Download A Basic Approach To Poultry Disease Diagnosis

A Basic Approach to
Poultry Disease Diagnosis
Mohamed El-Gazzar
DVM, MAM, PhD, DACPV
Assistant Professor
Poultry Extension Veterinarian
The Ohio State University
Lay Out
• Non commercial and organic poultry
• Poultry diseases groups
• Biosecurity
• Recent Avian Influenza outbreak
Trends in Food Production
• Organic
• Free Range
• Produce local/Eat local
• Shift in Poultry Population
Urban Chicken Ownership in Four U.S.
Cities
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Denver
Los Angles
Miami
New York
– Around 1% of all households
– Quadruple (4%) within 5 years
– Not enough veterinary services
Backyard flocks Not only Urban
• Urban, Suburban and Rural
• Few birds to several hundreds (Average 49
birds)
• Still food animals not Pets
• Population medicine
• Mainly Chicken
• Some Turkey
• Other species
But they are falling through the crakes!!
• Wall Street Journal
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001
424127887323527004579081812563033586
• A gap that needs to be filled
• Small and mixed Animal Practices or Even
Poultry Specialists
Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Control
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Clinical History
Clinical signs
Necropsy
Laboratory diagnosis
Control
Rule Out List
Poultry Disease Diagnosis
• Clinical signs grouping
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Musculoskeletal
– Neurological
– Others
• Samples to collect
• General control
Necropsy
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Extremely useful in poultry
Recently dead
Clear clinical picture
Sample collection
http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/veterinarians/
avian-necropsy-examination
Usual Clinical Samples
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Blood  serology
Swabs  bacterial isolation
Organs  virus isolation
Organs  histopathology
Disclaimer
• Non of lists is comprehensive
• Only most common
• Starting point
Respiratory Diseases
General signs:
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Mortality
Anorexia/Fever/lethargy
Coughing/Sneezing
Rales/Weezing
Nasal/Occular discharges
Swollen head/swollen sinuses
inflamed eyelids
Respiratory Diseases
Normal Trachea
Gross lesions:
• Inflammation of:
– head tissues
– nasal cavity
– conjunctivitis
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Turbinate
Early
Airsacculitis
Inflamed
Trachea
Tracheitis
Pneumonia
Air sacculitis
Polyserositis
Polyserositis
Pnuemonia
Respiratory Diseases
Rule out list:
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Newcastle disease
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian Influenza
Mycoplasmosis (4 species)
Colibacillosis (E. coli)
Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella multocida)
Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum)
Turkey coryza (Bordetella avium)
Aspergillosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Gape worms (Syngamus trachea)
Respiratory Sampling
Samples:
• Blood  Serology
• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and
kidney  Histopath
• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and
kidney  Virus isolation
• Trachea/choana/airsacs
swabing  Bacterial isolation
Treatment for Respiratory Diseases
Viral Infection:
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Vaccination (prevention)
Supportive Treatment
Disinfection and biosecurity
Antibiotic treatment (if bacterial component present)
Bacterial Infection:
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Vaccination (prevention)
Supportive Treatment
Disinfection and biosecurity
Antibiotic could be used in drinking water
– Oxytetracycline
– Chlortetracycline
– Tylosin for Mycoplasma
Digestive Diseases
Normal
Droppings
General signs:
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Mortality
Anorexia/Fever/lethargy
Dehydration
Diarrhea/Loose droppings
(watery/bloody)
• Pasty vent/wet litter
Loose
Droppings
Digestive Diseases
Gross lesions:
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Intestinal mucosa
Intestinal content
Parasite
Pathognomonic
lesions
Digestive Diseases
Rule out List:
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Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus
Turkey Corona Virus
Clostridium species
Salmonella species
Coccidia species
Histomonas meliagridis (Black head)
Trichomonus gallinae
Intestinal helminthes (Tapeworms and
Round worms)
Digestive Diseases Sampling
Samples:
• Intestine/liver/other 
histopathology
• Intestinal/liver/spleen swabs
 bacterial isolation
• Intestinal scrapings
• Impression smears
Coccidosis
• Most common protozoan
parasite
• Mortality/economic losses
• Bloody Diarrhea  E. tenella
• Diarrhea (not always bloody)
• Predispose for Clostridium
enteritis
• Vaccines
• Amprolium for prevention and
control
Eimeria acervulina
Eimeria maxima
Not All Internal Parasites are
Intestinal
• Histomonus meliagridis
(Black head)
– Liver lesions
– Cecal cores
Histomonus meliagridis
• Syngamus trachea (Tracheal
worms or Gapeworms)
Syngamus trachea
External Parasites
• Lice
• Mites
– Red mites
– Northern fowl mites
– Scaly leg mite
Red Mites
Northern fowl Mites
• Powdering, dusting or
spraying of insecticides
– Birds and Environment
– Minimum of Two treatments
– 7 days interval
Chicken Lice
Musculoskeletal Diseases
General Signs:
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Mortality
Paralysis
Lameness
Down birds
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Gross Lesions:
• Nerve inflammation
• Joint inflammation
• Foot pad infection
(bumblefoot)
• Weak/soft bones
(rickets or
osteoporosis)
• Bone deformities
