran or played quite a bit Ran or played hard most of the time Don’t know 445 5.7 1.9 26.9 41.5 17.9 6.1 Female 436 8.7 7.7 37.1 33.7 7.3 5.5 Male 620 6.8 7.1 24.6 27.6 33.9 0 Female 716 11.2 11.4 28.4 29.7 19.3 0 Male 416 24.7 36.3 18.4 13.7 6.9 0 Female 525 36.0 49.4 8.9 3.8 1.6 0.3 There was a clear trend for both morning/afternoon break and lunch break for the children, both boys and girls, to report being less active as they got older. Most notable were the Year 10 girls, of whom more than 75%, or over three in four, reported either sitting down or standing and walking around as their predominant activity during the break. The most active group of children in school break times were the Year 1 boys. 99 ii) Lunchbreak Table 187 Self-reported activity during a usual lunch break at school over the previous week Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n Sat down (talking/ reading/ study) Stood or walked around Ran or played a little Ran or played quite a bit Ran or played hard most of the time Played organised sport Male 429 1.0 0.8 10.1 48.5 39.1 0.5 Female 418 2.8 2.6 24.7 52.8 16.7 0.4 Male 621 3.5 2.7 12.2 22.7 42.9 16.0 Female 717 4.9 9.3 17.4 29.5 28.3 10.6 Male 412 20.7 35.7 12.7 13.0 6.1 11.8 Female 528 33.1 50.7 6.7 5.3 1.8 2.4 After school The children were asked on how many days immediately after school, in the previous week, did they participate in sports, dance or play games in which they were very active. Again, the criteria for very active was whether the activity raised their heart rate of caused them to ‘huff and puff’. They were given a choice of different categories; none, one day in the last week, two or three days in the last week, 4 days, or five days. The responses are shown in the Tables below. Over half of all children reported doing activity in the afternoon straight after school that they considered ‘very active’ on at least two or three of the previous five school days. While the differences with age or sex were slight, they were present; the percentage of children who reported no days of being very active rose with age and in turn, the percentage who reported being very active every day after school decreased with age. Table 188 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ in the time straight after school over the previous week. n Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 None One day Two or three days Four days Five days Male 460 9.7 16.1 41.6 11.9 20.7 Female 458 13.0 17.4 43.4 14.2 11.9 Male 624 19.9 20.3 31.4 11.1 17.2 Female 717 18.1 20.7 37.8 12.0 11.4 Male 417 16.1 14.7 34.2 16.2 18.7 Female 526 21.3 21.4 38.0 12.3 6.9 In the evenings The children were also asked on how many evenings, in the previous week, did they participate in sports, dance or play games in which they were very active. Again, the criteria for very active was whether the activity raised their heart rate of caused them to ‘huff and puff’. Table 189 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ in the evenings over the previous week. Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n None One day Two or three days Four or five days Six or seven days Male 460 48.6 21.1 20.1 4.7 5.5 Female 457 59.7 18.9 15.3 3.7 2.5 Male 622 37.8 20.9 26.1 9.1 6.0 Female 718 32.4 26.9 26.9 9.0 4.8 Male 413 26.6 20.7 34.8 11.2 6.5 Female 524 31.6 29.0 28.1 8.9 2.3 100 Two thirds of Year 5 and 10 children and a half of Year 1 children spent at least one evening in the week in which they were very active. On average one in three of all children self-reported being very active on at least two or three evenings in the previous week. At weekends As per evening activity, the children were also asked to reflect on the past weekend and report how many times they had been very active. Table 190 Self-reported frequency of being ‘very active’ over the previous week. Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 n None One time Two or three times Four or five times Six or more times Male 459 9.6 23.0 41.8 15.8 9.9 Female 454 12.5 21.6 48.9 10.0 7.0 Male 621 12.0 25.4 38.2 15.3 9.1 Female 712 14.2 25.7 37.7 13.8 8.6 Male 413 14.9 28.7 41.8 9.0 5.7 Female 524 28.9 34.4 28.7 5.6 2.4 One in ten Year 1 children and one in eight Year 5 children reported no time spent being very active on the previous weekend. This was higher still in Year 10, with one in seven boys and just under one in three girls reporting no activity which raised their heart rate. However, some children were very active. Over 60% of Year 1 children reported being active on at least two or three occasions over the weekend, though this decreased with age to just over 50% of Year 5 children and 50% of Year 10 boys and just over a third of Year 10 girls. KEY POINTS • Across all self-reported activities, with the exception of evenings, Year 10 girls were more likely to report being less active compared to Year 10 boys and younger girls • Half of all children surveyed reported that they were very active after school on at least two or three days in the previous week and a third of all Year 5 and 10 children active at least two to three evenings in the week. 101 5.5 Active transport Children recorded the number of times they had walked and the number of times they had cycled to or from school in the previous week. Table 191 shows the percentage of children who had walked or cycled between home and school at least once in the past week, and those that had done so every day. The number of children who had walked or cycled to school in the previous week increased with age; 22% of Year 1 children, 36% of Year 5 children and 42% of Year 10 children had walked or cycled at least once in the past week. Table 191 Percentage of children engaging in ‘active transport’ to or from school over the previous week n Percentage who had not walked or cycled in previous week (%) Percentage who had walked at least once (%) Percentage who had walked every day (%) Percentage who had cycled at least once (%) Percentage who had cycled every day (%) Year 1 Male 479 79.2 16.1 4.4 4.3 0.6 