Download apusplans2-13-17-2017 - AP US and AP European History

AP US History
February 13-17-2017
 Your next Unit Test will be approximately Wednesday February 22 and will be both
MC and Essay style (more on this later).
 We will now be in history Period 7 (1890-1945) for quite a while
 Just as a heads up for future events, we will be handling the 1920s-1930s together in
a combined unit where you’ll be answering some text/research questions on the
1920s while we move together in class toward the Depression.
MONDAY
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Examine the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War 1898 (WOR-3,4,6,7) (POL-6)
Analyze secondary source about the Filipino Uprising and US involvement in Asia
Materials
Ppt and video
Strategy/Format
Lecture-discussion L.CCR.2-3
Student Skill Types
Chronologic Reasoning (1,3)
Comp/Context (5)
Historical Arguments (7)
Interpretation/Synthesis (8, 9)
Introduction
 Last week we examine the origins of the American Imperialism and the first colonies that were acquired.
As we saw there were political, economic and social factors that led to these developments but the search
for markets for American goods seemed to be the underlying factor. The nature of the imperialism had
caused a global scramble for colonies and many Republicans began to feel that the U.S. would slip from
relevancy if we did not keep up. The push for a deep water navy was followed by millions in navy
appropriations and pushes to acquire island bases (which we did in Hawaii, Samoa, and the Virgin
Islands).
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There was also a social imperative for colonization. This took the form of a religious zeal as missionaries
became the unwitting vanguard of colonization. And, as we saw even in our modern day, “American
exceptionalism” has led to a constant push to democratize the world in our image (with sometimes
disastrous results).
Today we will look at a clash between the oldest imperial power, Spain, against one of the newest
versions, the U.S. in a short conflict known as the Spanish-American War in 1898. The conflict seemed to
be the sum total of all of the motives that we saw last week and it completed the period of colonial
acquisitions though not necessarily imperialism.
The Spanish American War (Background Tensions)
 Americans had always kept a close eye on events in Cuba. Only 90 miles south of the Florida keys, the
islands had always had a strategic value but then the value of sugar and tobacco cultivation also made the
islands attractive by the late 19th century.
 The debate over America's global role intensified when Cubans began to fight for their independence from
Spain in 1895. Americans were sympathetic to Cuba's struggle for independence, but were divided about
how to help. Some Republican did not want to intervene directly unless American interests were directly
threatened, whereas others such as Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican assistant secretary of the Navy,
pushed for war against Spain. Another factor in the push toward war was sympathies fostered by the
treatment of Cuban revolutionaries by Spanish governor Weyler who had suspects placed in concentration
camps (not a new idea just made more infamous later by Hitler).
 President William McKinley was deeply ambivalent about war against Spain. The last president to have
served in the Civil War, McKinley said he had seen too much carnage at battles like Antietam to be
enthusiastic about war with Spain. "I've been through one war. I have seen the dead piled up, and I do not
want to see another." Ultimately, however, the pressure of public opinion forced McKinley into the war
that made the United States an international power.
 Another key background issue was “yellow journalism.” Hopefully you will recall that these were
sensationalized stories bordering on fiction. It was the media that trumped up stories about “Butcher
Weyler” and glorified rebel leader Josè Marti. Newspaper publishers like William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer worked up war fever among the public with reports of Spanish atrocities against Cuban
rebels. Then, Hearst's New York Journal published a leaked letter in which the chief Spanish diplomat in
Washington, Enrique Duby de Lome, described President McKinley as "weak" and a "petty politician."
Hearst publicized the DeLome letter under the screaming headline: "WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED
STATES IN ITS HISTORY." Which ironically is not much different from what Roosevelt had said
himself about the President.
The Final Spark
 The Spark for war came on February 15 1898 Days later an explosion sank the U.S.S. Maine in Cuban's
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Havana harbor. A naval court of inquiry blamed the explosion on a mine, further inflaming public
sentiment against Spain. The ship had been dispatched to protect American interests but clearly this was an
example of “saber rattling” or as the famous British expression said “jingoism.” The loss of life was 266
killed and many more wounded. While Spain expressed regret and even offered an indemnity for the vessel
and crew, the pro-war faction got the spark that they needed.
After ten days of debate, Congress declared war, but only after adopting the Teller Amendment. The
amendment made it clear that the United States did not harbor imperialist ambitions, and it announced that
the United States would not acquire Cuba. European leaders were shocked by this declaration. Britain's
Queen Victoria called on the European power to "unite...against such unheard [of] conduct," since the
United States might in the future declare Ireland and other colonies independent. Most in Europe once
again assumed that the U.S. would lose the war and actually hoped for such an outcome.
The War and the Record.
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The major land fighting War actually began for the U.S. in Cuba in June when the Marines captured
Guantánamo Bay and 17,000 troops landed at Siboney and Daiquirí, east of Santiago de Cuba, the second
largest city on the island. At that time Spanish troops stationed on the island included 150,000 regulars and
40,000 militia and volunteers while rebels inside Cuba numbered as many as 50,000. Total U.S. army
strength at the time totaled 26,000, requiring the passage of the Mobilization Act of April 22 that allowed
for an army of at first 125,000 volunteers (later increased to 200,000) and a regular army of 65,000. On
June 22, U.S. troops landed at Daiquiri where they were joined by about 5,000 revolutionaries.
