Download Origin of infection and transmission

Lumpy skin disease (LSD)
Etiology :Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe, systemic disease of cattle
associated with the Neethling poxvirus, a capripoxvims. It has close
antigenic relationship to sheeppox and goatpox viruses .
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Occurrence
The disease used to be confined to sub Saharan Africa, but it is now enzootic in
Egypt, and has occurred in Israel1 where it was eradicated by slaughter of
infected and in-contact animals. Some field outbreaks are associated with severe
and generalized infections and a high mortality, while with others there are few
obviously affected animals and no deaths but in general outbreaks are more
severe with the initial introduction of the infection to a region and then abate,
‫انحسر‬probably associated with the development of widespread immunity.
Morbidity rates reach 80% during epizootics, but are nearer 20% in enzootic
areas.
Case fatality rates average 2%, but vary with the outbreak.
Origin of infection and transmission
 Cattle can be infected by drinking water,
 but ingestion and direct contact transmission are not common routes, even
though the virus is present in nasal and lacrimal secretions, semen, and milk
of infected animals.
 Most cases are believed to result from transmission by an arthropod vector.
Risk factors
Animal risk factors All ages and types of cattle are susceptible to the causative
virus, except animals recently recovered from an attack, in which case there is a
solid immunity lasting for about 3 months. In outbreaks, very young calves,
lactating and malnourished cattle develop more severe clinical disease.
Environmental risk factors
Outbreaks tend to follow waterways and extensive epizootics are associated with
high rainfall and concomitant high levels of insect activity with a peak of disease
in the late summer and early autumn.
Pathogen risk factors
Capri pox viruses are generally resistant to drying, survive freezing and thawing.
Resistance to heat is variable but most are inactivated at temperatures above
60°C.
Economic importance
 loss of milk production
 occurrence of secondary mastitis predisposed by the development of lesions
on the teats.
 Loss also occurs from damage to hides ‫الجلود‬,
 loss of bodily condition,
 loss of fertility in affected bulls.
 Cow may abort in tile course of the disease..
PATHOGEN ESIS
In the generalized disease there is viraemia accompanied by a febrile reaction,
and localization in the skin occurs with development of inflammatory nodules. In
the experimental disease, following ID inoculation, local lesions can develop at
the site of challenge without viraemia and generalization of the infection