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Rule out list:
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Marek’s disease (nerve involvement)
Reo virus
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli
Pasteurella maltocida
Mycoplasma synoviea
Calcium/Phosphorus deficiency
Ionophore toxicity
Genetic deformities
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Samples:
• Swab lesions  bacterial isolation
• Nerve/muscle/affected tissue  histopathology
• Feed samples  feed analysis
Neurological Diseases
General signs:
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Paralysis
Ataxia
Torticollis
Tremors
Neurological Diseases
Rule out List:
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Marek’s Disease
Avian Encephalomylitis
Newcastle Disease
Influenza
Pasteurella
E. coli
Nutritional deficiency
Ionophore toxicity
Neurological Diseases Sampling
Samples:
• Nerves/brain  histopathology
• Lesions other organs  histopathology
• Organs  virus isolation
• Blood  serology
• Feed  feed analysis
Vitamin E difficiency
General signs:
• 3 forms of the disease
– Encepahlomalacia
– Exudative diathesis
– Muscular dystrophy
Exudative diathesis
Muscular dystrophy
Other Common Conditions in
Backyard Flocks
Egg Production problems
Birds are not laying??
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Review lighting
Review feeding
Water consumption
Infectious causes
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Egg peritonitis
New castle
Infectious bronchitis
Laryngotracheitis
Influenza
Egg drop syndrome
Pasteurella
Coriza
Mycotoxins in feed
Egg peritonitis
Pox virus
• Dry form and wet form
• Collect samples for histopathology
Dry form
Wet form
Inclusion bodies
Tumor Viruses (3 viruses)
1- Marek’s Disease
2- Leukosis/Sarcoma
3- Reticuloendotheliosis
Remember 2 Things
1. Zoonotic Diseases
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Salmonella
Campylobacter
Mycobacterium avium
Influenza
Chlamydia psittaci
Others
2.Reportable diseases
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Zoonotic diseases
Infectious laryngotracheitis
Exotic Newcastle Disease
Highly Pathogenic Influenza
Others
List of Diseases with Commercially
Available Vaccines
Disease
Vaccine Type
Newcastle Diseas
Infectious Bronchitis
Laryngotracheitis
Fowl Pox
Marek's Disease
Reo Virus
Heamorrhagic Enteritis
Avian Encephalomylitis
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Mycoplasma
Infctious Coryza
Turkey Coryza
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live
Live
Live
Live/inactivated
Live
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Live/inactivated
Coccidia
Live
Biosecurity
• Prevent pathogen access
• Sterility is not the target
• Control specific pathogens
• General sanitary practices
Specific poultry pathogens
• Specific poultry pathogens
– Not all poultry pathogens
• What is the source of
these pathogens??
– Poultry
– Birds
– Animals
– Humans
Route of Transmission
Source of disease
Route of Transmission
Poultry Population
Disease Transmission
• Direct Transmission:
direct physical contact
• Indirect Transmission:
through indirect
transportation vehicles
Biosecurity Programs
• Interventions with Direct
Transmission
• Intervention with
Indirect Transmission
Intervention with Direct Transmission
• Prevent Contact:
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Other poultry
Wild birds (Open Water Bodies)
Captive birds
Animals and human
Multispecies or multiages
Acquire birds from NPIP
Quarantine newly acquired birds
Quarantine birds when back
from:
– Show
– Market
– Fair
Intervention with Indirect
Transmission
• Potential vehicles for Indirect Transmission:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Human
Domestic animals including pets
Wild animals including varmints and rodents
Inanimate objects including equipment
Feed
Water
Environments including shared pastures and
water ponds
H5 HPAI reports from East Asia
September 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
W
P P P P
P
W P
P
W
P
PW
PW
P
W
P
Eastern Asia
Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
W
P
H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry
W
P
H5N2 in wild birds
H5N2 in poultry
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry
W
P
H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry
W
P
H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry
H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa
November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
W
W
P
P
W
P
P
P
P
W
P P P P
P
P
W P
P
W
P
PW
PW
P
W
P
P
Eastern Asia
Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Western Europe
H5N8 was first isolated 4 November
2014 from commercial poultry in
Germany; also isolated in November
from a wild duck.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
By mid-December, H5N8 was
isolated from commercial poultry in
The Netherlands, United Kingdom,
and Italy.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
W
P
H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry
W
P
H5N2 in wild birds
H5N2 in poultry
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry
W
P
H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry
W
P
H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry
H5 HPAI reports from Europe, Middle East, and Africa
November 2014 through February 2015 (OIE)
W
W
P
P
W
P
P
P
P
W
P P P P
P
W P
P
W
P
PW
PW
P
W
P
P
Migratory aquatic birds – likely
mode for H5N8 HPAI virus
spread to Europe in fall 2014
P
Several migratory flyways overlap
extensively in northern Eurasia during
the breeding season. H5N8 virus
carried there from East Asia in the
spring could have been transferred to
other birds that migrate south into
Europe in the fall.