Female 475 74.1 22.1 5.4 2.3 0.3 Year 5 Male 647 68.0 22.1 6.0 12.1 1.9 Female 742 62.5 27.0 5.1 7.8 0.7 Male 415 58.7 34.9 11.5 13.0 3.3 Female 527 57.2 42.1 13.8 1.8 0.1 Year 10 Children were also asked how they had got to school on the day of the survey and how they had got home from school on the day before the survey. Similar to the findings shown in Table 189 about the previous week, the percentage of children who had either walked or cycled (all of the way or part of the way) to school on the day of the survey increased with age, with 14.2% and 13.2% of Year 1 boys and girls, 22.9% and 23.2% of Year 5 boys and girls and 36.9 and 35.1% of Year 10 boys and girls respectively reporting active transport. Getting home from school followed a similar pattern; 16.7% and 15.5 % of Year 1 boys and girls, 26.7% and 27.6% of Year 5 boys and girls and 41.1% and 45.4% of Year 10 boys and girls respectively either walked or cycled all or part of the way home from school. Table 192 and 193 shows the percentage of children who had used either a car or public transport to get to school on the day of the survey or from school on the day before the survey. Table 192 Percentage of children who used a car or public transport to get to school on the day of the survey n Percentage who travelled by car* Percentage who travelled by bus* Percentage who travelled by train/ ferry * Percentage who walked to bus, train or ferry Percentage who cycled to bus, train or ferry Year 1 Male 460 77.7 5.6 0.0 1.5 0.1 Female 459 77.8 5.4 0.0 2.3 0.0 Male 623 63.2 8.8 0.6 3.1 0.5 Female 717 66.5 9.1 0.3 2.4 0.1 Male 416 38.8 28.0 3.3 13.4 0.6 Female 522 49.1 20.0 2.1 18.3 0.0 Year 5 Year 10 * these are not mutually exclusive i.e. some children may have been driven part of the way and then taken a bus 102 Table 193 Percentage of children who used a car or public transport to get home from school on the day before the survey n Percentage who travelled by car* Percentage who travelled by bus* Percentage who travelled by train/ ferry * Percentage who walked or cycled to bus Percentage who walked or cycled to train/ ferry Year 1 Male 460 75.2 5.5 0.0 1.9 0.0 Female 458 74.4 5.6 0.0 2.7 0.0 Year 5 Male 620 54.6 13.9 0.0 4.4 0.5 Female 717 60.8 10.2 0.0 3.9 0.1 Male 416 32.5 30.6 3.3 15.7 1.0 Female 523 34.0 23.3 2.0 22.4 0.0 Year 10 * these are not mutually exclusive i.e. some children may have been driven part of the way and then taken a bus Being driven to and from school by car was the mode of transport for just over three-quarters of Year 1 children. Half of Year 5 children and about a third of Year 10 children were driven to and from school. Use of public transport increased with age, with approximately one in four Year 10 children using the bus to get to and from school, and more than one in three using some form of public transport on their route to and from school. Children, at all ages, were more likely to use public transport to get home from school than to get to school from home. KEY POINTS • 5% of Years 1 and 5 children engaged in active transport to and from school on a daily basis. • 20% of Years 1 and 5 children engaged in active transport to or from school at least once a week. • 75% of Year 1 children reported no participation in active transport to or from school in the previous week. • Participation in active transport increased with age; more than one-third of Year 10 children participated in active transport at least once a week and over 10% either cycled or walked to and from school daily. • On the day of the survey, over 75% of Year 1 children had been driven to school by car. • On the day of the survey, use of public transport to get to school increased with age, with more than one in three Year 10 children using some form of public transport on the route to or from school. 103 5.6 Perceptions about physical activity The children were asked whether they agreed or disagreed to statements concerning their current physical activity and their future physical activity. A category for those who ‘didn’t know’ was also provided. The following two tables present data for those who agreed with the statements provided about both current and future physical activity. Table 194 Statements about current physical activity; percentage of children who agreed with the following comments about physical activity and/or sport Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male Female Male Female Male Female I do a lot of physical activity 88.0 84.0 81.5 72.6 80.9 55.4 I look funny when I am physically active 12.0 10.3 11.3 12.3 16.9 28.0 I don’t have enough time for physical activity 24.2 19.8 6.3 6.3 11.2 15.6 I prefer to watch TV or play electronic games 35.1 30.5 23.2 13.6 15.5 12.8 I don’t have anyone to be physically active with 11.1 9.0 11.7 12.8 16.9 20.4 I don’t like physical activity 9.5 8.0 5.8 4.2 3.7 8.1 There are no parks or sports grounds near where I live 14.8 16.7 19.6 16.2 18.1 19.8 The other kids make fun of me when I am physically active 9.4 7.7 6.9 5.2 5.3 5.5 I don’t think I’m very good at physical activity 11.3 10.3 9.4 10.2 9.0 22.0 I have a health problem that prevents me from being physically active 2.6 1.5 3.8 2.9 3.8 5.9 I have an injury that prevents me from being physically active 0.8 0.9 3.1 3.8 6.0 8.0 I am scared I might get hurt if I played sport 11.7 13.6 6.3 7.6 3.4 6.2 I don’t have proper clothing or shoes to play sport 5.3 3.1 4.0 3.2 5.2 6.8 I don’t like how being active makes me feel (hot, sweaty) 18.5 18.5 9.4 15.7 4.0 12.8 I don’t feel safe being physically active outside my home 4.1 8.2 4.8 5.3 1.9 3.3 Table 195 Statements about future physical activity; percentage of children who agreed with the following comments about how being physically active might affect them over the next year Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Male Female Male Female Male Female Keep me healthy 96.9 97.4 95.4 97.8 98.3 98.2 Help me improve my learning 74.6 75.9 62.2 67.6 62.8 61.0 Improve my appearance 69.2 69.6 69.2 68.4 83.2 82.6 Make me