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Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Lab Safety & Energy Optimization Determining Appropriate Airflow Specifications for VAV Fume Hoods Thomas C. Smith Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 [email protected] 12 - 14 Introduction & Agenda Thomas C. Smith – President, Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. – BSME (NCSU), MSEE – Industrial Hygiene (UNC-CH) – Chair, AIHA/ANSI Z9 Health and Safety Standards – Chair, ASHRAE TC 9.10 – Laboratory Systems – Vice Chair, ASHRAE/ANSI 110 VAV Fume Hoods – Purpose of a Fume Hood – Design and Operation of VAV Fume Hoods – Establishing Appropriate Operating Specifications – Testing and Verifying Performance – Managing Performance 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 1 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. Services for Research Facilities • Lab Ventilation Consulting • Support Energy and GHG Reduction • Laboratory Hood Testing & Commissioning Support • Lab Ventilation Management Programs Laboratory Hood Products A Division of ECT, Inc. • Fume Hood Upgrades • Hood Testing Equipment • Testing Software 12 - 14 Common Objectives for Research Facilities • Attract & retain top research talent • Promote high quality research • Provide safe & productive environments • Minimize energy use & operating costs • Maximize environmental sustainability • Comply with codes & standards • Manage & mitigate risk 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 2 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Safe, Energy Efficient & Sustainable Labs Optimize Safety & Energy Efficiency Safe Efficient & & Productive Sustainable ● Common Objectives ● Realistic Goals Teamwork 12 - 14 Laboratory Hoods & Ventilation Systems Laboratory Utilities ≈ $5 to $20 per sq. ft. Lights STACK FILTER FAN 10% HVAC 60% 30% Plug/Misc. ROOF DUCTS Lab HVAC AIR ≈ $3 to $9 per cfm-yr SUPPLY Fume hoods are the predominant devices used to protect laboratory personnel DOE estimates ≤ 50% of building energy is wasted by inefficient and ineffective HVAC Fume hoods typically require the most airflow THINK SAFETY 15% - 30% of fume hood systems may not meet ANSI standards for performance LAB OFFICE 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 3 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Airborne Hazards in Laboratories Potential for Adverse Health Effects Inhalation Hazards Types of Materials Toxicity Generation Rate Concentration Duration of Exposure Physical Hazards Dermal Exposure Fire & Explosion 12 - 14 Purpose of a Fume Hood: Protect People Contain, Capture and Remove Hazardous Airborne Effluent 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 4 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Laboratory Ventilation Standards ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 - 2012 ASHRAE 110 - 1995 (ASHRAE 110 – 2015?) NIH, EPA SEFA, NEBB PWGSC, EN14175 12 - 14 Evaluating Fume Hood Safety & Performance ANSI/ASHRAE 110 “Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods” Mannequin Tracer Gas Ejector Evaluate Operating Conditions • • • • Hood and Lab Inspection Computer & DAQ Face Velocity Measurements Cross Draft Velocity Tests VAV Response and Stability Evaluate Performance (Containment ) • • Tracer Gas Detector Flow Visualization Smoke Tests Face Velocity Probe Cross Draft Probe Tracer Gas Containment Tests 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 5 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Laboratory Hood Safety & Performance ECT, Inc. has conducted more than 30,000 ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas Containment Tests Results Demonstrate 15% - 30% Failure Primary Factors Affecting Performance • Hood design - 20% • Lab Design • System Operation 55% • Work practices - 25% 12 - 14 Lab Ventilation Airflow Specifications Demand for Ventilation Minimum Flow and Range of Modulation Required to Meet the Functional Requirements of the Lab • Safety – Hood Exhaust Flow – Laboratory Pressurization – Dilution (ACH) • Comfort & Productivity – Temperature – Humidity • Occupancy & Utilization Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems modulate flow to meet the changing demand for ventilation 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 6 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Average Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. Minimum Flow - cfm 9/4/12 11:00:00 PM PDT 9/4/12 5:00:00 PM PDT 9/4/12 11:30:00 AM PDT 9/4/12 5:30:00 AM PDT 9/3/12 11:00:00 PM PDT 9/3/12 5:00:00 PM PDT 