U.S. troops attacked the San Juan heights on July 1, 1898. Dismounted troopers, including the AfricanAmerican Ninth and Tenth (commandeered by future World War One General John Pershing) cavalries and
the Rough Riders, a volunteer regiment commanded by Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt went up against Kettle
Hill while the forces led by Brigadier General Jacob Kent charged up San Juan Hill and pushed Spanish
troops further inland while inflicting 1,700 casualties. While U.S. commanders were deciding on a further
course of action, Admiral Cervera left port only to be defeated by Schley. On July 16, the Spaniards agreed
to the unconditional surrender of the 23,500 troops around the city. A few days later, Major General Nelson
Miles sailed from Guantánamo to Puerto Rico. His forces landed near Ponce and marched to San Juan with
virtually no opposition.
Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong with Emilio Aguinaldo board. Aguinaldo had fought a
resistance movement on the island years before against Spain and would now rally native freedom fighters
with U.S. assistance. Fighting began in the Philippines Islands at the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1 where
Commodore George Dewey reportedly exclaimed, "You may fire when ready, Gridley," and the Spanish
fleet under Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo was destroyed. However, Dewey did not have enough
manpower to capture Manila so Aguinaldo's guerrillas maintained their operations until 15,000 U.S. troops
arrived at the end of July. On the way, the cruiser Charleston stopped at Guam and accepted its surrender
from its Spanish governor who was unaware his nation was at war. Although a peace protocol was signed
by the two belligerents on August 12, Commodore Dewey and Maj. Gen. Wesley Merritt, leader of the
army troops, assaulted Manila the very next day, unaware that peace had been declared.
Representatives of Spain and the United States signed a peace Treaty in Paris on December 10, 1898,
which established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and
allowed the victorious power to purchase the Philippines Islands from Spain for $20 million. The war had
cost the United States $250 million and 3,000 lives, of whom 90% had perished from infectious diseases,
dehydration, and friendly fire cases.
Conclusion
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After the United States defeated Spain, it set up a military government on Cuba and made the soldiers'
withdrawal contingent on the Cubans accepting the Platt Amendment. The amendment gave the United
States the right to intervene in Cuba to protect "life, property, and individual liberties." The 144-day war
also resulted in the United States taking control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Also, On April 2, 1900, U.S. President McKinley signed a civil law that established a civilian government
in Puerto Rico. This law was known as the Foraker Act. The new government had a governor and an
executive council appointed by the President, a House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a
judicial system with a Supreme Court, and a non-voting Resident Commissioner in Congress. In addition,
all federal laws of the United States were to be in effect on the island.
Read the following document from the University of Houston website “digital history” about the Filipino
Insurrection and study notes for a quiz on the Spanish-American War
The 20th century began with the United States engaged in a bloody, but largely forgotten, war in the Philippines that cost
hundreds of thousands of lives. The Philippine American War, fought from February 1899 to July 1902, claimed 250,000 lives
and helped establish the United States as a power in the Pacific.
Today, few Americans are aware of the Philippine American War. The conflict was a sequel to the Spanish American War of
1898, which had been waged, in part, in support of Cubans fighting for independence from Spain. But it was also fueled by
American desire to become a world power.
The Philippine American War prompted Mark Twain and other writers and artists to speak out against those who advocated
American expansion. It fueled a bitter national debate over U.S. involvement overseas, a precursor to the outcry over the Vietnam
War a half-century later. Some who opposed the occupation were motivated by racism, fearful that annexation of the Philippines
would lead to an influx of non-white immigrants. One U.S. senator warned of the coming of "tens of millions of Malays and
other unspeakable Asiatics." Many, who considered the occupation immoral and inconsistent with American traditions and
values, joined the Anti-Imperialist League.
The conflict helped popularize the concept of the "white man's burden," the notion that the United States and Western European
societies had a duty to civilize and uplift the "benighted" races of the world. A U.S. senator from Indiana declared: "We must
never forget that in dealing with the Filipinos, we deal with children."
The Philippine American War also paved the way for migration from the Philippines. Shortly after the war, Filipino immigrants
began arriving in the United States as students, U.S. military personnel, or farm and cannery workers. Today, there are more than
two million Filipinos and Filipino Americans in the United States, making them one of the nation's largest Asian communities.
On May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey had entered Manila Bay and destroyed the decrepit Spanish fleet. In December,
Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. Mark Twain called the $20 million payment an "entrance fee
into society--the Society of Scepter Thieves." "We do not intend to free but to subjugate the people of the Philippines," he wrote.
"We have pacified some thousands of the islanders and buried them, destroyed their fields, burned their villages, and turned their
widows and orphans out of doors."
On June 12, 1898, a young Filipino, General Emilio Aguinaldo, had proclaimed Philippine independence and established Asia's
first republic. He had hoped that the Philippines would become a U.S. protectorate. But pressure on President William McKinley
to annex the Philippines was intense. After originally declaring that it would "be criminal aggression" for the United States to
annex the archipelago, he reversed his stance, partly out of fear that another power would seize the Philippines. Six weeks after
Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay, a German fleet sought to set up a naval base there. The British, French, and
Japanese also sought bases in the Philippines. Unaware that the Philippines were the only predominantly Catholic nation in Asia,
President McKinley said that American occupation was necessary to "uplift and Christianize" the Filipinos.
On February 4, 1899, fighting erupted between American and Filipino soldiers, leaving 59 Americans and approximately 3,000
Filipinos dead. With the vice president casting a tie-breaking vote, a congressional resolution declaring the Philippines
independent was defeated. American commanders hoped for a short conflict, but in the end, more than 70,000 would fight in the
archipelago. Unable to defeat the United States in conventional warfare, the Filipinos adopted guerrilla tactics. To suppress the
insurgency, villages were forcibly relocated or burned. Non-combatant civilians were imprisoned or killed. Vicious torture
techniques were used on suspected insurrects, such as the water cure, in which a suspect was made to lie face up while water was
poured onto his face. One general declared:
“It may be necessary to kill half of the Filipinos in order that the remaining half of the population may be advanced to a higher
plane of life than their present semi-barbarous state affords.”