feel good about myself 85.5 87.8 87.4 89.2 89.4 88.8 Make or keep me fit 94.0 93.7 95.7 95.4 98.0 96.8 Prevent me from doing other things I like more 18.3 16.9 21.8 19.6 20.9 23.5 Help me lose weight or help me control my weight 51.2 58.6 75.5 75.7 68.8 81.3 Let me have a lot of fun 95.4 95.6 93.9 95.9 89.3 78.5 Make my parents happy 87.7 90.4 83.0 82.5 59.3 52.6 Help me spend time with my friends 91.4 92.9 81.4 78.2 76.0 58.8 Help me make new friends 86.8 90.8 80.8 78.7 72.8 68.0 Current physical activity There was similarity across ages for many statements, in particular being concerned about getting hurt, not having the right clothing, having other kids make fun of them and having no parks or sports grounds near them, changed little across age or gender. Other statements had marked changes across ages. Girls in Year 10 were much less likely to report doing a lot of activity and more likely to think that they were not very good at physical activity and were more conscious about how they looked during physical activity. Both boys and girls in Year 10 were less likely to prefer playing electronic games over physical activity compared to children in Years 1 and 5 and more likely to report not having anyone to be physically active with. 104 Future physical activity In thinking about future activity, there was similarity across ages for many statements. The majority of children believed that being physically active over the next year would keep them healthy, keep them fit and make them feel good about themselves. Whilst about 70% of Year 1 and 5 children felt that being active would improve their appearance, this was thought by over 80% of Year 10 children. This is also reflected by over 80% of Year 10 girls who believed that physical activity would help them lose or maintain weight; this belief lessened with age, with only just over half of Year 1 children agreeing with this statement. Having fun and spending time with friends, old and new, was seen by most Year 1 and 5 children as something they would get out of being active; this was not such a dominant belief in Year 10 children. KEY POINTS • Most children reported doing that they already did a lot of physical activity, with the exception of Year 10 girls, where only half reported doing so • One in six children reported there being no parks or recreation grounds nearby to play • Less than 5% of all children perceived that it was unsafe to be active outside their home • The majority of children believed being active was important to keep them healthy • Three quarters of Year 5 and Year 10 children associated physical activity as being important in maintaining their body weight. 105 6.0 Concluding comments This Healthy Kids Queensland Survey provides data that will be used to inform health policies for the benefit of all Queenslanders. Ideally this crosssectional project will be repeated in subsequent years to provide Queensland with a thorough, longitudinal database of patterns of physical activity and nutrition in Queensland children. This data set was collected over a six-month period in 2006 by five field teams comprising 4-6 research assistants. We are grateful to the school systems, schools, teachers, students and their families who so enthusiastically embraced this project. Their cooperation was essential to the success of the Survey. The data in this Report give a snapshot of key patterns of BMI, nutrition, food habits and physical activity for Queensland children aged 5-17 years. Where appropriate, comparisons were made with comparable data from the 1985 ACHPER Survey 35 and the more recent surveys in Western Australia 28 and New South Wales. 27 A summary of the findings is given in the Executive Summary on pages 11-13. 106 7.0 References 1. World Health Organisation. Child and Adolescent Health 14. Royal College of Physicians. Medical aspects of and Development – Nutrition homepage, Accessed 5 exercise: benefits and risks. Summary of a report of the March 2007. Available from Royal College of Physicians. J R Coll Physicians Lond http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/nut.htm. 2. 3. 1991;25(193-196). Biddle S, Sallis J, Cavill N. Young and Active? Young 15. People and Health-enhancing Physical Activity – B, Slattery ML, et al. Change and secular trends in Evidence and Implications. London: Health Education physical activity patterns in young adults: a seven Authority, 1998. year longitudinal follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Queensland Health. Eat well, be active: healthy kids Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA). Am J for life. The Queensland Government’s first action plan Epidemiol 1996;143(351-362). 2005-2008. Brisbane: Queensland health, 2005. 4. 5. 16. Raitakari O, Porkka K, Taimela S, Telama R, Rasanen World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, L, Viikari J. Effects of persistent physical activity and physical activity and health. Geneva: World Health inactivity on coronary risk factors in children and young Organization, 2004. adults. The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Am Kelder SH, Perry CL, Klepp KI, Lytle LL. Longitudinal J Epidemiol 1994;140(195-205). tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, 17. and food choice behaviors. Am J Public Health 6. 1994;84:1121-1126. old boys and girls: relationship to change in body mass Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: index. Pediatrics 2003;111:836-843. public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 18. Moore LL, Nguyen UDT, Rothman KJ, Cupples LA, Ellison RC. Preschool physical activity level and change in body Norton K, Dollman J, Martin M, Harten N. Descriptive fatness in young children. J Pediatr 1995;118:215-219. 19. Bailey D, McKay HA, L MR, Crocker PR, Faulkner RA. A epidemiology of childhood overweight and obesity 8. in Australia: 1901-2003. 