9/3/12 11:00:00 AM PDT 9/3/12 5:00:00 AM PDT 9/2/12 11:00:00 PM PDT 12 - 14 Maximum Flow - cfm 9/6/12 4:00:00 PM PDT Copyright © 2014 9/9/12 9:00:00 PM PDT 9/9/12 3:00:00 PM PDT Max Exhaust 9/9/12 9:30:00 AM PDT Min Exhaust 9/9/12 3:30:00 AM PDT 9/8/12 9:30:00 PM PDT 9/8/12 3:30:00 PM PDT 9/8/12 9:30:00 AM PDT 9/8/12 3:30:00 AM PDT 9/7/12 9:30:00 PM PDT 9/7/12 3:30:00 PM PDT 9/7/12 10:00:00 AM PDT Supply Low = 100 cfm 9/7/12 4:00:00 AM PDT Sash Closed = 200 cfm 9/6/12 10:00:00 PM PDT Supply High = 500 cfm 9/6/12 10:30:00 AM PDT Sash Open = 1000 cfm 9/6/12 4:30:00 AM PDT 9/5/12 10:30:00 PM PDT 9/5/12 4:30:00 PM PDT 9/5/12 11:00:00 AM PDT 9/5/12 5:00:00 AM PDT Gex High = 500 cfm 9/2/12 5:00:00 PM PDT 9/2/12 11:00:00 AM PDT 9/2/12 5:00:00 AM PDT 9/1/12 11:00:00 PM PDT 120000 9/1/12 5:30:00 PM PDT 9/1/12 12:00:00 PM PDT 9/1/12 6:00:00 AM PDT 9/1/12 12:00:00 AM PDT Flow - cfm Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Lab Ventilation Airflow Specifications System operation & modulation of flow is based on the Demand for Ventilation Gex Low = 0 cfm 12 - 14 Lab Ventilation System - VAV Flow Specifications Max Supply Min Supply BAS Trend of Combined Flow for AHUs 11&12,13&14,15&16,19&20 (Week September 1 - September 9, 2012) 140000 130000 Max Flow Average Flow 110000 100000 90000 80000 Min Flow Aggregate AHU 11-20 - Flow - cfm 7 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Laboratory VAV Flow Specifications VAV Lab Exhaust VAV Lab Air Supply Max Exhaust Max Supply Min Exhaust Min Supply VAV Fume Hood VAV General Exhaust CAV Transfer Air 12 - 14 Fume Hood VAV Airflow Specifications VAV Fume Hood Exhaust Min Exhaust Max Exhaust VAV Fume Hood 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 8 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Types of Laboratory Fume Hoods Bench-Top – Traditional Bypass – Low Velocity / High Performance – VAV – Restricted Bypass – Retrofitted Traditional Bypass Distillation Floor Mounted (Walk-in) 12 - 14 VAV Fume Hood Components VAV Terminal Outlet Duct Bypass Light Monitor Controller 100 Velocity Sensor Sash(s) Sash Sensor Baffles Airfoil Work Surface 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 9 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Fume Hood Operation and Specifications Sash Opening Configuration • 100% Full Open • Design Opening • User Opening Average Face Velocity • 100 fpm (0.51 m/s) – Traditional • 60 fpm (0.3 m/s) – High Performance Exhaust Flow • CAV • VAV o Minimum Flow (150 – 375 ACH) 12 - 14 Unobstructed Flow Into Hood Top View Baffle & Slots Airfoil Sill Side View 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 10 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Fume Hood Sash Types Combination Sash Vertical Opening Combination Sash Horizontal Opening 12 - 14 Effect of Person at Hood Opening Top View of Hood Vortex Baffle Operator 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 11 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Low Pressure & Reverse Flow Regions Low Pressure Reverse Flow Region Extends 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) from body 12 - 14 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Open No Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 12 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Open Mannequin at Hood Reverse Flow at Bottom 12 - 14 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Partially Closed No Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 13 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Partially Closed Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape 12 - 14 Effect of Sash Movement on Internal Airflow Patterns Possible Escape When Raising Sash High Concentrations Behind Sash In Vortex Region 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 14 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 VAV Fume Hood Flow Modulation Flow (Qex) = Velocity (Vf) x Area (Af) Sash Open Flow (Qex) Minimum = ? Sash Closed Airflow Specifications 1. Velocity (Vf) at Sash Open 2. Qex Min at Sash Closed? Flow Terminal 3. Containment Performance • • • Sash Open Sash Closed Sash Movement 4. Dilution 60 fpm - 100 fpm 5. Response Time 0.3 m/s – 0.5 m/s 6. Flow Stability 7. Removal & Transport 12 - 14 Flow Monitors and VAV Controls • Hood Monitors (Flow Measuring Device) – Flow – Velocity – Pressure • TTW Velocity Sensor and Hood Monitor Monitors are required on all fume hoods Flow Control Types – Through the Wall Velocity – Sash Position – Occupancy – Manual VAV Modes – Two State – Full VAV – VAV Hybrid 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 