Download Chapter 8 Appendicular Skeleton

LECTURE OUTLINE CHAPTER 8
The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton
I. Upper limb
A. Pectoral girdle
1. clavicle
a sternal end
b. acromial end
2. scapula
a. body with
i. borders
a). superior
b) medial (vertebral)
c) lateral
ii. angles
a) superior
b) inferior
c) lateral
b. glenoid cavity - articulation point with the humerus
d. coracoid process - hooked process, deep in shoulder
e. acromion - tip of the shoulder
f. supraglenoid tubercle - muscle attachment
h. scapular spine - long ridge on superficial face
A. Arm
1. humerus
a. greater tubercle - near head
b. lesser tubercle - near head
c. intertubercular groove - groove between the
tubercles for the biceps tendon
d. anatomical neck - just distal to the head
e. shaft - body of the bone
f. deltoid tuberosity - roughened area where muscle
inserts
g. condyle - medial portion of distal end
i. trochlea - means pulley, articulation for ulna
ii. capitulum - "head" on distal lateral face of
bone
i. coronoid fossa - anterior distal depression
j. olecranon fossa - posterior distal depression
l. radial fossa - anterior lateral depression on distal
end
2. radius
a. radial head - proximal flat "cookie"
b. radial tuberosity - near proximal end, insertion of
biceps brachii muscle
c. styloid process - point on distal end
d. interosseous membrane or ligament
3. ulna
a. olecranon process - bulky proximal end
b. trochlear notch - articulates with the trochlea of
the humerus
c. coronoid process - high point just distal to the
trochlear notch
f. styloid process - distal point near head
4. carpals - 2 rows of 4 bones each
Mnemonic : Some Lovers Try Positions
That They Can't Handle
From thumb side:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
5. metacarpals - hand bones, 5, numbered from thumb side
6. phalanges - finger bones, 2 in thumb, 3 in all others,
numbered from thumb side, named proximal, (middle), distal.
II. Lower limb
A. Pelvic girdle
1. ischium
a. ischial spine
b. lesser sciatic notch - just inferior to the spine
c. ischial tuberosity - "sitting bump"
d. ramus - meets pubic ramus
e. Acetabulum and fovea
f. Symphysis pubis
2. ilium -large "wing" of pelvis
a gluteal lines - muscle markings
anterior
inferior
posterior
b. arcuate line
c. anterior superior iliac spine - top point on the front
d. anterior inferior iliac spine - lower point on the front
e. iliac crest - top of the "hip bone"
f. posterior superior iliac spine - top point on the back
g. posterior inferior iliac spine - bottom point on the back
h. greater sciatic notch - passageway for the sciatic nerve
3. pubis (pubic bone)
a. inferior ramus
b. pubic tubercle
c. superior ramus
d. pubic crest - top edge of the pubis
e. obturator foramen in conjunction with the ischium
f. symphysis pubis
B. Pelvis - entire os coxa and sacrum
1. false pelvis - between iliac ala (wings)
2. true pelvis - completely surrounded by bone
3. pelvic brim - top of true pelvis
4. pelvic inlet - space enclosed by pelvic brim
5. pelvic outlet - space bounded by ischial tuberosities, coccyx, and
inferior border of pubis
C .Comparison of male and female pelvises, differences related to
childbearing
1. female – oval, larger inlet :/ male – heart shaped, smaller
2. female – ischial spines more vertical/ Male – tip inward
3. female -`pelvis broader, shallow/ male - narrower, deeper
4. female – pubic angle >95o/ male- < 90o
5. female- thin pubic ramus/ male – everted inf. pubic ramus
D. Bones of lower extremity
1. femur
a. head
b. fovea capitis - pit made by ligamentum capitis
c. neck
d. shaft with
e. linea aspera - rough line
f. greater trochanter - greatest width of hips
g. lesser trochanter - posterior to the greater trochanter
h. intertrochanteric crest - line connecting them
i. pectineal line - muscle marking
j. gluteal tuberosity - muscle marking for gluteal muscles
k. medial and lateral supracondylar ridges - part of the linea
aspera
l. popliteal surface - behind the knee
m. medial condyle - distal end of femur
n. lateral condyle - distal end of femur
o. epicondyles - associated with both condyles
p. patellar surface - where patella rides
q. intercondylar fossa - deep depression between condyles
2.. patella
a. base - anterior superior edges
b. apex - inferior point
c. facets - ride against the femur condyles
3. tibia - heavy medial bone of leg
a. medial and lateral condyles - proximal expansion of tibia
b. intercondylar eminence - elevated ridge between the
condyles
c. tibial tuberosity - proximal anterior roughness, muscle
attachment
d. anterior crest - sharp anterior border running the length of
the tibia
e. medial malleolus - "hammer", inside ankle bone, most
distal projection
4. fibula - thin lateral bone of leg
a. fibular head - proximal end
b. interosseus border - sharp edge along length of bone
c. lateral malleolus - outside ankle bone, most distal point
5. tarsals - "ankle bones", form back part of foot.
Mnemonic : Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate
From the back forward:
Calcaneus _ heel bone
Talus - weight bearing bone
Navicular - boat shaped
Cuboidal
3 Cuneiforms - medial, intermediate, lateral
6. metatarsals - 5 numbered from big toe side
7. phalanges - toes, numbered like fingers, big toe has only 2, rest
have 3; proximal, (middle), distal