H5N8 may be better suited for longdistance dispersal than most strains of
HPAI.
W
P
H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry
W
P
H5N2 in wild birds
H5N2 in poultry
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry
W
P
H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry
W
P
H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry
H5 HPAI reports from North America
November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE)
W
W
P
P
W
P
P
P
P
W
P P P P
P
P
W P
P
P
Migratory aquatic birds
– also the likely mode for
H5N8 HPAI virus spread to North America
W
P
PW
PW
P
W
P
Eurasion (EA) H5N8 was likely carried to Alaska by infected
birds migrating on the East Asia / Australia Flyway. Within 3
months, HPAI viruses were detected in the Pacific Americas
Flyway and the Mississippi Americas Flyway.
EA H5N8 underwent gene reassortment with low
pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) strains endemic to North
American wild birds. This means a bird was co-infected at
some point with the H5N8 and an American (AM) LPAI strain,
enabling the 8 gene segments to be mixed and matched in
new combinations.
EA/AM H5N1 and EA/AM H5N2 isolates in the western and
central US were reassortants that contained genes of North
American and Eurasian origin.
W
P
H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry
W
P
H5N2 in wild birds
H5N2 in poultry
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry
W
P
H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry
W
P
H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry
Reassortment in NA
EA/AM H5 HPAI
Migratory Fly Ways in NA
Ohio and many other States
in the Midwest are part of
the Mississippi Flyway
H5 HPAI reports from North America
November 2014 through 9 March 2015 (OIE)
W
W
P
P
P P
W
W W
P
W
P
P
P
P
P
W
P P P P
P
W P
P
North America
H5N8 first isolated 10 December 2014
from captive wild birds in Washington;
later isolated from backyard poultry in
Oregon. Similarly, H5N2 identified in US
wild birds and backyard poultry.
H5N1 first isolated 29 December 2014
from wild duck in Washington.
H5N8 isolated 19 January 2015 from
commercial turkey farm in California.
P
H5N1 in wild birds
H5N1 in poultry
W
P
PW
PW
P
W
Eastern Asia
Reports of H5 HPAI subsided in the region
during summer 2014. Then in September,
outbreaks of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8
HPAI occurred in China.
Western Europe
H5N8 first isolated 4 November
2014 from commercial poultry in
Germany; also isolated in November
from a wild duck.
Original H5N8 outbreak occurred JanuaryApril, 2014, most intensely in S. Korea and
Japan. After 5 months with no reported
cases, H5N8 was detected again, 24
September, in S. Korean commercial poultry.
It was detected again in Japan in November.
By mid-December, H5N8 was
isolated from commercial poultry in
The Netherlands, United Kingdom,
and Italy.
H5N2, H5N3, H5N8 outbreaks occurred in
Taiwan in early 2015.
H5N2 isolated from commercial turkeys
in Minnesota and Missouri, March 2015.
W
W
P
P
P
H5N2 first isolated 30 November 2014
from commercial poultry in British
Columbia; outbreak continues into 2015.
P
H5N2 in wild birds
H5N2 in poultry
W
P
H5N3 in wild birds
H5N3 in poultry
W
P
H5N6 in wild birds
H5N6 in poultry
W
P
H5N8 in wild birds
H5N8 in poultry
British Colombia
Number of Affected Birds
6/25/2015
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
7/27/2015
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
Recommended References
• Avian Disease Manual: 7th edition 2013
• A laboratory Manual for the Isolation,
Identification and Characterization of Avian
Pathogens: 5th edition 2008
• Diseases of Poultry: 13th edition 2013
Take Home
• Good management and Biosecurity
Clinical 
 Sampling
signs and
Lesions
List of
Diseases
• 2 Things to remember
– Zoonotic diseases
– Reportable diseases
• Biosecurity and vaccines
• Current AI outbreak
and
treatment
Questions?