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Children’s readiness for learning front crawl swimming. Aust J Sci 10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Med Sport 1995;27:34-37. National Heart Foundation of Australia. The relationship between overweight, obesity and cardiovascular 11. 23. National Health & Medical Research Council. Dietary disease. AIHW Cat. No. CVD 29. Cardiovascular Disease Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia. Series No.23. Canberra: AIHW, 2004. Canberra: NHMRC, 2003. Daniels S. The consequences of childhood overweight 24. Bonjour JP, Carrie A, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, et al. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass and obesity. Future Child 2006;16:47-67. in pre-pubertal girls. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1287-1294. 12. Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Guilloud-Battaille M, Avorns P, Patois E, Sempe M. Tracking the development 13. Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. One-year changes in activity and in inactivity among 10- to 15-year 2002;360(9331):473-82. 7. Anderssen N, Jacobs DRJ, Sidney S, Bild DE, Sternfeld 25. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural, of adiposity from one month of age to adulthood. Ann regional and remote health: a guide to remoteness Hum Biol 1987;14:219-229. classifications. AIHW cat. no. PHE 53. Canberra: AIHW, 2004. Access Economics. The economic costs of obesity. Canberra: Diabetes Australia, 2006. 26. Lohr SL. Sampling: Design and Analysis (Chap 7). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press, 1999:221-253. 107 27. Booth M, Okely AD, Denney-Wilson E, Hardy L, Yang B, 40. Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Dobbins T. NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Coward WA, et al. Critical evaluation of energy intake Survey (SPANS) 2004: Summary Report. Sydney: NSW data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: Department of Health, 2006. 1. Derivation of cut off limits to identify under recording. 28. Hands B, Parker H, Glasson C, Brinkman S, Read Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45:569-581. H. Physical Activity and Nutrition Levels in Western 41. Black AE. Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Australian Children and Adolescents Report. Perth, Goldberg cut off for energy intake: basal metabolic rate. Western Australia: Western Australian Government, A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. 2004. Int J Obes. 2000(24):1119-1130. 29. Davies PSW, Roodveldt R, Marks G. Standard methods 42. Hill RJ, Davies PS. The validity of self-reported energy for the collection and collation of anthropometric data intake as determined using the doubly labelled water in children. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of technique. Br J Nutr 2001;85(4):415-430. Health and Aged Care, 2001. 43. Cook T, Rutishauser IHE, Seelig M. Comparable data on 30. WHO Expert Committee on Physical Status. 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The LMS method for constructing normalised 46. Department of Health and Aging. Australia’s physical growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:45-60. activity recommendations for children and young 34. Wake M, Hardy P, Canterford L, Sawyer M, Carlin JB. people, 2005. Overweight, obesity and girth of Australian preschoolers: 47. prevalence and socio-economic correlates. Int J Obes in cultural and leisure activities: April 2006. Report (Lond) 2006;Dec 5; [Epub ahead of print]. 35. The Australian Council for Health Physical Education and 4901.0; Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. 48. Tudor-Locke C, Pangrazi R, Corbin C, Rutherford WJ, Recreation. Australian health and fitness survey 1985. Vincent S, Raustorp A, et al. BMI referenced standards Parkside, South Australia: ACHPER, 1985. for recommended pedometer-determined steps/day in 36. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Nutrition children. Prev Med 2004;38:857-864. Survey: Nutrient intakes and Physical Measurements: Australia, 1995. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1998. 37. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Children's participation Goran MI, Gower BA, Treuth M, Nagy T. Prediction of intra-abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children. Int J Obes (Lond) 1998;22:549-558. 38. Department of Health and Aged Care. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, 1998. 39. National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand including Recommended Dietary Intakes. Canberra: NHMRC, 2006. 108 Appendix I Classification of Food Groups Foods and beverages from the 24-hour food record were classified into major food categories according to the classification system used in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey.36 Major Food Category Sub-Major Food Category Example Non-alcoholic beverages Tea Black tea, white tea, herbal tea Coffee and coffee substitutes Black coffee, white coffee, coffee substitutes Fruit and vegetable juices and drinks Apple juice, pineapple fruit drink, cordial Soft drinks, flavoured mineral waters and electrolyte drinks Lemonade, tonic water, fruit-flavoured mineral water, sports drinks Mineral waters and water Natural mineral water, bottled water, tap water Water with other additions as a beverage Drinking chocolate (and other beverage flavours) made with water Flours and other cereal grains and starches Cornmeal, couscous, bulgar Regular breads and rolls Bread, bread roll, bagel Breakfast cereals, plain, single source Bran, wheat breakfast biscuits, puffed rice, corn flakes Fancy breads, flat breads, English style muffins and crumpets Lavash bread, cheese-topped bread, focaccia, fruit bread, tortilla Pasta and pasta products Ravioli, wholemeal pasta, rice noodles Rice and rice products Rice, rice cake, flavoured rice Breakfast cereals, mixed sources Muesli, wheat flakes with added fruit and nuts, breakfast bar Breakfast cereal, hot porridge type Regular oats, oats with honey, cooked semolina Sweet biscuits Shortbread, chocolate biscuits, homemade chocolate chip