Download Curriculum for PG Surgery

DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE KANGRA AT TANDA
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY
CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS
FOR POST GRADUATES
1. Goals
The goal of MS course in Surgery is to produce a competent surgeon who:
1. has acquired the competence pertaining to surgery that is required to be
2. practiced in the community and at all levels of health care system
3. has acquired the skills to manage the patients of trauma effectively.
4. has acquired skill in effectively communicating with patient and his attendants.
5. has the desired surgical skills to independently operate on elective and
6. emergency cases
7. is aware of the latest developments in the field of surgery
8. is oriented to principles of research methodology
9. has acquired skills in educating medical and paramedical professionals. 11. 2.
2. Objectives
At the end of the MS course in surgery, the student should be able to
1. practice the specialty of surgery in keeping with the principles of professional ethics
2. recognize and identify the various surgical problems institute diagnostic, therapeutic,
rehabilitative and preventive measures to provide holistic care to the patient
3. take detailed history, perform full physical examination and make clinical diagnosis
4. perform relevant investigative and therapeutic procedures interpret important imaging and
laboratory results
5. independently perform basic surgical procedures
6. manage surgical trauma emergency efficiently
7. demonstrate empathy and human approach towards patients and their families.
8. demonstrate communication skills of a high order in explaining management and prognosis,
providing counseling and giving health education to patients, families and communities,
9. develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs, use
appropriate learning resources, and critically analyze relevant published literature in order
to practice evidence-based surgery
10. facilitate learning of medical/nursing students, practicing physicians, paramedical health
workers and other providers as a teacher/trainer
11. organize and supervise the desired managerial and leadership skills
Curriculum
Post graduate curriculum shall consist of:
I. Theoretical learning
a. Seminars
b. Journal clubs
c. C M E ' s
d. C P C ' s
e. Self learning
2. Clinical skills
a. Detailed history writing of indoor patients
b. Ward rounds
c. Grand rounds
d. Case presentations
e. Case discussions in OPD
3. Operative skills
a. Dressing in OPD & indoor OR bedside procedures
b. Minor OT procedure
c. Proctology procedure
d. Major OT procedure
4. Thesis writing tinder guidance of guide & co-guides
a. Thesis protocol submission within 3 months of admission
b. Submission of thesis 6 months before appearing in examination
Note;
a. Every candidate shall carry out work on an assigned research project under the guidance
of a recognized postgraduate teacher, the project shall be written and submitted in the
form of a Thesis.
b. Every candidates shall submit thesis plan to the University within time frame set by
university.
c. Thesis shall be submitted to the University six months before the commencement of
theory examination.
d. The student will (i) Identify a relevant research problem (ii) conduct a critical review of
literature; (iii) formulate a hypothesis; (iv) determine the most suitable study design; (v)
state the objectives of the study; (vi) prepare a study protocol; (vii) undertake a study
according to the protocol; (viii) analyze and interpret research data, and draw
conclusions; (ix) write a research paper.
5. Communication skills
a. Seminars
b . Journal clubs
c . Ward rounds/Grand rounds presentation
d . Case presentations
6. Training in research methodology
a) Lectures/seminars from community medicine regarding scientific
statistics.
b) General issues in conducting research
c) Quantitative research methods
d) Qualitative research methods
Three year period will be divided in six semesters as follows;
1st Semester
1. Thesis Protocol submission.
2. Seminar presentation of basic sciences.
3. History writing of indoor patients.
4. Assisting in ward work
a. Sampling.
b. Dressing.
c. Minor surgical procedures.
d. Observing ward round presentation
5.
.
In minor OT
a.
Assisting in minor operation and day care procedures.
b.
Assisting in proctology procedures.
c.
Dressing in dressing room.
6. In major OT
a. Assisting as 2nd assistant.
2nd Semester
1. Thesis research study.
2. Seminar presentation.
3. Journal club presentation.
4. History writing of indoor patients.
5. Ward works
a.
Sampling.
b.
Dressing.
c.
Minor surgical procedures.
d.
Observing ward rounds/ ward round presentation.
6. In minor OT
a.
Assisting in minor OT.
b.
Doing selective procedures independently under supervision.
c.
Proctology procedures under supervision.
d.
Dressings.
e.
Short case discussion in OPD.
7. In major OT
a. Assisting as 2nd assistant.
During first year the resident will work under direct supervision of the 2nd & 3rd year
residents/senior residents and consultant on call. He/she will be responsible for taking detailed
history, examination of patients as per the file record and send appropriate investigations as
advised by the seniors and making discharge cards. Initially all procedures are to be observed
and then done under supervision of seniors and during 2nd / 3rd year can do procedures
independently. In 2nd year, resident is posted in emergency, Surgical ICU and specialties. In 3rd
year, resident is also encouraged to make independent decisions in management of cases and
perform surgery independently. He /she is also involved in teaching of undergraduate students.
