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siblings, cloning, conception, quickening, ensoulment, viable, human-animal hybrid , experimentation Religion, morality & life; We all make moral decisions. Believers base their morality upon the teachings of the faith they follow. Some religions such as Judaism have very clear laws, where as other religions such as Buddhism provides guidance as the laws are open to interpretation. Christians & Sikhs believe that life is sacred as it is a gift from God. Fertility treatment; Usually the surrogate mothers egg and fathers sperm are used, with pregnancy being achieved by AI. • The father automatically has equal rights over the child with the surrogate mother. • After 6 weeks both parents can apply for a Parental Order, removing any claim the surrogate mother had. Transplants & transfusions; Organs can not be sold for transplants in the UK. Patients will be required to take medication for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection. Human transplants; • Organs can be given by live donors – kidneys, part of liver, small bowel, pancreas & bone marrow • Can be taken from patients who are brain dead, a machine keeps then ‘alive’ until the organs can be harvested • Have to carry donor card • Link to sanctity, quality & value of life Surrogacy; Animal organ transplants; • Mainly pig organs or products used (insulin was first harvested from pigs) Fertility treatment can be given to those couples who can’t conceive naturally. OR; If the genetic mother has working ovaries then a surrogate can carry the baby conceived through IVF from the parents eggs and sperm. Here the surrogate MUST hand over the baby at birth. UK Law; The surrogate can be paid expenses, but must receive no fee. IVF & AI; Involves the collection of sperm, which Roman Catholics see as ‘spilling the seed of life’, so are against. AID is often most objected to because; • Donor is a stranger • Could be seen as adultery • Allows unmarried women to have children • Allows gay couples to have children • Problems from the child later in life when they find out • Donor may not want identity to be revealed For IVF; Against IVF; • Compassion • Not natural – so • Everyone has against God. the right to be a • Expensive – no Transfusions; parent guarantee of Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that • Child maybe pregnancy life is carried in the blood, so will loved more not have transfusions. They will • God has given accept ‘bloodless transplants’. the intelligence Leviticus 17:11 “Life is contained to develop in the blood” NO other Christians technique believe this. (IVF), test-tube baby, artificial insemination, surrogacy, artificial insemination by husband (AIH), artificial Keywords; Morality, ethics, absolute morality, relative morality, sanctity of life, value of life, quality of life, fertility treatment, in vitro fertilisation insemination by donor (AID), transplant surgery, blood transfusion, human genetic engineering, embryology, embryo, designer baby, stem cell, saviour Designer babies; When does life begin?; In theory this is possible, scientists in USA have developed a genetically modified embryo Before conception (,Sikhs,) Conception (Roman Catholic) After 14 days attachment to the womb 3 weeks Heart beat No further genetic experimentation is allowed after this point Reproductive; UK Law; Human Fertilisation & Embryology Bill May 2008 Aims to define what UK scientists can and can’t do An identical copy of an animal, Quickening - 9 weeks plant or even human, however First movements it is ILLEGAL to clone humans. Most famous clone – Viability - 24 weeks Dolly the sheep (abortion is not legal after this point unless extreme cases) Birth Cloning; The creation of a genetically identical organism. There are 2 types; Religious beliefs; Christianity; Psalm 139 Leviticus 17:11 Exodus 20 Therapeutic; Problems: March ‘08 Clinical tests of drug TGN1412 go wrong UK Law; Also known as stem-cell UK labs are cloning. Allows biological strictly licenced, material to be cloned from embryos are cells that have not been destroyed at 14 determined – fewer organ days. shortages in the future? Human genetic engineering; The ability to change the genes in a cell to allow cures to be found for genetic disorders. Scientist have now ‘mapped’ the entire length of human DNA. For; Against; • Prevent disease • Encourages • Allow healthy scientist to babies to be ‘play’ God born • Creates many • Good quality of unused life for baby embryos that • Maybe used to are destroyed cure deafness – murder or blindness (Roman Catholics) • Removes sanctity of life Human hybrids & experiments; Hybrids: Scientists have created a cowhuman hybrid that had survived for 3 days. It is hoped that it can be used to treat Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Experiments; Is testing on animals reliable?? All drugs undergo a final stage of testing on humans, it is usually safe for the paid volunteers Lab testing (animals) Human testing (3 stages) Drug is licenced