biscuits Savoury biscuits Water cracker, crispbread Cakes, buns, muffins, scones, caketype desserts Cake, sweet bun, brioche, pudding, slice, savoury, dumpling, sweet dumpling Pastries Croissant, apple pie, danish pastry, quiche, meat pie, spinach and cheese triangle Mixed dishes where cereal is the major ingredient Pizza, commercial hamburger, burrito, spring roll, packet pasta and sauce, lasagne, fried rice Batter-based products Pancakes, waffle, apple fritter, doughnut Dairy fats Butter, ghee, dairy blend Margarine Margarine Vegetable oil Vegetable oil, sesame oil, olive oil Other fats Dripping, lard, copha, solid frying fat Unspecified fats Unspecified spreads Fin fish (excluding canned) Fried flathead, poached bream, baked ling, smoked salmon Crustacea and molluscs (excluding canned) Abalone, calamari, mussel, oyster, snail Other sea and freshwater foods Roe, eel Packed (canned and bottled) fish and seafood Canned anchovy, canned salmon Fish and seafood products Battered and crumbed fish, salmon patty, fish stick Mixed dishes with fish or seafood as the major component Tuna mornay, kedgeree, prawn toast, fish casserole, paella with seafood Cereals and cereal products Cereal-based products and dishes Fats and oils Fish and seafood products and dishes 109 Major Food Category Sub-Major Food Category Example Fruit products and dishes Pome fruit Fresh pear, canned apple, stewed quince Stone fruit Apricot, cherry, peach, plum Tropical fruit Banana, pineapple, mango, pawpaw Other fruit Date, fig, grape, melon, passionfruit Mixtures of two or more groups of fruit Fruit salad, canned two fruits Dried fruit, preserved fruit Sultana, banana chip, dried peach Mixed dishes where fruit is the major component Glace fruit, toffee apple, fruit crumble Eggs Fried egg, poached egg, quail egg Dishes where egg is the major ingredient Scrambled egg, omelette, souffle Egg substitutes and dishes Egg substitute Muscle meat Beef, corned beef, lamb, pork, bacon, ham, veal Game and other carcase meat Kangaroo, rabbit, venison Poultry and feathered game Chicken, turkey, duck, quail, emu Organ meats and offal products and dishes Liver, kidney, tongue, brain, black pudding, pate Sausages, frankfurters and saveloys Beef sausage, frankfurt Processed meat Processed delicatessen meats, ham paste, canned corned beef Mixed dishes where beef or veal is the major component Beef curry, veal casserole, hamburger patty, pork and veal meatballs Mixed dishes where lamb, pork, bacon, ham is the major component Lamb meatballs, pork stir-fry, pork sausage Mixed dishes where poultry or game is the major component Chicken curry, rabbit stew, satay chicken Dairy milk Milk, goats milk, evaporated milk, powdered milk Yoghurt Yoghurt, yoghurt dip, buttermilk Cream Cream, sour cream, mock cream, sour cream-based dip Cheese Cottage cheese, camembert cheese, cheese fondue Frozen milk products Ice cream, thickshake, frozen yoghurt Other dishes where milk or a milk product is the major component Creme caramel, custard, baked rice custard, cheesecake, mousse Milk substitutes Soy beverages, tofu-based ice confection, soy cheese Flavoured milks Egg flip, milkshake, flavoured milk, smoothie Soup Homemade broth, reconstituted vegetable soup Dry soup mix Tomato soup mix, chicken and noodle instant dry mix Canned condensed soup Condensed minestrone soup Seed and nut product and dishes Seed and seed products Pumpkin seed, sesame seed, tahini Nut and nut products Cashew nuts, peanut butter, coconut cream Savoury sauces and condiments Gravies and savoury sauces Fish stock, gravy, black bean sauce, tomato sauce, white sauce, simmer sauce, commercial pasta sauce Pickles, chutneys and relishes Apple sauce, mustard, mint jelly, olives, pickles Salad dressings Mayonnaise, salad dressing, vinegar Stuffings Commercial stuffing, rice and nut stuffing Egg products and dishes Meat, poultry and game products and dishes Milk products and dishes Soups 110 Major Food Category Sub-Major Food Category Example Vegetable products and dishes Potatoes Cooked potato, canned potato, hot potato chips, mashed potato, potato patty, potato salad Cabbage, cauliflower and similar brassica vegetables Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, sauerkraut Carrot and similar root vegetables Beetroot, carrot, parsnip, radish, sweet potato Legumes and pulse products and dishes Snack foods Sugar products and dishes Confectionary and health bars Miscellaneous Leaf and stalk vegetables Alfalfa, bean sprout, chives, lettuce, parsley, spinach Peas and beans Green beans, peas, snow peas Tomato and tomato products Raw tomato, sun-dried tomato, tomato paste Other fruiting vegetables Pumpkin, zucchini, avocado, cucumber, eggplant, okra Other vegetable and vegetable combinations Corn, mushrooms, seaweed, garlic, onion, shallot, mixed vegetables, Caesar salad, coleslaw Dishes where vegetable is the major component Cauliflower in cheese sauce, vegetables in Thai sauce, ratatouille, stuffed zucchini Mature legumes and pulses Kidney beans, chick peas, lentils Mature legume and pulse products and dishes Pappadum, baked beans, tofu, vegetarian sausages Potato snacks Potato crisps, potato straw Corn snacks Corn chips, popcorn Extruded snacks Pork rind snack, prawn crackers, cheese flavour extruded snacks Pretzels and other snacks Pretzels, oriental snack mix Sugar, honey and syrups Glace icing, white sugar, fairy floss, honey, golden syrup, chocolate topping Jams and lemon spreads, chocolate spreads Jam, marmalade, lemon butter Dishes and products other than confectionery where sugar is the major component Meringue, sorbet, icing with added fat Chocolate and chocolate-based confectionery Chocolate, chocolate bars, liqueur-filled chocolates, peanut brittle Cereal-, fruit-, nut- and seed-bars Muesli-bar, fruit leather, sesame seed-bar Other confectionery Coconut ice, fudge, licorice, hundreds and thousands, boiled lollies, turkish delight, chewing gum Beverage flavourings Dry beverage flavourings, cocoa, malted milk powder Yeast; yeast, vegetable and meat extracts Compressed yeast, beef extract, yeast extract spread Artificial sweetening agents Saccharine artificial sweetener, aspartame artificial sweetener tablet Herbs, spices, seasonings and stock cubes Chilli powder, curry paste, mint, pepper, bacon chips Chemical-raising agents and cooking ingredients Baking powder, baking soda, gelatine 111 Appendix II Anthropometry Form (Year 10) 112 Appendix III Food Frequency Questionnaire (Year 10) (EALTHY+IDS1UEENSLAND 0HYSICAL!CTIVITYAND.UTRITION3URVEY #/.