The most notorious incident of the war took place on Samar Island. In retaliation for a Filipino raid on an American garrison, in
which American troops had been massacred, General Jacob W. Smith told his men to turn the island into a "howling wilderness"
so that "even birds could not live there." He directed a marine major to kill "all persons...capable of bearing arms." He meant
everyone over the age of 10. Smith was court-martialed and "admonished" for violating military discipline.
Aguinaldo was captured by a raid on the Filipino leader's hideout in March 1901. The war was officially declared over in July
1902, but fighting continued for several years. The Philippine war convinced the United States not to seize further overseas
territory.
More than 4,000 American soldiers and about 20,000 Filipino fighters died. An estimated 200,000 Filipino civilians died during
the war, mainly of disease or hunger. Reports of American atrocities led the United States to turn internal control over to the
Philippines to Filipinos in 1907 and pledged to grant the archipelago independence in 1916.
U.S. leaders tried to transform the country into a showcase of American-style democracy in Asia. But there was a strong
undercurrent of condescension. U.S. President William Howard Taft, who had served as governor-general of the Philippines,
called the Filipinos "our little brown brothers." The Philippines were granted independence in 1946.
Homework for Monday/Tuesday Night
Go to class website and see document Imperialism Primary sources
Answer the questions that you find on under the documents. These will be due on Wednesday.
TUESDAY
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Discuss Foreign Policy ideas of Theodore Roosevelt 1900 – 1908 and William Howard Taft 1908-1912
(WOR-3,4,6,7) (POL-6)
Materials
Ppt and video
Strategy/Format
Lecture-discussion
Student Skill Types
Chronologic Reasoning (1,3)
Comp/Context (5)
Historical Arguments (7)
Interpretation/Synthesis (8, 9)
Introduction
 We have discussed several “accidental Presidents” this year. These were men who were Vice Presidents
who were never really meant to be leaders. Usually, they are not successful Presidents. This cannot be said
for Theodore Roosevelt. Place on the ticket to assure New York electoral votes, this war hero was also a
problem for the party bosses in the state. As Governor of New York TR was downright “un-Republican”
sometimes because he supported so many liberal reforms. They hoped to see the “death of the cowboy” by
relegating him to the do-nothing post of VP. But then….
 In 1901 President William McKinley, a popular president who had just started his second term in office and
the people seemed clearly glad to get a chance to meet him. However, at 4:07 p.m. Leon Czolgosz had
made it into the building and it was his turn to greet the President.
 In Czolgosz's right hand, he held a .32 caliber revolver, which he had covered by wrapping a handkerchief
around the gun and his hand. Although Czolgosz's swaddled hand was noticed before he reached the
President, many thought it looked like it covered an injury and not that it was hiding a gun. Also, since the
day had been hot, many of the visitors to see the President had been carrying handkerchiefs in their hands
so that they could wipe the sweat off their faces. As Czolgosz reached the President, McKinley reached out
to shake his left hand (thinking Czolgosz's right hand was injured) while Czolgosz brought up his right
hand to President McKinley's chest and then fired two shots.
 One of the bullets didn't enter the president - some say it bounced off of a button or off the president's
sternum and then got tucked into his clothing. The other bullet, however, entered the president's abdomen,
tearing through his stomach, pancreas, and kidney. Shocked at being shot, President McKinley began to sag
as blood stained his white shirt. He then told those around him, "Be careful how you tell my wife.” or
several days, President McKinley seemed to be getting better. After the shock of the shooting, the nation
was excited to hear some good news. However, what the doctors did not realize was that without drainage,
an infection had built up inside the President. By September 13 it was obvious the President was dying. At
2:15 a.m. on September 14, 1901, President William McKinley died of gangrene. That afternoon, Vice
President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States. Party Boss Mark Hanna
exclaimed, “now that damn cowboy is President of the United States.
 Today we will look at TR and his foreign policy and then next week look at his domestic Presidency as we
move toward the Progressive Period. Also, we will look briefly at the Taft Administration and his much
shorter foreign policy idea known in the media as “Dollar Diplomacy.”
The Open Door Policy
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Technically the U.S. policy toward China goes back before TR and Taft but it continued through their
administrations for many years. China was in political and economic disarray as the end of the 19th century
approached. Though once a major power in this era China was not recognized as a sovereign nation by the
major powers, who were busy elbowing one another for trading privileges and plotting how the country
could be partitioned. These were known as spheres of influence. The major powers had even extracted
concessions that allowed foreign powers to act with impunity (extraterritoriality: foreigners were not
subject to Chinese law and thus could literally get away with murder).
During the McKinley Administration Secretary of State John Hay proposed a policy known as the Open
Door Policy called for the establishment of equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for
recognition of Chinese territorial integrity (meaning that the country should not be carved up). The impact
of such an Open Door Policy would be to put all of the imperial nations on an equal footing and minimize
the power of those nations with existing spheres of influence. No nation formally agreed to Hay’s policy;
each used the other nations' reluctance to endorse the Open Door as an excuse for their own inaction. An
undeterred Hay simply announced that agreement had been reached. Only Russia and Japan voiced
displeasure.
