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Zoonotic & Emerging Infectious Disease Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation & Conservation Linkages Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group Washington, DC August 2008 Overview • Background • Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation • Threat Reduction Strategies: What the Conservation Community Can Do • 61% of all infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans are zoonotic, readily transmissible between human and animal populations • Approximately 75% of recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonoses Avian Influenza Virus Ebola Virus Anthrax Emerging or Reemerging Zoonoses in Africa • • • • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (H5N1) Ebola virus Monkeypox virus Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) • Rift Valley fever virus • Simian Foamy virus • Human-Livestock-Wildlife interface shapes the dynamics of disease emergence • Factors Contributing to Disease Emergence: – Deforestation, land degradation, climate change and loss of wildlife habitat – Rising demand for animal protein Expected to increase 50% by 2020 (IFPRI) – Global trade in wildlife: > 1 billion incidents of contact annually amongst humans, domestic animals and wildlife (Karesh WB, et. al.. Emerging Infectious Diseases. July 2005) Emerging Disease Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation • “Animal populations are under heightened pressure to survive, and further loss of biodiversity is highly probable.” (One Health Initiative Task Force Report. JAVMA. July 2008) • Impacts on Wildlife • Impacts on Public Health • Impacts on Livelihoods, Food Security and Sustainable Economic Development Impacts on Wildlife • Direct threats to wildlife health • Rabies in Serengeti National Park’s African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) population • Potential “spillback” to domestic animal & human populations • May 2005, Qinghai Lake Nature Reserve (China) H5N1 avian influenza outbreak: – estimates of 5-10% of world’s population of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) lost to AI virus Impacts on Wildlife • Losses attributable to the bushmeat trade – Livestock lost to disease may push higher rates of bushmeat consumption – Bushmeat hunting may facilitate disease emergence N. Kumpel A.Asamoah/GWS Impacts on Wildlife • Loss of biodiversity – Central Africa: Bushmeat industry accounts loss of >579 million animals annually (Karesh et al. 2005) – Infectious disease has the potential to: • Push already threatened species rapidly toward local population extinction • Reduce genetic variability essential for population health • Provoke follow-on effects in interdependent species within a microenvironment – Incite fear or panic leading to calls for wildlife culls or habitat destruction as a disease control strategy Impacts on Public Health • Zoonotic threats to human health – Risks attributable to: • Livestock-dependent livelihoods • Proximity to wildlife/wildlife products – Costs: • • • • • • Loss of income generating capacity Inability to pay school fees; secure dietary staples Transport to a health care facility/clinic Medical treatment Caretaking demands upon family Possibility of disease transmission to family Impacts on Public Health • Loss of conservation capacity – Human resources already weakened by AIDS are particularly vulnerable – Potential loss of local and indigenous knowledge, skills and experience • Costs of disease control measures – Livestock culls, quarantines, diagnostic tests, vaccination – Represent resources unavailable to conservation initiatives Impacts on Livelihoods, Food Security and Economic Development • Loss of income and threatened food security – 70% of world’s rural poor--in Africa ~ 200 million--derive their livelihoods from livestock – Loss of livestock/reduced livestock productivity threatens income generation & protein availability – Impacts along the market chain: livestock holders, traders, fodder producers, butchers, market vendors • Intensified land utilization & pressure on natural resources: charcoal making/timber, bushmeat, fishing, agricultural encroachment along protected areas HPAI & Poultry Consumption • Loss of Domestic Poultry – Poultry illness/loss of productivity – Poultry death – Poultry culls Kenya: 30 million chickens, 80% raised traditionally by small holders; 2-3 chickens/rural household Tanzania: 27 million chickens, 70% raised traditionally by small holders Poultry Consumption Fears • Loss of income – Inability to pay for school fees, medicine, dietary staples • Loss of protein nutrition Impacts on Economic Development • Restricted economic growth – Export embargoes/trade restrictions – Potential losses to the commercial livestock industry – Pandemic emergence threats: • Projected Pandemic Influenza Costs: – 10-180 million deaths worldwide – Economic Impact: 2-3.1 % of global GDP (>2 trillion USD) World Bank) ( • Threats to sustainable ecotourism initiatives – Kenya & Tanzania: wildlife based ecotourism generates half a billion USD annually (Chomel B, et al. Emerging Infectious Diseases. January 2007) – Community revenue sharing/park budgets threatened by disease-induced tourism declines Threat Reduction Strategies • Conservation of Wildlife Habitat – Disease impact assessments prior to resource extraction • Disease Surveillance and Rapid Diagnosis – Wild Bird Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance (GAINS) – Expand successful community-based disease surveillance programs – UK’s RADAR (Rapid Analysis and Detection of Animal Related Risks) • Education, Training, and Outreach – – – – Risks associated with the bushmeat trade Personal biosafety Media outreach Promote sound (livestock vaccination/behavior change) vs. unsound (wildlife culls) disease control strategies Threat Reduction Strategies • Preparedness and Response Planning – Design contingency plans to protect staff and conservation capacity in the event of a disease outbreak/pandemic event • Food Security – Encourage diversified sourcing of dietary protein – Engaging private sector for low-cost commercial solutions • Alternative Livelihoods Opportunities and Economic Stability – Diversified livestock/agricultural production/social service businesses – Broad-based programs addressing poverty, malnutrition and bolstering public health (clean drinking water) = improved resiliency to disease events & reduced pressure on wildlife/land/natural resources • Multi-Disciplinary Approach