&)$%.4)!, CONDUCTEDBY4HE5NIVERSITYOF1UEENSLANDWITHFUNDINGPROVIDEDBY1UEENSLAND(EALTH 3CHOOLOF-EDICINE 3CHOOLOF(UMAN-OVEMENT3TUDIES 3CHOOLOF0OPULATION(EALTH Food Frequency Questionnaire for High School Students 0HYSICAL!CTIVITY.UTRITION3URVEY www.som.uq.edu/healthykidsqld !NINITIATIVEOF%AT7ELL"E!CTIVE n(EALTHY+IDSFOR,IFE 4HE1UEENSLAND'OVERNMENTS lRSTACTIONPLANn 4OBECOMPLETEDBYTHESTUDENTWITHASSISTANCEFROM APARENTORGUARDIANIFREQUIRED 4HANKYOUFORlLLINGOUTTHISQUESTIONNAIREASHONESTLYASPOSSIBLE 4HISISNOTATEST9OURCOOPERATIONISAPPRECIATED Questionnaire checked: ______/ ______/ with student? 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4OCOMPLETETHISSECTIONTICKONLYONEOPTIONFOREACHQUESTIONUNLESSOTHERWISESPECIlED 1UESTIONSABOUTAMOUNTSANDTYPESOFFOODSOVERTHELASTMONTHS (OWMANYSERVESOFFRUITDIDYOUUSUALLYEAT EACHDAY @SERVEMEDIUMPIECEORSMALLPIECESOFFRUITOR CUPOFDICEDPIECES $IDNTEATFRUIT SERVEORLESSDAY SERVESDAY SERVESDAY SERVESORMOREDAY (OWMANYSERVESOFVEGETABLESDIDYOUUSUALLY EATEACHDAY @SERVECUPCOOKEDVEGETABLESOR CUPOFSALADVEGETABLES O O O O O $IDNTEATVEGETABLES SERVEORLESSDAY SERVESDAY SERVESDAY SERVESDAY SERVESDAY SERVESORMOREDAY Queensland O O O O O O O Page 16 7HATTYPEOFMILKDIDYOUHAVE-/34/&4%. 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(pls tick) OYes ONo RA Signature: School Year )$ .O Class Student Initial Date Entry 1 Entry 2 Queensland Page 2 (OWTOUSETHISBOOK s )NCLUDEVITAMINSMINERALANDANYOTHERSPECIALDIETARYSUPPLE MENTSBUTDONOTINCLUDEMEDICINES 9OUHAVEBEENGIVENTHISBOOKLETTOWRITEDOWNEVERYTHINGTHATYOU EATANDDRINKEXCEPTFORPLAINWATERFORHOURS4HISMEANS YOUWILLSTARTWRITINGDOWNALLYOURFOODANDDRINKFROMBREAK FASTTOMORROWMORNINGUNTILTOMORROWEVENINGWHENYOUGO TOBED s 2EMEMBERTOBRINGBACKYOUR(OUR&OODAND$RINK2ECORD CUPSANDSPOONSONTHENEXTSCHOOLDAY 7HATTODO s %ATANDDRINKWHATYOUWOULDUSUALLY 3PECIALPAGESAREPROVIDEDFORYOUTOWRITEDOWNYOURFOODAND DRINKS s -EASUREYOURFOODANDDRINKASYOUSERVE s +EEPTHISBOOKLETWITHYOUATALLTIMESSOTHATYOUCANWRITE DOWNFOODSANDDRINKSWHENYOUHAVETHEM4HISENSURES NOTHINGISFORGOTTEN s )NCOLUMNSnRECORDTHETIMEEATENADESCRIPTIONOFTHEFOOD ANDDRINKONEFOODORDRINKPERLINESOURCEOFFOODANDHOW MUCHEATEN s $ONOTCHANGEWHATYOUEATANDDRINKJUSTBECAUSEITSEEMS HARDTOMEASURE s "RINGYOURCOMPLETED(OUR&OODAND$RINK2ECORDBACKTO SCHOOLONTHENEXTSCHOOLDAYANDONEOFTHE2ESEARCH4EAM WILLREVIEWITWITHYOU s 5SETHEINSTRUCTIONSTOHELPYOUMEASUREANDRECORD)FYOU HAVEPROBLEMSDOYOURBESTANDANINTERVIEWERWILLHELPWHEN YOURETURNTHE(OUR&OODAND$RINK2ECORD s $ONOTFORGETSUGARBUTTERSAUCEGRAVYDRESSINGTOPPINGS ADDEDTOFOODANDDRINKS s $ONOTFORGETSNACKSFOREXAMPLEAFTERNOONTEA s $ONOTFORGETDRINKSFOREXAMPLESOFTDRINKSORMILO 123 Queensland Page 3 (OWTOlLLINYOURRECORD 3OMEEXAMPLESARE 5SEABLACKORBLUEPENORPENCILTOlLLOUTTHIS(OUR&OODAND $RINK2ECORD7RITETHESTARTANDlNISHTIMEDAYANDDATEATTHE TOPOFPAGEINTHESPACESPROVIDED&ILLINALLFOURCOLUMNSOFTHE (OUR&OODAND$RINK2ECORDASDESCRIBEDONPAGESAND ANDCOMPLETETHEQUESTIONONPAGE !RNOTTSMILKARROWROOTBISCUIT4IP4OPWHITEBREAD,AMBLOIN CHOPGRILLEDFATEATEN"LACKMORESVITAMIN#CAPSULE3KI$LITE APRICOTYOGHURT#OTTEES$IET,IME#ORDIAL (OWTODESCRIBEMIXEDDISHES %XAMPLESOFFOODMIXTURESINCLUDEPIZZASTEWSOUPCOLESLAW MASHEDPOTATOSANDWICHES #OLUMN4IME s %VERYTIMEYOUHAVESOMETHINGTOEATORDRINKWRITEDOWNTHE TIMETHATYOUSTARTED s )FMADEATHOMEPROVIDETHEWHOLERECIPEFORMIXEDFOODSON PAGEOFTHISBOOKLET s 7RITEAMFORMORNINGANDPMFORAFTERNOONOREVENING s 4ORECORDARECIPEGIVETHENAMEOFTHEDISHTHENAMESAND AMOUNTSOFEACHINGREDIENTANDHOWITWASCOOKED #OLUMN.AMETYPEBRANDCOOKINGMETHOD s 3TARTANEWLINEFOREACHFOODDRINKORSUPPLEMENTBUTYOU MAYUSEMORETHANONELINETODESCRIBEEACHONE s 7RITETHETYPEANDNAMEOFEACHFOODDRINKORSUPPLEMENT ANDINCLUDETHEBRANDNAMEWHENEVERPOSSIBLE s )FTHERECIPEISUNKNOWNFOREXAMPLEFOODSEATENATA RESTAURANTCAFEORTAKEAWAYNAMETHEDISHANDALLOFTHE INGREDIENTSYOUCANSEEINITORKNOWARETHERE s &ORSANDWICHESANDROLLSWRITEDOWNTHETYPEOFBREADAND EVERYTHINGONTHESANDWICHORROLLINCLUDINGSPREADS s )FAVAILABLECHECKTHECONTAINERORPACKAGEFORTHESEDETAILS s 2EMEMBERTORECORDEXTRAFOODSADDEDTOMEALSANDDRINKS BEFOREEATINGSUCHASMILKANDSUGARINHOTDRINKSBUTTEROR SPREADSONBREADORADDEDTOCOOKEDVEGETABLESDRESSINGS ONSALADSGRAVYSAUCEORPICKLESONMEATORINSANDWICHES mAVOURINGSSUCHAS-ILO4-ORTOPPINGONICECREAMORINMILK DRINKSCHEESEONPASTA s )FTHEFOODWASCOOKEDWRITEDOWNHOWITWASCOOKED&OR EXAMPLEGRILLEDDEEPFRIEDPANFRIEDBOILEDMICROWAVED s )FTHEFOODHADACOATINGWRITEDOWNIFITWASCOATEDWITHmOUR CRUMBSORBATTEREGlSHCRUMBEDDEEPFRIED s 2ECORDIFTHEFATONMEATORSKINONCHICKENWASEATENORNOT s &ORDAIRYFOODSRECORDWHETHERFULLFATREDUCEDFATORLOWFAT &OREXAMPLESEEHOWCHICKENCASSEROLEISDESCRIBEDONPAGE s 2ECORDIFAFOODISARTIlCIALLYSWEETENEDEGCORDIALJAMOR YOGHURT Queensland Page 4 #OLUMN3OURCE #OLUMN!MOUNTEATEN s &OREACHFOODDRINKANDSUPPLEMENTWRITEWHEREITWAS PREPARED4OSAVESPACEUSETHEFOLLOWINGLETTERSINSTEADOF WORDS s -EASUREAMOUNTSOFFOODDRINKORSUPPLEMENTSERVEDOR PACKEDINTOTHELUNCHBOXUSINGTHESPECIALCUPSANDSPOONS ORARULER2EFERTOTHEINSTRUCTIONSONTHISPAGE ( & # 6 4 / s 4HEREISNONEEDTOWEIGHFOODSBUTYOUCANRECORDWEIGHTSOF INDIVIDUALLYPREPACKEDFOODSEGGPACKETOFCHIPS G"EGA3TRINGERCHEESE (OME &RIENDSHOUSE #ANTEEN4UCKSHOP s $ESCRIBEFRESHFRUITASSMALLMEDIUMORLARGE$ESCRIBEFRUIT SALADORTINNEDFRUITINCUPSANDDRIEDFRUITINSPOONSORPIECES 6ENDING-ACHINE s &ORADISHTHATISAMIXTUREOFSEVERALFOODSJUSTWRITEDOWNTHE TOTALAMOUNTEATENEGCHICKENCASSEROLE 4AKEAWAY /THER s &ORMEATANDCHICKENWRITEDOWNIFTHEMEASUREMENTSTAKEN AREWITHORWITHOUTBONEANDWITHORWITHOUTFAT s &ORLIQUIDSUPPLEMENTSMEASURETHEAMOUNTINSPOONSOR CUPS s &ORSUPPLEMENTTABLETSORCAPSULESWRITEDOWNTHENUMBEROF TABLETSORCAPSULES )FYOUHAVELEFTOVERS s )FYOUDONOTEATALLOFTHEFOODORDRINKSERVEDJUSTWRITEDOWN