On the surface, it appeared that the United States had advanced a reform viewpoint, but the truth was
otherwise. The U.S. had no sphere of influence in China, but had long maintained an active trade there. If
other nations were to partition China, the United States would likely be excluded from future commercial
activities. In short, Hay was simply trying to protect the prospects of American businessmen and investors.
Challenges to the Open Door policy would be mounted frequently in the ensuing years, including the Boxer
Rebellion of 1900 in which Chinese nationalists resorted to armed opposition in an attempt to end foreign
occupation of their country; Japanese incursions into Manchuria following the Russo-Japanese War (see
below).
Building the Panama Canal
 TR believed that one of his most important accomplishments was the construction of the Panama Canal.
Why he could claim this victory is a great example of imperialism.
 In the minds of many military strategists, America's 1898 war with Spain made a canal seem essential.
During the Spanish American War, the only way for U.S. battleships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean was to make an 8,000-mile journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America. The canal was
completed in the face of seemingly insurmountable political, medical, and technological obstacles. The
Isthmus of Panama was controlled by Colombia, which had rejected a U.S. proposal to build a canal. "You
could no more make an agreement with them than you could nail jelly to a wall," President Theodore
Roosevelt said in response to the rejection. But that did not mean that TR was ready to quit.
 A French adventurer, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, and an American lawyer, Nelson Cromwell, conceived of the
idea of creating the Republic of Panama. They persuaded Roosevelt to support a Panama. Bunau-Varilla
engineered a revolution and U.S. warships prevented Colombia from stopping Panama's attempt to break
away (In 1921, the U.S. paid an indemnity to Colombia in recognition of the U.S. role in the Panamanian
revolution). Bunau-Varilla repaid the United States for its assistance by signing a treaty on behalf of the
Panamanians, which gave the United States a zone stretching five miles from each bank of the canal in
perpetuity. Within the zone, U.S. laws, police, and courts ruled.
 Years later, President Roosevelt said that the people of Panama rebelled against Colombia "literally as one
man." A senator quipped, "Yes, and the one man was Roosevelt." In 1911, Roosevelt said bluntly, "I took
the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal but to debate me." In 1906,
eager to see the greatest accomplishment of his presidency, he became the first president to travel overseas.
He went to Panama at the height of the rainy season and took the controls of a 95-ton steam shovel.
 Built at a cost of $387 million over a period of 10 years, the Panama Canal was a declaration of America's
coming of age in the world. Its completion date was also timely, 1914 and the commencement of WWI
The Roosevelt Corollary
 The new shift in foreign policy that we discussed last week occurred just after an interesting event. In 1904,
Germany demanded a port in Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) as compensation for an
unpaid loan. This was a common situation as major powers continually threatened to do this in Latin
American states. Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president after William McKinley's assassination,
told Germany to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and said that the United States would take care of the
problem saying,
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“Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of ties of civilized society,
may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the western
hemisphere, the adherence of the U.S. to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of international police power.”
This was known as the “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine and it became the centerpiece of
TR’s foreign policy.
 The enforcement of this order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests, the
United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some 20 times over the next quarter
century--namely, in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Each
intervention followed a common pattern: after intervening to restore order, U.S. forces became embroiled
in the countries' internal political disputes.
The World’s Policeman
 TR’s intent to police the world extended beyond the Caribbean and Latin America. In 1905 the negotiations
to end the Russo-Japanese war began at Sagamore Hill when President Theodore Roosevelt invited
diplomats on both sides, Russia and Japan, to his home in Oyster Bay. After meeting with all of them, he
sent the diplomats out on board the presidential yacht Mayflower*. TR never personally owned a yacht
although he did have a rowboat or two.
 Negotiations continued at and near a naval base in Portsmouth, because it was federal property and cool in
the summer. Delegates also went back and forth to Oyster Bay to confer with TR. TR set up the final
settlement, and the treaty was signed at the US Navy base in Portsmouth. Thus the accord is called the
"Treaty of Portsmouth". For his actions TR was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907.
 The end of the war may have earned TR a Noel Prize but it also earned the U.S. a level of hatred among
many Japanese military and political leaders. The Japanese were already angry about the treatment of
immigrants to the U.S (especially in California where Japanese children were sent to segregated schools
and not allowed to own property in some areas). The so called “Gentlemen’s Agreement” between the US
and Japan was supposed to slow down Japanese immigration in exchange for TR’s pledge to force reforms
in Japanese treatment. Neither the Emperor nor President abided by the agreement mostly because there
were limits to each man’s true power.
“Dollar Diplomacy”
 As has been the case many times before, the media has given us an expression that has become a key term.
Taft used America’s growing economic power as a diplomatic tool. He urged Wall Street investors to
invest money in foreign markets in order to increase American influence abroad. Investors were especially
encouraged to invest their money in foreign markets in which the U.S. had strategic interests, such as the
Far East and the Panama Canal region. Many people were critical of Taft’s plan and his critics denounced
this strategy as “dollar diplomacy.” In fact, the senate refused to sign several treaties, but the president
encouraged private banks and Wall Street investors to act independently.
 Another key goal of dollar diplomacy was to preempt foreign powers from gaining or enlarging an
investment foothold in key markets (Latin America and Manchuria were of particular concern. Many
European countries had been imperial powers for decades and held a significant advantage over the U.S. in
several global markets. The administration believed that if American investors were firmly situated in these
markets economic rivals such as Britain and Germany would be unable to continue their dominance. Taft
believed that the increased investment would not only benefit the U.S. but its trade partners as well,
creating better foreign relations. Taft also assumed that the expenditure of money in foreign markets would
increase American influence abroad and would help further its foreign policies. Of course, the overriding
belief was that foreign investments would enhance American businesses, which in turn would grow the
economy and enrich the government. In short “dollar diplomacy” became a key example of economic
imperialism and some form of it still exists.