15 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 VAV Flow Response and Stability • Min and Max Flow • • Response Time Flow Stability Sash Open VAV Response To Sash Movement Sash Closed < 5 Seconds < 20% Variation Sash Open 600 2.0 1.8 500 1.6 1.4 400 1.2 300 1.0 0.8 200 0.6 Escape Sash Closed Escape - ppm Flow Response VAV Terminal 0.4 100 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Seconds Flow Response 80 90 100 110 0.0 120 Tracer Gas - ppm 12 - 14 VAV Flow Response and Stability Good Control & Containment DAQ Poor Control & Containment 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 16 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Minimum Flow Specs for VAV Fume Hoods • Containment • • Dilution Removal Duct Conc. (Cd) 1990s - EPA – 50 cfm / ft of Wh 2004 - NFPA 45 - 25 cfm / sq. ft. ws - 2010 - Defers to ANSI Z9.5 2012 - ANSI Z9.5 (must be appropriate) - Internal ACH (150 ACH to 375 ACH) - 150 ACH ~ 10 cfm / sq. ft. ws - 375 ACH ~ 25 cfm / sq. ft. ws Internal Conc. (Ci) Caution: Minimum Flow is Hood & System Dependent 12 - 14 Minimum Flow Specs for VAV Fume Hoods Minimum Flow Depends on the Hood, System and Application System Design & Operation – VAV Flow Control – Flow Measurement Ci – Duct Velocity Ci Hood Design – Hood Containment – Hood Dilution (Dilution Factor - DF) Application DF – Chemical Properties / Hazards DF – Generation Rates 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 17 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Evaluate Fume Hood Use to Determine Appropriate Airflow Specifications Laboratory Ventilation Risk Assessment Survey Laboratories and Hoods Evaluate Hazards & Processes Apply Lab Ventilation Control Bands Determine Theoretical Airflow Specifications 12 - 14 Laboratory Hood Airflow Specifications Lab Hood Control Band Factors Airborne Hazard (LOC) – OSHA – Global Harmonized Standards Generation Rate – – – Quantity of Material Vapor Pressure Heat / Energy Flammability – Lower Explosion Limit ( LEL ) Corrosives – – Type & Quantity Process/Heat Generation Location Inside Hood Hood Dilution Factor Dynamic Nature of Work 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 18 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Fume Hood Inventory & Fume Hood Control Bands The University of California - Irvine: ARP Fume Hood Number Building Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Biological Sciences III Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall Engineering Hall 2300A 3400A 3400B 3400C 2300C 3300B 2400A 2400B 2110 2130 2140 3110A 3110B 3120 3130A 3130B 3121A 3121B 3131A 3131B 2120A 2120B 2121 Manufacturer AirflowLEL Hood Size Control Band 0-10-20-30 Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Jamestown Isolator Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Jamestown Isolator Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 30 0 0 0 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 20 20 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 Exposure Hazard Corrosive (LOC) 0-5-10-15 0-10-20-30 10 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 10 10 15 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 15 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 15 10 15 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 12 - 14 Gen. Rate Possible Action Location Factor Gen. 0-15-25-40 15 15 15 25 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 25 15 0 0 15 15 15 Dilution 0-5-10-15 0-5-10-15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 0 15 0 15 0 5 0 15 5 15 0 5 0 15 0 15 15 15 5 15 0 15 0 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 Weighting Summary 85.0 Hibernate or Remove 60.0 60.0 70.0 Min. Flow for Containment 70.0 (? < 150 ACH) 150 ACH – 250 ACH 250 ACH – 375 ACH ≥ 375 ACH Operate as CAV (no reduction) 65.0 80.0 45.0 25.0 25.0 15.0 25.0 100.0 15.0 25.0 25.0 110.0 60.0 25.0 25.0 65.0 75.0 75.0 ARP Band 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Fume Hood Containment and Dilution Tests VAV System Response Test Fume Hood Containment Test Fume Hood Dilution Test G S1 36" S2 24" S3 18" G S5 S1 S6 S2 S7 S3 G G S5 S1 S5 S6 S2 S6 S7 S3 36" G S G 6" G S8 WS S4 G S 24" S 18" S 6" G G S7 18" S4 36" S8 S4 WS S8 G WS G WS 6" Midpoint Sash to Baffle Depth 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 19 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Test Results - Containment & Dilution 6 ft Labconco 5 ft Jamestown 6 ft Fisher Hamilton 5 ft Kewaunee Design ACH 375 375 375 375 Potential Min ACH 165 230 200 220 Dilution Factor (DF) 3 3 3 6.6 