HOWMUCHYOUEAT s $ONTWORRYABOUTLEFTOVERCORESORBONES 124 Queensland Page 5 (OWTOMEASUREYOURFOODANDDRINKS 5SINGTHERULER s )FTHEFOODISCOOKEDMEASUREITCOOKEDNOTRAW s 5SEYOURRULERTOMEASUREFOODSLIKEPIECESOFMEATBREAD BISCUITSMEATPATTIESCAKESPIES s -EASURETHEFOODASITISSERVED s &ORROUNDmATFOODSMEASUREHOWWIDEITISACROSSANDTHE THICKNESSEGPANCAKEmATBREADS s 5SEARULERORTHESPECIALCUPSANDSPOONSPROVIDED 5SINGCUPSANDSPOONS s &ORFOODOFOTHERSHAPESMEASUREHOWLONGHOWWIDEAND HOWTHICKITIS s 5SETHESPECIALCUPSANDSPOONSPROVIDEDTOMEASURELIQUID FOODSANDFOODSWITHLOTSOFSMALLPIECESLIKECEREALSUGAR STEWSRICEANDCUTUPVEGETABLESORFRUIT s $RAWASMALLPICTURETOHELPYOUTODESCRIBETHESHAPEOFFOODS ANDTOSHOWWHERETHEFOODWASMEASURED s 3EETHEEXAMPLEDIAGRAMSONPAGEFORHOWTOMEASUREAND RECORDFOODSUSINGARULER s 7HENMEASURINGREMEMBERTOSTARTATTHEZEROMARK 0LEASEREMEMBERTOWASHANDDRY YOURCUPSANDSPOONSAFTER EACHTIMEYOUUSETHEM Queensland 3TART4IME6.30am &INISH4IME8.30pm $AYWednesday $ATE15.2.06 3TARTED AMPM 4IME Page 6 3/52#%#/$%3 ((OME &&RIENDSHOUSE &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSFORDESCRIBINGFOODS ANDDRINKSONPAGE 3EEBOX ABOVE .AMETYPEBRANDCOOKINGMETHOD 3OURCE ##ANTEEN4UCKSHOP 66ENDING-ACHINE &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSONHOWTO MEASUREFOODONPAGE !MOUNTEATEN 7.00am Corn Flakes (Kelloggs) H 1 1/4 cups 7.00am Milk (Pauls, full cream) H 3/4 cup 7.00am Sugar (white) H 1 tablespoon 10.30am Uncle Toby’s fruit filled bar blueberry 97% fat free C 37.5g bar (1/2 eaten) 12.30pm Wholemeal bread (brand not known) H 12.30pm Coon light and tasty (25% less fat) sliced cheese H 1 slice (1/2 eaten) 12.30pm Meadow Lea polyunsaturated margarine H Thin scrape (1/2 eaten) 12.30pm Apple juice Daily Juice 100% 250ml C 250ml carton 12.30pm Chocolate cake with chocolate icing Betty Crocker packet mix H 1 slice 4.00pm Apple green medium F 6.30pm Chicken casserole - chicken meat with skin, peas, carrots, onion H % 0, ! 8 % 125 44AKEAWAY //THER 2 slices 10cm x 10 cm x 1 cm (1/2 eaten) medium 3/4 eaten 1 cup Queensland Page 7 (OWTOMEASUREFOODSHAPES WIDTH LEN THICKNESS GTH THICKNESS DIAMETERACROSS THICKNESS LENGTH TH ID W .OWPLEASElLLINTHEFORMSONTHENEXTPAGESASACCURATELYASPOSSIBLE Queensland 3TART4IME &INISH4IME $AY $ATE Page 8 3/52#%#/$%3 ((OME &&RIENDSHOUSE ##ANTEEN4UCKSHOP 66ENDING-ACHINE 44AKEAWAY //THER &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSFORDESCRIBINGFOODS ANDDRINKSONPAGE 3EEBOX ABOVE &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSONHOWTO MEASUREFOODONPAGE 4IME .AMETYPEBRANDCOOKINGMETHOD 3OURCE !MOUNTEATEN 5SEONLYBLUEORBLACKPENORPENCILPLEASE 3TARTED AMPM 126 3/52#%#/$%3 ((OME &&RIENDSHOUSE Queensland ##ANTEEN4UCKSHOP 66ENDING-ACHINE 44AKEAWAY //THER Page 9 &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSFORDESCRIBINGFOODS ANDDRINKSONPAGE 3EEBOX ABOVE &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSONHOWTO MEASUREFOODONPAGE 4IME .AMETYPEBRANDCOOKINGMETHOD 3OURCE !MOUNTEATEN 5SEONLYBLUEORBLACKPENORPENCILPLEASE 3TARTED AMPM 0LEASECONTINUEANDANSWERTHEQUESTIONOVERTHEPAGE 3/52#%#/$%3 ((OME &&RIENDSHOUSE 5SEONLYBLUEORBLACKPENORPENCILPLEASE Queensland ##ANTEEN4UCKSHOP 66ENDING-ACHINE 44AKEAWAY //THER Page 10 3TARTED AMPM &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSFORDESCRIBINGFOODS ANDDRINKSONPAGE 3EEBOX ABOVE &OLLOWTHEINSTRUCTIONSONHOWTO MEASUREFOODONPAGE 4IME .AMETYPEBRANDCOOKINGMETHOD 3OURCE !MOUNTEATEN 0LEASEANSWERTHISQUESTION OFFICE USE ONLY 7ASTHEAMOUNTOFFOODANDDRINKTHATYOUHADYESTERDAYABOUTUSUAL LESSTHANUSUALORMORETHANUSUALFORTHATDAYOFTHEWEEK✔ TICKONEBOX 5SUAL O ,ESSTHANUSUAL -ORETHANUSUAL O2EASON????????????????????????????????????????? O2EASON????????????????????????????????????????? 127 Check meals/snacks Check drinks Rating (E, G, P) Interviewer initials Queensland Page 11 5SETHISPAGEFORNOTESANDRECIPESTORECORDARECIPEGIVETHENAMEOFTHEDISHNAMESANDAMOUNTSOF EACHINGREDIENTANDHOWITWASCOOKED 4HANKYOUVERYMUCHFORANSWERINGALLTHESEQUESTIONS 0LEASEBEASSUREDTHATTHISINFORMATIONISFORRESEARCHPURPOSESONLYANDWILLBEKEPTCONlDENTIAL #HILDRENS.UTRITION2ESEARCH#ENTRE 4HE5NIVERSITYOF1UEENSLAND ,EVEL2#(&OUNDATION"UILDING 2OYAL#HILDRENS(OSPITAL (ERSTON1LD 0HONE&AX 4HISQUESTIONNAIREISADAPTEDWITHKINDPERMISSIONFROMQUESTIONNAIRESDEVELOPEDBYTHE 7ESTERN!USTRALIAN$EPARTMENTOF(EALTHAND0REMIERS0HYSICAL!CTIVITY4ASKFORCE 128 'ATTON$$40!PRIL&INAL 0HYSICAL!CTIVITY.UTRITION3URVEY Appendix V Physical Activity Questionnaire (Year 10) $2!&4 (EALTHY+IDS1UEENSLAND 0HYSICAL!CTIVITYAND.UTRITION3URVEY #/.&)$%.4)!, , CONDUCTEDBY4HE5NIVERSITYOF1UEENSLANDWITHFUNDINGPROVIDEDBY1UEENSLAND(EALTH 3CHOOLOF-EDICINE 3CHOOLOF(UMAN-OVEMENT3TUDIES 3CHOOLOF0OPULATION(EALTH 0HYSICAL!CTIVITY.UTRITION3URVEY www.som.uq.edu/healthykidsqld !NINITIATIVEOF %AT7ELL"E!CTIVE n(EALTHY+IDSFOR,IFE 4HE1UEENSLAND'OVERNMENTS lRSTACTIONPLANn Physical Activity Questionnaire for Year 10 Children 4HANKYOUFORlLLINGOUTTHISQUESTIONNAIREASHONESTLYASPOSSIBLE 4HISISNOTATEST9OURCOOPERATIONISAPPRECIATED Questionnaire checked: ______// ______/ RA Signature: School Year )$ .O Class Initial Student Date Entry 1 Entry 2 Queensland Page 2 1UESTION )NTHEPASTDAYSWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWING0(93)#!,ACTIVITIESDIDYOUPARTICIPATEINANDHOWMANYTIMES0LEASECOMPLETETHEMIDDLEFOUR COLUMNS!,3/FORANYACTIVITIESYOUUSUALLYPARTICIPATEDINDURINGTHELASTYEARPLEASETICKTHEBOXINTHERIGHTHANDCOLUMN ).4(%0!34$!93 WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWING 0(93)#!,ACTIVITIESDID YOUPARTICIPATEIN $IDYOU PARTICIPATEIN THISACTIVITY #IRCLEONE &OREXAMPLEn4ENNIS .O 9ES !THLETICS .O 9ES $ANCE .O 9ES 'YMNASTICS .O 9ES 2UGBY5NION .O 9ES 2UGBY,EAGUE .O 9ES !USSIE2ULES &OOTBALL .O 9ES 3OCCER .O 9ES 4ENNIS3QUASH 4ABLETENNIS .O 9ES "ASKETBALL .O 9ES #RICKET .O 9ES .ETBALL .O 9ES -/.$!9n&2)$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 2 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 3!452$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 40mins 1 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 15mins 35.