The Insular Cases 1901
 Another key foreign policy issue with domestic overtones was the question of native peoples living in areas
acquired during the Spanish-American War (and before). In a series of Supreme Court rulings the basic
question addressed was whether or not the “rights follow the flag.” In other words, do colonial peoples
have the rights as native born citizens?
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The general trend of the rulings in this series of cases was the Supreme Court came to the decision that not
all areas under American control would automatically have full constitutional rights. For example, a person
even if a US citizen living in Puerto Rico they may have no rights. Over time the rulings were tempered
(especially following WWII) and nowadays people living in these regions have all of the same
constitutional though not really political rights
Conclusion
Following his Presidency his successor William Howard Taft would also be imperialistic but used a less direct
known as “dollar diplomacy.” The foreign policy created by U.S. president William Howard Taft (served 1909–13)
and his Secretary of State, Philander C. Knox to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and
extending American commercial and financial interests there. It grew out of President Theodore Roosevelt’s
peaceful intervention in the Dominican Republic, where U.S. loans had been exchanged for the right to choose the
Dominican head of customs (the country’s major revenue source).
Homework
The Imperialism doc questions are due tomorrow
WEDNESDAY

Examine foreign policy issues during the Wilson Administration (First Term 1912 – 1916) (POL-6),
(WOR-7)
Materials
Ppt and video
Strategy/Format
Lecture-discussion L.CCR.4
Student Activities
1. Chronological Reasoning (1,3)
3. Critical Thinking (6,7)
4. Interpretation and Synthesis (8)
Introduction
 As a candidate in 1912 Wilson constantly berated the foreign policy of both TR and Taft. He pointed to the
blatant disregard for the sovereignty of Caribbean nations by the Roosevelt Corollary and the military
interventions of by Taft. He also chided Taft on his “dollar diplomacy” approach to foreign policy.
 Last week we saw Wilson as one of the most Progressive Presidents in American History. His policies
revolutionized American economics and culture. However, we also saw a failure in that he was even less
interested in race relations than many of his predecessors. Today we will begin a discussion of another
issue that Wilson was less than effective, foreign policy.
 Wilson called for what he termed a “moral diplomacy” where the U.S. would treat with foreign powers on
equal terms. He promised that unlike his predecessors, he would not commit U.S. troops abroad and
promised this during the 1916 election. However, as often happens with campaign promises, they should
perhaps be called “campaign hopes.”
Wilson and Foreign Policy
 Woodrow Wilson numbers among the most influential Presidents in the history of U.S. foreign policy.
Elected in 1912 as a Progressive reformer, the former college professor and governor of New Jersey
expected to devote his time and talents to fulfilling an ambitious domestic reform agenda. Foreign policy,
Wilson assumed, would be a secondary concern. As he remarked, "[i]t would be the irony of fate if my
administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs."
 That irony was soon realized. In 1913, Wilson repudiated his predecessors' Dollar Diplomacy. (Dollar
Diplomacy called for the U.S. government to promote stability, primarily in Latin America and the
Caribbean, in order to yield investment opportunities for American companies, with the hope that the
development would also result in prosperity for the affected nations.) Certainly Wilson supported private
American investment in Latin America and elsewhere, but the promotion of democracy was a higher
priority.
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In 1914, disturbed by the violence of Mexico's revolution the installation of the Venustiano Carranza
regime in Mexico City did not result in lasting tranquility with the United States. Events became so
chaotic that the State Department issued a warning to U.S. citizens living in Mexico to leave the country.
Thousands took the advice.
One of Carranza’s allies, Francisco “Pancho” Villa,
turned against the new president, claiming with some
justification that Carranza was not making good on his
reform pledges. Villa himself was a rascal, an enormous
self-promoter and an occasional champion of the
underprivileged. Villa was initially engaged in a struggle
on behalf of the government against rival forces. Villa
understood how to use the media as evidenced from the
fact that filmmakers and U.S. newspapermen by granting
open access to his campaigns. Some claimed that he
actually staged battles for the cameras and publicity.
Villa's horizons broadened considerably when he began
to seek control of the Mexican government for himself.
His method was to weaken Carranza by provoking
problems with the United States. On January 10, 1916,
his forces attacked a group of American mining
engineers at Santa Ysabel, killing 18. The Americans had
been invited into the area by Carranza for the purpose of
reviving a number of abandoned mines
Pancho Villa’s men struck next on March 9, by crossing
the border to attack Columbus, New Mexico, the home of a small garrison. The town was burned and 17
Americans were killed in the raid. War fever broke out across the United States. Senator Henry F. Ashurst
of Arizona suggested that “more grape shot and less grape juice.” This was a shot at the pacifist policies of
Secretary of state William Jennings Bryan. President Wilson abandoned "watchful waiting" and appointed
General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing (famous from the Spanish-American War) to head a punitive force
of 12,000 soldiers to locate Villa — dead or alive. Carranza was not enthusiastic about the incursion of an
American army onto Mexican soil, and became even less so the farther south the soldiers marched.
Despite several close calls, Villa always managed to escape the larger and better-equipped invaders. An
exasperated Pershing cabled Washington: “Villa is everywhere, but Villa is nowhere.”
The chase lasted nine months and finally ended in February 1917, when Wilson summoned the soldiers
home in anticipation of imminent hostilities with Germany. A new Mexican constitution had been adopted
in January 1917. Carranza was formally elected president by a democratic vote and was recognized by the
United States. Poncho Villa was a popular hero in many quarters in Mexico, but had also made many
enemies over the years. He was ambushed and killed several years later.
