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Pioneer Tunnel Natural Resources Natural Resources are anything that _____________ can use that comes from _____________. They are also known as “____________________________.” o Examples: ______________________________________________________. Renewable Resources Renewable Resources come back after we use them. They are used ____________________ so they don’t ________________ completely. Nonrenewable Resources Nonrenewable Resources do not come back or takes a long time to come back after we use them. We need to _____________ nonrenewable resources because once they are gone; there will not be any of them left! o Examples: _______________________________________________________. Coal A black or dark-brown ____________ that can be burned, is made from ___________, and can be used as a ________. Types of Coal: 12345Anthracite Coal A hard, shiny coal that has a high _________ content. It is valued as a fuel because it burns with a clean ________ and without _______ or ________, but it is much less abundant than bituminous coal. Primarily used for _____________________________ in houses and businesses Deposited in ____________________. This is what the Pioneer Tunnel and all other mines in Pennsylvania are ____________ for. The Industrial Revolution Started in England, in 1760, and spread internationally over the next fifty years. The transition from hand tools to automated machines in the workplace and farming to mass production. New inventions consisted of the power loom and the steam engine. Many people moved to cities. Coal Veins Coal veins are a huge deposit of _______ that can run for miles and be many feet thick ___________ build their room and pillar mines into these to harvest the coal The most famous one in Pennsylvania is the ______________ coal vein, which was accidentally set on fire in 1961 and still burns to this day. Technologies Before __________________, all mining had to be done by hand. Miners would have to ________________ cut out the chunks of coal themselves, with things such as pickaxes and dynamite To haul the coal out of the mine, they would load it into ____________ drawn by horses or mules, and a miner would have to lead them out Many miners would either get stuck in collapsed mines or even ______________ from the noxious fumes and dusts. After __________________, and mostly used today, there are mechanized cutting machines for the coal, instead of the dangerous tools used before Instead of horse and carriage, they now use _____________ belts, which safely carries out the coal Fans and _________________ are now present, which tremendously cuts the amount of toxic dusts in the air and constantly replenishes the miners with clean oxygen Mining in Pennsylvania Mining in Pennsylvania has been active since around the late __________ The last half of the 1800’s brought a ton of ________ for mining, due to the need for coal to power railroads bringing steel across Pennsylvania Why was mining important? The bringing of the ______________________ increased the demand for fuel to power machines. Most of this fuel was coal Mines _________ and ________ mines are the most common type in Pennsylvania They’ve been around since the late ___________ Basically, they’re just how they sound: holes in the ground where coal is thought to be, held up by wooden pillars so it doesn’t collapse Despite this, they were very ______________ and many collapses occurred Drift mines o Drift mines don’t necessarily have to go ______________. This type of mining is used when the coal can be cut out, usually on the side of a hill Longwall mines o Longwall mines are where instead of small pieces and ____________ of coal, the wall is one big slice of coal. o These _____ can be hundreds of miles wide and several miles long Pioneer Tunnel: A History o The Pioneer Tunnel resides in Ashland, PA. It was named for the Pioneer ___________. o A colliery is a coal-processing plant built near the _______ of the mine. o Here the coal is ___________, ___________, and ___________ to make usable for households o o o o o o o o o o In 1925, the _______________________________ and mining company opened an new surface mine along the Mammoth coal vein: where most of the coal was extracted o Two years after this, another mine opened on the opposite side of where digging was being done. o Miners realized they needed this area to ___________ waste, or ‘spoils’, so they extended from the Mammoth Vein to this new area. Around this time, tracks were laid down around the outside of the hill, on which train could take the coal to where it needed to go. These trains were called “___________________” The mine remained active until 1931, and after it’s closing it remained sealed and untouched for ______ years By the end of the 1950’s, it was apparent the mine and engine used to haul the coal was falling into ____________. The residents of Ashland scrambled to find a use for the hole. Soon, the Borough Manager ____________________________ suggested that the Tunnel be used as a tourist attraction. ________________ began soon after that. After digging through the collapsed entrance, the mine was found to be in stable condition, excluding two cave ins. In May of _________, the mine was reopened as a tourist attraction where people could experience a real anthracite coal mine Two old steam loakies were rescued from a _________________ junkyard and restored. These engines are still used. In 1992, the Pioneer Tunnel greeted its ____________ visitor. In It’s Day o The Pioneer Tunnel isn’t just a great ______________ attraction. It actually was very important to the residents around it. o The Tunnel was active in the early 1900’s. It runs 1800 feet into the side of the _______________________________. From it tons and tons of coal was collected. o The coal used from the mine supported many of the households and businesses in ______________. Coal was the main source of heat in this time, and without it Ashland and surrounding towns may not have existed. Why is the Pioneer Tunnel Important? o The Pioneer Tunnel tour holds many important historical ___________ o The attraction features a tour in an actual mine, where the guides (usually a miner himself, or a retired one) show how ______________ was done, and elaborates on technologies such as gangways, manways, and chutes. o The Henry Clay _________ represents the transport of coal from one mine to another. o The tour even includes __________ mines, where people would dig their own mines to catch a quick buck o The Pioneer Tunnel keeps _______ alive through mine tours and Loakie rides. o The most important aspect of why the Pioneer Tunnel is important is because it educates the future _____________ about the importance of anthracite coal mining in our county.