$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 1 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 15mins 4ICKTHEACTIVITYYOU USUALLYPARTICIPATEDIN $52).'4(% ,!349%!2 O O O O O O O O O O O O 129 Queensland ).4(%0!34$!93 WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWING 0(93)#!,ACTIVITIESDID YOUPARTICIPATEIN Page 3 $IDYOU PARTICIPATEIN THISACTIVITY #IRCLEONE "ASEBALL3OFTBALL .O 9ES (OCKEY .O 9ES (ANDBALLSQUARES .O 9ES 3WIMMINGINAPOOL .O 9ES 3URF,IFESAVING .O 9ES 3URlNG .O 9ES 7ATERPOLO .O 9ES 3KATEBOARDING .O 9ES #YCLINGROADTRACK "-8 .O 9ES -ARTIAL!RTS .O 9ES (OUSEHOLDCHORES .O 9ES 3COOTER .O 9ES !EROBICS .O 9ES 0LAYWITHPETS .O 9ES 7ALKTHEDOG .O 9ES -/.$!9n&2)$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 3!452$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 35.$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 4ICKTHEACTIVITYYOU USUALLYPARTICIPATEDIN $52).'4(% ,!349%!2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Queensland ).4(%0!34$!93 WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWING 0(93)#!,ACTIVITIESDID YOUPARTICIPATEIN Page 4 $IDYOU PARTICIPATEIN THISACTIVITY #IRCLEONE -/.$!9n&2)$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 3!452$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 35.$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 4ICKTHEACTIVITYYOU USUALLYPARTICIPATEDIN $52).'4(% ,!349%!2 7ALKFOREXERCISE .O 9ES *OGGINGORRUNNING .O 9ES 3PORTS0%CLASS .O 9ES 4RIATHLON .O 9ES 'OLF .O 9ES 2OWING .O 9ES 2OLLERBLADING .O 9ES #ANOEING .O 9ES 6OLLEYBALL INDOORBEACH .O 9ES O O O O O O O O O 4RAVELBYWALKINGTO SCHOOLTOANDFROM .O 9ES O .O 9ES O .O 9ES O SCHOOLTIMES 4RAVELBYCYCLINGTO SCHOOLTOANDFROM SCHOOLTIMES /THERPHYSICAL ACTIVITYPLEASESTATE 130 Queensland ).4(%0!34$!93 WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWING 0(93)#!,ACTIVITIESDID YOUPARTICIPATEIN Page 5 $IDYOU PARTICIPATEIN THISACTIVITY #IRCLEONE -/.$!9n&2)$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 3!452$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 35.$!9 .UMBER OFTIMES 4OTAL (OURS -INUTES 4ICKTHEACTIVITYYOU USUALLYPARTICIPATEDIN $52).'4(% ,!349%!2 /THERPHYSICAL ACTIVITYPLEASESTATE .O 9ES O /THERPHYSICAL ACTIVITYPLEASESTATE .O 9ES O 1UESTION 1UESTION )NTHEPASTDAYSDURINGYOURSCHOOLSPORTPHYSICALEDUCATION 0%CLASSESHOWOFTENWEREYOUVERYACTIVE EGPHYSICAL ACTIVITIESWHICHRAISEDYOURHEARTBEATANDORMADEYOUHUFFAND PUFF )NTHEPASTDAYSWHATDIDYOUMOSTLYDOIN LUNCHBREAK ATSCHOOLBESIDESEATINGFOOD 4ICK ONLYONE )DONTDO3PORTS0% (ARDLYEVER 3OMETIMES O O O 1UITEOFTEN !LWAYS 4ICKONLYONE 3ATDOWNTALKINGREADINGDOINGSCHOOLWORK 3TOODAROUNDORWALKEDAROUND 2ANOREXERCISEDALITTLEBIT 2ANAROUNDANDEXERCISEDQUITEABIT 2ANANDEXERCISEDHARDMOSTOFTHETIME 0LAYEDORGANISEDSPORT O O 1UESTION O O O O O O (OWMANYOFTHEPASTDAYSDIDYOUPARTICIPATEINSPORTPHYSICAL ACTIVITYORACTIVEPLAYWHICHRAISEDYOURHEARTBEATANDORMADE YOUHUFFANDPUFFFORATOTALOFATLEASTMINUTES EACHDAY $AYS?????? 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(OWMANY34%03WERERECORDED4/$!9 /N3CHOOL$AYSlLLOUTTHISSIDEOFTHETABLE 7HATPHYSICAL ACTIVITYDIDYOUDO /N7EEKEND$AYSlLLOUTTHISSIDEOFTHETABLE &ORHOWMANY MINUTES 4IMEOFDAY "EFORE3CHOOL (OWDIDYOUGETTOSCHOOLPLSCIRCLE WALKBIKEBUSCARFERRYSCOOTEROTHER "EFORELUNCH -ORNINGBREAK ,UNCHTIME !FTERLUNCH 0HYSICAL%DUCATIONOR3PORT !FTERNOONBREAKIFYOURSCHOOLHASONE (OWDIDYOUGETHOMEFROMSCHOOL WALKBIKEBUSCARFERRYSCOOTEROTHER !FTER3CHOOL %VENING %VENING 141 7HATPHYSICAL ACTIVITYDIDYOUDO &ORHOWMANY MINUTES Queensland $AY Page 15 $IDYOUWEARTHEPEDOMETERALLDAY O9ES 7ASTHERESOMETHINGDIFFERENTABOUTTODAYWHICHCHANGEDTHE AMOUNTOFACTIVITYYOUNORMALLYDOFORTHEDAY O.O )F./HOWLONGWASITOFFANDWHY O9ES O.O ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? )F9%3nPLEASECOMMENTEG)WASSICKINBEDALLDAY)WASATA SWIMMINGCARNIVALALLDAY ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? $IDYOUPARTICIPATEINANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGPHYSICALACTIVITIESTODAY 0LEASETICK 3WIMMING "IKERIDING 3KATEBOARDINGROLLERBLADING (ORSERIDING *UMPINGONATRAMPOLINE IF9%3FOR HOWLONG MINUTES O9ES O9ES O9ES O9ES O9ES O9ES ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 0LEASEDONTFORGETTORETURN YOUR0EDOMETER AND0EDOMETER$IARY ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 4HANKYOUVERYMUCHFORPARTICIPATING 0HYSICAL!CTIVITY.UTRITION3URVEY #HILDRENS.UTRITION2ESEARCH#ENTRE 4HE5NIVERSITYOF1UEENSLAND ,EVEL2#(&OUNDATION"UILDING 2OYAL#HILDRENS(OSPITAL (ERSTON1LD 0HONE&AX 4HISQUESTIONNAIREISADAPTEDWITHKINDPERMISSIONFROMQUESTIONNAIRESDEVELOPEDBYTHE 7ESTERN!USTRALIAN$EPARTMENTOF(EALTHAND0REMIERS0HYSICAL!CTIVITY4ASKFORCE 142 'ATTON$$40&EBRUARY 2OWINGORCANOEING O.O O.O O.O O.O O.O O.O Appendix VII Adjustment of food intake values As detailed in Section 4.2, in order to compare individual micronutrient intakes from the 24 hour record with recommended EARs, the food intake data were adjusted to take into account the fact that the food intake was from a one day record. To this end, in a sub-sample of the HKQ participants, a second 24 hour food record was completed and analysed. Thus information is available on within subject as well as between subject variation in food intake. Knowing this information allowed for a new “adjusted” value to be calculated for the individuals taking part in the survey. This process is described in detail in the National Nutrition Survey 36, suffice it to note here that the adjusted value is obtained as; It is important to note that Sb and Sobs are calculated only from the repeated dataset but can be then applied to the entire sample. The effect of this adjustment is that the mean nutrient intake for any given group will not change, however, the standard deviation and hence coefficient of variation will shrink For this analysis, Year 1 data were adjusted with male and female data together, Year 5 data were adjusted with male and female data together and Year 10 data were adjusted separately for males and females. Adjusted value = X + (X1-X) * (Sb/Sobs) Where, X = group mean value for any given nutrient X1 = the individuals actual nutrient intake Sb = the between subject standard deviation Sobs = the group standard deviation 143