Potential Flow Reduction - cfm 170 75 130 100 12 - 14 Fume Hood Optimization Process Minimum Flow Specifications Inventory Fume Hoods Inventory – Determine potential value of flow reduction Evaluate and Determine Potential Flow Reduction – Lab Ventilation Risk Assessment (Control Bands) – Identify appropriate fume hoods Control Band – Consider impact on Agency standards Test Fume Hood Containment & Dilution Test – Sample of Hood Types – Determine Minimum Safe Flow – VAV control – Containment – Fume Hood Dilution Implement TAB & Re-Commission Hoods & Ventilation Systems 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 20 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Summary of Fume Hood Airflow Specifications Operating Specification and Performance Criterion Traditional VAV Fume Hood High Performance VAV Fume Hood Retrofitted Traditional VAV Fume Hood Opening Configuration Max Opening Max Opening Max Opening 100 fpm (+/- 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment 60 fpm (– 5 fpm, + 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment 65 fpm (– 5 fpm, + 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment Hood Static Pressure (“ w.g.) < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 Minimum Duct Velocity Subject to Assessment Subject to Assessment Subject to Assessment VAV Response <5 seconds <5 Seconds < 5 Seconds VAV Stability < 20% CO < 20% CO < 20% COV Cross Draft Velocity <50% of FV <50% of FV <50% of FV Smoke Test No Escape No Escape No Escape ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas AI < 0.1 ppm AI < 0.1 ppm AI < 0.1 ppm Average Face Velocity Minimum Flow 12 - 14 Maintaining Performance of VAV Controls 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 21 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Quality Data - Accuracy and Precision Not Accurate and Not Precise Precise but not Accurate and Precise Accurate Can degrade VAV Controls 30-50% within 5 years Pre Optimization Flow Sensors = 20% to 65% Error Post Optimization Flow Sensors = 5% Error 12 - 14 Fume Hood Face Velocity Tests Syngenta Fume Hood Average Face Velocity 140 130 120 110 Average Face Velocity (fpm) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Low – 39% High – 34% 30 Average Face Velocity (fpm) 20 Min fpm = Avg - 10% 10 Max fpm = Avg + 10% 0 Fume Hood ID 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 22 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Safe, Energy Efficient and Sustainable Operation Lab Ventilation Management Program (LVMP) – Organization and Responsibilities – Collaboration & Communication – SOP’s for Testing and Maintenance – Metrics, Monitoring & BAS Utilization Design & Commissioning Standards Management of Change Personnel Training Required By ANSI Z9.5-2012 12 - 14 Ventilation Maintenance and Test Schedule 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 23 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Lab Safety & Energy Optimization Train Personnel • Lab Personnel • Facility Maintenance • Building Operators 12 - 14 Conclusions and Recommendations • Airflow specifications are based on the demand for ventilation • VAV systems provide the ability to modulate flow to meet the changing demand for ventilation • Energy reduction is achieved by improving efficiency of the ventilation systems and reducing total airflow • Establishing airflow specifications for VAV fume hoods requires a process to evaluate the hood, the system and the application • Protecting lab personnel and ensuring proper performance of laboratory hoods requires maintaining and possibly updating the operating specifications as conditions change • A Lab Ventilation Management Program provides the tools necessary to manage change and ensure safe, energy efficient and sustainable laboratories. 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 24 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Lab Safety and Energy Optimization High Performance Laboratory Buildings ECT, Inc. Future Webinar Topics • Establishing Airflow Specifications and Minimum ACH for Laboratories • Predicting Energy Savings from Flow Reduction • Implementing a Lab Ventilation Management Program • Advanced Methods for Testing and Maintaining VAV Systems • Improving safety and energy efficiency of traditional fume hoods with a LabHoodPro Fume Hood Retrofit Kit 12 - 14 End Questions & Discussion Thomas C. Smith Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com [email protected] 12 - 14 Exposure Control Technologies, Inc. 919-319-4290 www.exposurecontroltechnologies.com Copyright © 2014 25