The intervention and sending of troops across the border could be seen as an act of war and it certainly
worsened US relations. But also against his earlier campaign ideas, he was also forced to send troops to
Haiti and the Dominican Republic to protect American interests.
Conclusion
In what ways does the attack on Americans and U.S. reaction resemble the September 11 attacks ordered by Osama
bin Laden? There was an attack by terrorists angry at U.S. intervention in their region. The U.S. invaded a foreign
land to bring the perpetrator to justice. One of the main reasons that the "perp" was not fund was that the local
population supported the attackers. While bin Laden was finally located, Poncho Villa eluded justice at the hands of
Americans but was killed by rivals in 1923.
Homework
Study for quiz on THURSDAY covering all Imperialism materials
 Origins of Imperialism
 Spanish-American War
 Filipino Insurrection
 Foreign Policy issues of TR, Taft, Wilson
THURSDAY
 Short Answer style quiz on Imperialism
Materials
Quiz forms
Strategy/Format
Assessment-Review
Instructions
 This is a good old fashioned short answer style quiz. Some will be ones that you must explain and other
will be like one or two-word answers (like vocabulary questions).
 This is due today
Homework
FRIDAY (probably part of Monday)
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Examine the factors that brought the U.S. into WWI April 1917(POL-6), (WOR-7)
Analyze text/document information on the impact upon the home front (WOR-8)(POL-6)(CUL-2)
Materials
Ppt and text/docs
Strategy/Format
Lecture-discussion L.CCR.2,3
Close Text Reading R.CCR.1and 3
Student Activities
1. Chronological Reasoning (1,3)
3. Critical Thinking (6,7)
4. Interpretation and Synthesis (8)
Introduction: World War One Erupts in Europe August 1914
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One of the great tragedies of World War One was that it caught people off guard. World War I caught
most people by surprise. Lulled by a century of peace--Europeans had not seen a large-scale war since the
defeat of Napoleon in 1815--many observers had come to regard armed conflict as a relic of the past,
rendered unthinkable by human progress. World War I shattered these dreams. The war demonstrated that
death and destruction had not yet been banished from human affairs.
One of the greatest wars in human history was commenced by an act of terrorism. On June 28, 1914, a car
carrying Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the imperial Hapsburg throne, made a wrong turn. As the car
came to a halt and tried to turn around, a nervous teenager approached from a coffee house, pulled out a
revolver, and shot twice. Within an hour, the Archduke and his wife were dead.
Gavrilo Princip, the 19-year-old assassin, was a Bosnian nationalist who opposed the domination of the
Balkans by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He had received his weapon from a secret society known as the
"Black Hand," which was clandestinely controlled by the government of Serbia. Princip died of
mistreatment in an Austrian prison in 1918.
The assassination provoked outrage in Austria-Hungary. The dual monarchy wanted to punish Serbia for
the assassination and to intimidate other minority groups whose struggles for independence threatened the
empire's stability. The assassination of the archduke triggered a series of events that would lead, five weeks
later, to the outbreak of World War I. When the conflict was over, 11 million people had been killed, four
powerful European empires had been overthrown, and the seeds of World War II and the Cold War had
been planted.
A complicated system of military alliances transformed the Balkan crisis into a full-scale European war.
Recognizing that any action it took against Serbia would create an international incident, Austria asked for
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Germany's diplomatic and military support. Meanwhile, Russia, fearful of Austrian and German expansion
into the Balkans, strongly supported the Serbs and began to mobilize its army.
This move made Germany's leadership fear encirclement by Russia and France. Germany sent an
ultimatum to France asking it to declare its neutrality in the event of a conflict between Russia and
Germany. The French refused. They were obligated by treaty to support Russia and were still bitter over
their defeat by Prussia in 1871. When Russia failed to mobilized its forces, the German Kaiser agreed to
war. The Germans hoped that a lightning quick strike at France would catch them before they were fully
mobilized. The invasion route through Belgium and Holland would bring Britain into the conflict as they
were allies with those states. In essence, a gentlemen’s agreement of mutual support with France became a
military alliance as they now had a common enemy in Germany.
The German assault nearly worked. The French and British stopped Germany's massive offensive through
France and Belgium at the Marne River only miles from Paris, the Great War bogged down into trench
warfare and a ghastly stalemate ensued. Lines of men, stretching from the English Channel to the Swiss
border, formed an unmovable battle front across northern France. Four million troops burrowed into
trenches that were 6-to-8 feet deep and wide enough for two men to pass each other. The trenches stretched
for 450 miles. The soldiers were ravaged by tuberculosis and plagued with lice and rats. They stared at each
other across barren expanses called "no-man's land" and fought pitched battles over narrow strips of bloodsoaked earth.
To end the stalemate, Germany introduced several military innovations in 1915. But none proved decisive.
Germany dispatched submarines to prevent merchant ships from reaching Britain; it added poison chlorine
gas to its military arsenal at the second battle of Ypres in northern France; and it dropped incendiary bombs
over London from a zeppelin. Airplanes, tanks, and hand grenades were other innovations that
distinguished World War I from previous conflicts. But the machine gun did most of the killing, firing eight
bullets per second.
In the east the war was more mobile. The Ottoman Empire allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary
which brought war into the Middle East. Many of the modern day issues in this region commenced in 19151918 as British troops inspired Arab uprisings against Turkey and, at the same time, promised to sponsor a
Jewish homeland in Palestine.
