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A Basic Approach to Poultry Disease Diagnosis Mohamed El-Gazzar DVM, MAM, PhD, DACPV Assistant Professor Poultry Extension Veterinarian The Ohio State University Lay Out • Non commercial and organic poultry • Poultry diseases groups • Biosecurity • Recent Avian Influenza outbreak Trends in Food Production • Organic • Free Range • Produce local/Eat local • Shift in Poultry Population Urban Chicken Ownership in Four U.S. Cities • • • • Denver Los Angles Miami New York – Around 1% of all households – Quadruple (4%) within 5 years – Not enough veterinary services Backyard flocks Not only Urban • Urban, Suburban and Rural • Few birds to several hundreds (Average 49 birds) • Still food animals not Pets • Population medicine • Mainly Chicken • Some Turkey • Other species But they are falling through the crakes!! • Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001 424127887323527004579081812563033586 • A gap that needs to be filled • Small and mixed Animal Practices or Even Poultry Specialists Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Control • • • • • Clinical History Clinical signs Necropsy Laboratory diagnosis Control Rule Out List Poultry Disease Diagnosis • Clinical signs grouping – Respiratory – Digestive – Musculoskeletal – Neurological – Others • Samples to collect • General control Necropsy • • • • Extremely useful in poultry Recently dead Clear clinical picture Sample collection http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/veterinarians/ avian-necropsy-examination Usual Clinical Samples • • • • Blood serology Swabs bacterial isolation Organs virus isolation Organs histopathology Disclaimer • Non of lists is comprehensive • Only most common • Starting point Respiratory Diseases General signs: • • • • • • • Mortality Anorexia/Fever/lethargy Coughing/Sneezing Rales/Weezing Nasal/Occular discharges Swollen head/swollen sinuses inflamed eyelids Respiratory Diseases Normal Trachea Gross lesions: • Inflammation of: – head tissues – nasal cavity – conjunctivitis • • • • Turbinate Early Airsacculitis Inflamed Trachea Tracheitis Pneumonia Air sacculitis Polyserositis Polyserositis Pnuemonia Respiratory Diseases Rule out list: • • • • • • • • • • • • Newcastle disease Infectious bronchitis Infectious laryngotracheitis Avian Influenza Mycoplasmosis (4 species) Colibacillosis (E. coli) Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella multocida) Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) Turkey coryza (Bordetella avium) Aspergillosis Cryptosporidiosis Gape worms (Syngamus trachea) Respiratory Sampling Samples: • Blood Serology • Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and kidney Histopath • Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and kidney Virus isolation • Trachea/choana/airsacs swabing Bacterial isolation Treatment for Respiratory Diseases Viral Infection: • • • • Vaccination (prevention) Supportive Treatment Disinfection and biosecurity Antibiotic treatment (if bacterial component present) Bacterial Infection: • • • • Vaccination (prevention) Supportive Treatment Disinfection and biosecurity Antibiotic could be used in drinking water – Oxytetracycline – Chlortetracycline – Tylosin for Mycoplasma Digestive Diseases Normal Droppings General signs: • • • • Mortality Anorexia/Fever/lethargy Dehydration Diarrhea/Loose droppings (watery/bloody) • Pasty vent/wet litter Loose Droppings Digestive Diseases Gross lesions: • • • • Intestinal mucosa Intestinal content Parasite Pathognomonic lesions Digestive Diseases Rule out List: • • • • • • • • Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus Turkey Corona Virus Clostridium species Salmonella species Coccidia species Histomonas meliagridis (Black head) Trichomonus gallinae Intestinal helminthes (Tapeworms and Round worms) Digestive Diseases Sampling Samples: • Intestine/liver/other histopathology • Intestinal/liver/spleen swabs bacterial isolation • Intestinal scrapings • Impression smears Coccidosis • Most common protozoan parasite • Mortality/economic losses • Bloody Diarrhea E. tenella • Diarrhea (not always bloody) • Predispose for Clostridium enteritis • Vaccines • Amprolium for prevention and control Eimeria acervulina Eimeria maxima Not All Internal Parasites are Intestinal • Histomonus meliagridis (Black head) – Liver lesions – Cecal cores Histomonus meliagridis • Syngamus trachea (Tracheal worms or Gapeworms) Syngamus trachea External Parasites • Lice • Mites – Red mites – Northern fowl mites – Scaly leg mite Red Mites Northern fowl Mites • Powdering, dusting or spraying of insecticides – Birds and Environment – Minimum of Two treatments – 7 days interval Chicken Lice Musculoskeletal Diseases General Signs: • • • • Mortality Paralysis Lameness Down birds Musculoskeletal Diseases Gross