Download Sitios Contaminados: Situación en Europa ROBERTO PASETTO

Sitios Contaminados:
Situación en Europa
ROBERTO PASETTO
http://bit.ly/1hv1mxd
European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC)
Definition of “contaminated site”
Thematic strategy for the protection of SOILS – "refers
to a well-defined area where the presence of soil
contamination has been confirmed and this presents
a potential risk to humans, water, ecosystems, or
other receptors. Risk management measures (e.g.,
remediation) may be needed depending on the
severity of the risk of adverse impacts to receptors
under the current or planned use of the site"
Panagos et al. Contaminated sites in Europe: review of the current situation based on data collected through a European network.
Journal of Environmental and Public Health. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/158764
Priorities in the target pollutants
According to WHO priority should given to the
pollutants on the basis of toxicity,
environmental persistence, mobility, and
bioaccumulation
WHO Europe
Areas contaminadas - definición
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), teniendo
en cuenta una perspectiva general de salud pública,
define las áreas contaminadas “Áreas que albergan o
han sido sede de las actividades humanas que han
producido o puedan producir contaminación
ambiental del suelo, aguas superficiales o
subterráneas, aire y cadenas alimentares, que han
causado o puedan causar efectos en la salud”
What is a contaminated site?
Given the WHO definition, a contaminated site can be
an area affected by a single chemical contamination
of a signle environmental matrix (e.g., the soil
contamination caused by a given pesticide) and a
large area with soil, water, air, and food chain
contamination by multiple chemicals (e.g., the
contamination caused by long term emissions of a
petrochemical complex)
Health Impact Assessment in
contaminated sites
Characterizing the health impacts of contaminated sites is a
complex exercise. Several things contribute to making
this particularly challenging:
• the very heterogeneous nature of the hazards
• a lack of reliable exposure data
• the multifaceted aetiology of most of the associations
• the complexity of underlying social, economic and
occupational factors
Complexity of exposure scenarios
Contamination sources
Transport of pollutants
Transformation
Environmental fate
Env media
Route of Exposure
From: Paustenbach DJ , Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 3:179-291, 2000
Health Impact Assessment –HOW?
L’Health Impact Assessment of contaminated
sites can be assessed using the Health Risk
Assessment and/or applying epidemiological
approaches
Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
• HRA can be defined as a procedure for characterizing the
nature and magnitude of health risks to human beings of
chemical contaminants and other stressors that may be
present in the environment. It uses standardized tools,
formats, and scientifically established assumptions for risk
modelling
• The main two approaches used for HRA are:
(a) chemical - agent based
(b) population - health outcome based
HRA chemical - agent based
A traditional toxicological approach based on a
multistep procedure that leads to theoretical
estimates of the potential health risk due to
estimated exposure levels. It can end in a
comparison of estimated potential exposure
to the tolerable dose – that is, a comparison
between estimated exposure levels and
reference values
EXAMPLE
From: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Public Health Assessment
Guidance Manual. http://1.usa.gov/1bNGaip
HRA population
health outcome based
Involves the estimation of the environmental burden of disease
or the use of such tools as comparative risk assessment, is
based on producing or gathering and compiling
epidemiological evidence and dose−response functions and
estimating the excess health risk associated with different
exposure scenarios − for example, attributable cases and
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
EXAMPLE
From: WHO Health impact of PM10 and ozone in 13 Italian cities
http://bit.ly/M5ku7Z
Epidemiological approaches
Epi. Approaches involve the inclusive collection of available
health information of resident population, and various agents
and exposures.
In these assessments, a first descriptive level is based on
epidemiological tools that do not require an ad hoc collection
of data and aims at describing the health profile of
populations.
More detailed analyses can be carried out, at higher level of
definition, by collecting specific data on health outcomes
and/or on exposure.
Main objectives of epi. studies
Epidemiological studies on contaminated sites can be conceived and
carried out with different aims.
• DESCRIPTIVE to describe the health profile of populations living
in contaminated sites
• ANALYTICAL OR ETIOLOGICAL to analyse the associations
between environmental exposures and health effects, to verify
specific hypothesis
• SURVEILLANCE to plan the epidemiological surveillance, to
evaluate the evolving pattern of the population health profile
http://bit.ly/1g1WeP1
http://bit.ly/19wFN7f
Communication and study protocols
in contaminated sites
Study protocols should consider:
• planning communication events at key stages, both during and at the end
of the study
• adjusting communication so that local authorities are able to understand
the needs of the population
• planning for flexibility in the study protocol and for the possibility of
changing technical aspects once the study has begun
• clearly describing roles and responsibilities from the outsets
• directly involving the general public in all stages so as to gain their trust
and commitment, thus ensuring that the project results are more likely to
be accepted and promoted
GRACIAS POR SU
ATENCION!