The battles that erupted in Europe were unlike any seen before. In an attempt to break the deadlock,
German forces adopted a new objective in 1916: to kill so many French soldiers that France would be
forced to sue for peace. The German plan was to attack the French city of Verdun, a psychologically
important town in northeastern France, and to bleed the French dry. The battle--the war's longest--lasted
from February 21, 1916 through July. The battle also engaged two million soldiers. When it ended, Verdun
had become a symbol of wartime futility. France had suffered 315,000 casualties, Germany 280,000. The
town was destroyed; however, the front had not moved. At the Battle of the Somme, a hundred miles
northwest of Verdun, the British launched an assault in July 1916. When it was over in October, one
million men on both sides had died.
In 1917, after two-and-a-half years of fighting, 5 million troops were dead and the western front remained
deadlocked. This was the grim situation that awaited the United States
The U.S. is drawn into the Conflict
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It was once taught that the U.S. was an innocent victim of German aggression and only went to war when
we were forced into the situation. But an objective look at the situation reveals that the U.S. was also
steering a path toward war as we examine evidence mounting by 1916. Germany was desperate to break the
stalemate and to end the war of attrition. In January 1917, they launched unrestricted submarine warfare,
hoping to cripple the British economy. German subs sank a half million tons of Allied shipping each
month, leaving Britain with only a six week supply of grain. But these German U-boats risked bringing the
United States into the war. Despite Wilson’s statements of neutrality, we were selling goods to Britain
almost exclusively by 1916. So, were we neutral? One should be reminded that this was one of the major
factors leading to the War of 1812! So, the first major facto involving the U.S. going to war was violations
of American Neutrality. But even before this, American public opinion was turning against Germany
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On May 7, 1915, the Lusitania, a cruise ship was sunk by a torpedo from a German submarine. The ship
sank off the Irish coast in under 20 minutes. A total of 1,198 passengers and crew members lost their lives;
only 861 people survived. Over 200 hundred Americans were also on board. The German Embassy had
issued a warning that appeared in New York newspapers:
“Travelers intended to embark for an Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between
Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies.... Vessels flying the flag of Great Britain or any of
her allies are liable to destruction.” The Lusitania had previously made a half dozen Atlantic round trips
without incident. Few believed that a civilian passenger ship would be deliberately targeted. The problem
was that Germany believed that this vessel and other passenger ships were secretly ferrying weapons to
Britain. Following the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, Germany would institute a moratorium on
unrestricted submarine warfare. However, pressure on the German high command to resume unrestricted
submarine warfare was great. It was viewed as the only way to starve Britain and France into submission.
This resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare would ultimately bring the United States into the war.
 President Wilson once had called on Americans to be "neutral in thought as well as deed." The United
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States, however, quickly began to lean toward Britain and France. Convinced that wartime trade was
necessary to fuel the growth of American trade, President Wilson refused to impose an embargo on trade
with the belligerents. During the early years of the war, trade with the allies tripled.
This volume of trade quickly exhausted the allies' cash reserves, forcing them to ask the United States for
credit. In October 1915, President Wilson permitted loans to belligerents, a decision that greatly favored
Britain and France. By 1917, American loans to the allies had soared to $2.25 billion; loans to Germany
stood at $27 million. So once again we have to ask ourselves, in the face of potential lost revenues from a
German victory, were we truly neutral? By n January 1917, Germany announced that it would resume
unrestricted submarine warfare. This announcement helped precipitate American entry into the conflict.
Germany hoped to win the war within five months. Additionally, they were willing to risk antagonizing
Wilson on the assumption that, even if the United States declared war, it could not mobilize quickly enough
to change the course of the conflict.
The final act in leading the U.S. into the war was something that sounds a little like the De-Lome Letter of
the Spanish-American War. Then a fresh insult led Wilson to demand a declaration of war. In March 1917,
newspapers published the Zimmerman Note, an intercepted telegram from the German Foreign Secretary
Arthur Zimmerman to the German ambassador to Mexico. The telegram said that if Germany went to war
with the United States, Germany promised to help Mexico recover the territory it had lost during the 1840s,
including Texas, New Mexico, California, and Arizona. The Zimmerman telegram and German attacks on
three U.S. ships in mid-March led Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war.
A final event that also might have pushed Wilson’s hand was the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia that took
them out of the war. This occurred one month before the American declaration of war. This would mean a
huge shift as German troops could now be reallocated to the Western Front.
War is Declared
President Wilson viewed the war as an opportunity to destroy German militarism. "The world must be made safe for
democracy," he told a joint session of Congress. Only six Senators and 50 Representatives voted against the war
declaration. Among them was Jeanette Rankin the first female Senator. Secretary of State Bryan had already
resigned believing that Wilson was intent upon going to war and not seeking peaceful solutions.
The U.S. Prepares for War
 When Wilson got the war declaration The U.S. Army at the time had only 107,641 men. Within a year,
however, the United States raised a five million-man army. By the war's end, the American armed forces
were a decisive factor in blunting a German offensive and ending the bloody stalemate.
 The German had believed that with Russia out of the war, they could now win. They expected the U.S.
would take a long time to mobilize. The U.S. Navy would strike the first blow. American ships relieved the
British of responsibility for patrolling the Western Hemisphere, while another portion of the U.S. fleet
steamed to the north Atlantic to combat German submarines.
 General John Pershing was placed in command of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) but most
Europeans called our soldiers “doughboys.” To raise troops, President Wilson insisted on a military draft.