Lesions: • Nerve inflammation • Joint inflammation • Foot pad infection (bumblefoot) • Weak/soft bones (rickets or osteoporosis) • Bone deformities Musculoskeletal Diseases Rule out list: • • • • • • • • • Marek’s disease (nerve involvement) Reo virus Staphylococcus aureus E. coli Pasteurella maltocida Mycoplasma synoviea Calcium/Phosphorus deficiency Ionophore toxicity Genetic deformities Musculoskeletal Diseases Samples: • Swab lesions bacterial isolation • Nerve/muscle/affected tissue histopathology • Feed samples feed analysis Neurological Diseases General signs: • • • • Paralysis Ataxia Torticollis Tremors Neurological Diseases Rule out List: • • • • • • • • Marek’s Disease Avian Encephalomylitis Newcastle Disease Influenza Pasteurella E. coli Nutritional deficiency Ionophore toxicity Neurological Diseases Sampling Samples: • Nerves/brain histopathology • Lesions other organs histopathology • Organs virus isolation • Blood serology • Feed feed analysis Vitamin E difficiency General signs: • 3 forms of the disease – Encepahlomalacia – Exudative diathesis – Muscular dystrophy Exudative diathesis Muscular dystrophy Other Common Conditions in Backyard Flocks Egg Production problems Birds are not laying?? • • • • Review lighting Review feeding Water consumption Infectious causes – – – – – – – – – Egg peritonitis New castle Infectious bronchitis Laryngotracheitis Influenza Egg drop syndrome Pasteurella Coriza Mycotoxins in feed Egg peritonitis Pox virus • Dry form and wet form • Collect samples for histopathology Dry form Wet form Inclusion bodies Tumor Viruses (3 viruses) 1- Marek’s Disease 2- Leukosis/Sarcoma 3- Reticuloendotheliosis Remember 2 Things 1. Zoonotic Diseases • • • • • • Salmonella Campylobacter Mycobacterium avium Influenza Chlamydia psittaci Others 2.Reportable diseases • • • • • Zoonotic diseases Infectious laryngotracheitis Exotic Newcastle Disease Highly Pathogenic Influenza Others List of Diseases with Commercially Available Vaccines Disease Vaccine Type Newcastle Diseas Infectious Bronchitis Laryngotracheitis Fowl Pox Marek's Disease Reo Virus Heamorrhagic Enteritis Avian Encephalomylitis E. coli Pasteurella Salmonella Mycoplasma Infctious Coryza Turkey Coryza Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live Live Live Live/inactivated Live Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Live/inactivated Coccidia Live Biosecurity • Prevent pathogen access • Sterility is not the target • Control specific pathogens • General sanitary practices Specific poultry pathogens • Specific poultry pathogens – Not all poultry pathogens • What is the source of these pathogens?? – Poultry – Birds – Animals – Humans Route of Transmission Source of disease Route of Transmission Poultry Population Disease Transmission • Direct Transmission: direct physical contact • Indirect Transmission: through indirect transportation vehicles Biosecurity Programs • Interventions with Direct Transmission • Intervention with Indirect Transmission Intervention with Direct Transmission • Prevent Contact: – – – – • • • • Other poultry Wild birds (Open Water Bodies) Captive birds Animals and human Multispecies or multiages Acquire birds from NPIP Quarantine newly acquired birds Quarantine birds when back from: – Show – Market – Fair Intervention with Indirect Transmission • Potential vehicles for Indirect Transmission: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Human Domestic animals including pets Wild animals including varmints and rodents Inanimate objects including equipment Feed Water Environments including shared pastures and water ponds H5 HPAI reports from East Asia September 2014 through February 2015 (OIE) W P P P P P W P P W P PW PW P W P Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region during summer 2014. Then in September, outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 HPAI occurred in China. Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and Japan. After 5 months with no reported cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24 September, in S. Korean commercial poultry. It was detected again in Japan in November. H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in Taiwan in early 2015. W P H5N1 in wild birds H5N1 in poultry W P H5N2 in wild birds H5N2 in poultry W P H5N3 in wild birds H5N3 in poultry W P H5N6 in wild birds H5N6 in poultry W P H5N8 in wild birds H5N8 in poultry H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE) W W P P W P P P P W P P P P P P W P P W P PW PW P W P P Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region during summer 2014. Then in September, outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 HPAI occurred in China. Western Europe H5N8 was first isolated 4 November 2014 from commercial poultry in Germany; also isolated in November from a wild duck. Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and Japan. After 5 months with no reported cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24 September, in S. Korean commercial poultry. It was detected again in Japan in November. By mid-December, H5N8 was isolated from commercial poultry in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Italy. H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in Taiwan in early 2015. W P H5N1 in wild birds H5N1 in poultry W P H5N2 in wild birds H5N2 in poultry W P H5N3 in wild birds H5N3 in poultry W P H5N6 in wild birds H5N6 in poultry W P H5N8 in wild birds H5N8 in poultry H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE) W W P P W P P P P W P P P P P W P P W P PW PW P W P P Migratory aquatic birds – likely mode for H5N8 HPAI virus spread to Europe in fall 2014 P Several migratory flyways overlap extensively in northern Eurasia during the breeding season. H5N8 virus carried there from East Asia in the spring could have been transferred to other birds that migrate south into Europe in the fall. H5N8 may be better suited for longdistance dispersal than most strains of HPAI. W P H5N1 in wild birds H5N1 in poultry W P H5N2 in wild birds H5N2 in poultry W P H5N3 in wild birds H5N3 in poultry W P H5N6 in wild birds H5N6 in poultry W P H5N8 in wild birds H5N8 in poultry H5 HPAI reports from North America November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE) W W P P W P P P P W P P P P P P W P P P Migratory aquatic birds – also the likely mode for H5N8 HPAI virus spread to North America W P PW PW P W P Eurasion (EA) H5N8 was likely carried to Alaska by infected birds migrating on the East Asia / Australia Flyway. Within 3 months, HPAI viruses were detected in the Pacific Americas Flyway and the Mississippi Americas Flyway. EA H5N8 underwent gene reassortment with low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) strains endemic to North American wild birds. This means a bird was co-infected at some point with the H5N8 and an American (AM) LPAI strain, enabling the 8 gene segments to be mixed and matched in new combinations. EA/AM H5N1 and EA/AM H5N2 isolates in the western and central US were reassortants that contained genes of North American and Eurasian origin. W P H5N1 in wild birds H5N1 in poultry W P H5N2 in wild birds H5N2 in poultry W P H5N3 in wild birds H5N3 in poultry W P H5N6 in wild birds H5N6 in poultry W P H5N8 in wild birds H5N8 in poultry Reassortment in NA EA/AM H5 HPAI Migratory Fly Ways in NA Ohio and many other States in the Midwest are part of the Mississippi Flyway H5 HPAI reports from North America November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE) W W P P P P W W W P W P P P P P W P P P P P W P P North America H5N8 first isolated 10 December 2014 from captive wild birds in Washington; later isolated from backyard poultry in Oregon. Similarly, H5N2 identified in US wild birds and backyard poultry. H5N1 first isolated 29 December 2014 from wild duck in Washington. H5N8 isolated 19 January 2015 from commercial turkey farm in California. P H5N1 in wild birds H5N1 in poultry W P PW PW P W Eastern Asia Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region during summer 2014. Then in September, outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 HPAI occurred in China. Western Europe H5N8 first isolated 4 November 2014 from commercial poultry in Germany; also isolated in November from a wild duck. Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and Japan. After 5 months with no reported cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24 September, in S. Korean commercial poultry. It was detected again in Japan in November. By mid-December, H5N8 was isolated from commercial poultry in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Italy. H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in Taiwan in early 2015. H5N2 isolated from commercial turkeys in Minnesota and Missouri, March 2015. W W P P P H5N2 first isolated 30 November 2014 from commercial poultry in British Columbia; outbreak continues into 2015. P H5N2 in wild birds H5N2 in poultry W P H5N3 in wild birds H5N3 in poultry W P H5N6 in wild birds H5N6 in poultry W P H5N8 in wild birds H5N8 in poultry British Colombia Number of Affected Birds 6/25/2015 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ 7/27/2015 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ Recommended References • Avian Disease Manual: 7th edition 2013 • A laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens: 5th edition 2008 • Diseases of Poultry: 13th edition 2013 Take Home • Good management and Biosecurity Clinical Sampling signs and Lesions List of Diseases • 2 Things to remember – Zoonotic diseases – Reportable diseases • Biosecurity and vaccines • Current AI outbreak and treatment Questions?