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What Every Body Needs... Nutrients Substances that supply the energy and raw materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance • Water • Lipids • Vitamins & • Nucleic Acids Minerals • Proteins • Carbohydrates Water Uses: • many of the body’s processes, including chemical reactions, take place in water • makes up most of our blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids • cooling the body Vitamins are organic molecules that help regulate body processes • Vitamin E – antioxidant; prevents cellular damage • Vitamin K – needed for normal blood clotting Vitamins & Minerals Minerals are inorganic nutrients that the body needs in small amounts • Calcium – bone and tooth formation; blood clotting; nerve and muscle function • Iron – component of hemoglobin and of electron carriers in energy metabolism Macromolecules macro = large, big Molecules are made from atoms – • Six most important atoms in living things: CHONPS The four macromolecules found in all living things are – CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, & PROTEINS Macromolecules are made by polymerization – large compounds are made by joining smaller ones together monomer = one subunit, molecule, or building block polymer = a large molecule made by joining monomers together Carbohydrates Atoms: CHO in ratio of 1:2:1 (CH20) Monomers: simple sugars (monosaccharides), specifically, glucose (C6H12O6) Uses: • main source of energy for the body • energy storage • structural purposes Example of monomer (monosaccharide): glucose, fructose, galactose Example of polymer (polysaccharide): starch, glycogen, cellulose Carbohydrates Lipids Atoms: CHO Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids Three types: fats, oil, & waxes Uses (4): • energy storage • component of biological membranes • chemical messengers (hormones) • provide insulation and cushioning Lipids glycerol fatty acids Nucleic Acids Atoms: CHONP Monomers: nucleotides Uses: store and transmit genetic information Three parts of a nucleotide: • 5-carbon sugar • phosphate group • nitrogenous base Two types of nucleic acid: DNA & RNA Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Proteins Atoms: CHON Monomers: amino acids Uses (4): • control the rate of reactions – enzymes • structural roles – form bones and muscles • transport substances into or out of cells – transport proteins • help to fight disease - antibodies Proteins
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