Though drafting may not have been necessary as millions of men volunteered. Just like any other product,
the war was sold with advertising. The appeal to mom, apple pie, and democracy worked very well (see
below). More than 23 million men registered during World War I, and 2,810,296 draftees served in the
armed forces. To select officers, the army launched an ambitious program of psychological testing which
came to be the Stanford I.Q. test. All told, 1.5 million American troops arrived in Europe during the last six
months of the war.
The U.S. Mobilization and the Home Front
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As we recently discussed, all U.S. wars must rely upon the support of the people and so public opinion
becomes critical to all war efforts. Wilson administration was convinced that it had to mobilize public
opinion in support of the war. To influence public opinion, the federal government embarked on its first
ever domestic propaganda campaign. Wilson chose muckraking journalist George Creel to head the
government agency, the Committee on Public Information (CPI). The CPI placed pro-war advertisements
in magazines and distributed 75 million copies of pamphlets defending America's role in the war. Creel also
launched a massive advertising campaign for war bonds and sent some 75,000 "Four-Minute Men" to whip
up enthusiasm for the war by rallying audiences in theaters. The CPI also encouraged filmmakers to
produce movies, like The Kaiser: the Beast of Berlin, that played up alleged German atrocities. Of course
some of these were simply made up and any Allied atrocities completely hidden. For the first time, the
federal government had demonstrated the power of propaganda.
The propaganda effort was perhaps too successful. Once the United States entered the war, a search for
spies and saboteurs escalated into efforts to suppress German culture. Many German-language newspapers
were closed down. Public schools stopped teaching German. Lutheran churches dropped services that were
spoken in German.
Germans were called "Huns." In the name of patriotism, musicians no longer played Bach and Beethoven,
and schools stopped teaching the German language. Americans renamed sauerkraut "liberty cabbage";
dachshunds "liberty hounds"; and German measles "liberty measles." Cincinnati, with its large German
American population, even removed pretzels from the free lunch counters in saloons. More alarming,
vigilante groups attacked anyone suspected of being unpatriotic. Workers who refused to buy war bonds
often suffered harsh retribution, and attacks on labor protesters were nothing short of brutal. The legal
system backed the suppression. Juries routinely released defendants accused of violence against individuals
or groups critical of the war. A St. Louis newspaper campaigned to "wipe out everything. In our own
neighborhood, Germantown Tennessee was renamed Neshoba.
Perhaps the most horrendous anti-German act was the lynching in April 1918 of 29-year-old Robert Paul
Prager, a German-born bakery employee, who was accused of making "disloyal utterances." A mob took
him from the basement of the Collinsville, Illinois jail, dragged him outside of town, and hanged him from
a tree. Before the lynching, he was allowed to write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany (source
digitalhistory.com)
The Espionage 1917 and Sedition Acts 1918
 Do you remember the Alien and Sedition Acts? What about the suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln
during the Civil War? Ever look the details of the more recent Patriot Act passed with bi-partisan support
during the months after the September 11th attacks in 2001? All of these share the commonality that during
wartime, civil rights and civil liberties are often constrained.
 June 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act. The piece of legislation gave postal officials the authority
to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the
draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail. Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a
federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the
government, the American uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2,100 people under these
acts.
 In general organized labor unions like the AFL pledged to not strike during the war. However, the more
radical labor organization, the International Workers of the World (IWW) also called the “Wobblies”,
never recovered from government attacks during World War I. In September 1917, the Justice Department
staged massive raids on IWW officers, arresting 169 of its veteran leaders. The administration's purpose
was, as one attorney put it, "very largely to put the IWW out of business." Many observers thought the
judicial system would protect dissenters, but the courts handed down stiff prison sentences to the radical
labor organization's leaders
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Political dissenters bore the brunt of the repression. Eugene V. Debs, who urged socialists to resist
militarism, went to prison for nearly three years. One of the most important civil rights cases in the period
came as a result of the constitutional challenge. In the case Schenk v. U.S. (1919) the Court's unanimous
(9-0) decision was written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. In it, the Court upheld Schenck's conviction,
declaring the Espionage Act a reasonable and acceptable limitation on speech in time of war. Holmes
wrote, “The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a
theatre and causing panic.” Holmes argued that “The question in every case is whether the words used are
used in such circumstances and are of such nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will
bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.”
In short, the Court held that reasonable limits can be imposed on the 1st Amendment's guarantee of free
speech. No person may use free speech to place others in danger. “Protected political speech” was
diminished in time of war. The Schenck case stands as the first significant exploration of the limits of 1st
Amendment free speech provisions by the Supreme Court.
Funding the War Effort
 The war was funded through several vehicles. Income tax rates were expanded but the most popular
method was selling war bonds. To ramp up production, the War Industries Board was created and led by
Bernard Beruch, a Wall Street broker. Generally, this allowed a small measure of monopolies to form as
they are inherently more efficient at production. The problem after the war was getting them to stop being
monopolistic. The 1920s Republicans generally ignored the problem.
 Another important part of the war effort was recycling! Led by future President Herbert Hoover, the
government sponsored recycling programs and encouraged Americans to plant “liberty gardens” so that
food could be rationed for the war effort.
Conclusion
Though the US was only in the war for about 14 months, the death toll was horrendous. Over 116,000 soldiers died
as a direct result of combat. In financial figures the war cost about $32 billion. But to some degree the war made the
U.S. a superpower as we were the only real winner. Unfortunately, the Versailles Treaty and its punitive measures,
coupled with the economic crisis of the 1930s would practically guarantee an even more dangerous war.
Weekend Homework
Quia.com Quiz
Civil War and Reconstruction.
This will combine both formative and stimulus style questions