3rd Semester
1. Thesis work.
2. Seminar presentation.
3. Case presentation.
4. History writing of indoor patients.
5. Ward works.
6. Presentation of ward rounds.
7. Minor OT procedures under supervision.
8. Major OT procedures
a. Assisting as lst assistant in selected operations.
b. Assisting as 2 nd assistant.
4th Semester
1. Same as 3" semester.
2. 3 months posting in super-specialities (3 week each in Neurosurgery, Urology,
CTVS & plastic surgery in IGMC Shimla).
5th Semester
1. Completion of thesis.
2. Journal club.
3. Case presentation.
4. Ward round/ grand round presentation.
5. Minor OT procedures.
6. Major OT procedures.
a. As I st assistant.
b. Selected surgeries independently under supervision.
7. Teaching of under graduates.
6th Semester
1. Same as 5th semester
2. Examination
Note:- 1. Apart from the above learnings the post graduates will be attending:
i. Clinico-pathological conference- weekly.
ii. CME's as & when being Conducted in the institution and one at the
national level & guest lectures.
iii. Mortality meeting- fortnightly.
iv. Conference- at least one national level conference in last year.
2. There will be theoretical & clinical appraisal at the end of each semester.
3. TEACHING ROSTER
1. Seminar- weekly (every Tuesday 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM).
2. Journal Club- weekly (every Saturday 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM).
3. Case presentation- weekly (every Wednesday 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM).
4. Statistical meet/ Data review meet & interesting case presentation monthly.
5. Ward round presentation daily.
6. Grand round presentation- twice weekly.
7. Postgraduates will maintain a log book of seminar presentations, journal clubs, case
presentations, clinical case; surgical procedures assisted & performed and get it duly
signed by the teachers/ consultants.
8. Clinico-pathological conference weekly (every Thursday3:00 PM to 4:00 PM).
9. CMEs from time to time.
10. teaching to undergraduates in 5th and 6th semester.
11. Presentation of short cases in OPD.
12. Appraisal at the end of each semester.
IV. Job Responsibilities
During first year, the resident should work under direct supervision of the 2nd & 3rd year
residents/senior residents and consultant on call. He/she will be responsible for taking detailed
history, examination of patients as per the file record and send appropriate investigations as
advised by the seniors and making discharge cards. Initially all the procedures are to be observed
and then performed under supervision of seniors and during 2nd / 3rd year should do procedures
independently. In 2nd year, resident should be posted in emergency, Surgical ICU and specialties
concerned. In 3rd year, resident is encouraged to make independent decisions in
management of cases and perform surgery independently. He /she is involved in
teaching of undergraduate students.
V. Assessment
All the PG residents are assessed daily for their academic activities and also periodically.
1. General Principles
i. the assessment is valid, objective, and reliable.
ii. it covers cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains.
iii. formative, continuing and summative (final) assessment is also conducted
in theory as well as practicals. In addition, thesis is also assessed
separately.
2. Log book
Record of work in the form of log book tog book to be maintained by each
candidate and to be counter signed by unit incharge and head of department every month at
data review meet.
3. Formative Assessment
The formative assessment is continuous as well as end-of-term. The former is
being based on the feedback from the senior residents and the consultants concerned.
All the consultants of the unit in which resident is working will give marks based on
performance. These marks will be summated over a period of tenure. End-of-term
assessment is held at the end of each semester (upto the 5th semester). Formative
assessment will not count towards pass/fail at the end of the program, but will provide
feedback to the candidate.
4. Internal Assessment
The performance of the Postgraduate student during the training period
should be monitored throughout the course and duly recorded in the log
books as evidence of the ability and daily work of the student. Marks should be
allotted out of 50 as followed.
Sr. No. Items Marks
a. Personal Attributes 10
b. Clinical Work 10
c. Academic activities 10
d. End of term theory examination 10
e. End of term practical examination 10
Personal attributes:
a. Behavior and Emotional Stability: Dependable, disciplined, dedicated,
stable in emergency situations, shows positive approach.
b. Motivation and Initiative: Takes on responsibility, innovative,
enterprising, does not shirk duties or leave any work pending.
c. Honesty and Integrity: Truthful, admits mistakes, does not cook up
information, has ethical conduct, exhibits good moral values, loyal to the
institution:
d. Interpersonal Skills and Leadership Quality: Has compassionate attitude
towards patients and attendants, gets on well with colleagues and paramedical
staff, is respectful to seniors, has good communication skills.
10Clinical Work:
Availability: Punctual, available continuously on duty, responds
promptly oncalls and takes proper permission for leave.
a.
b. Diligence: Dedicated, hardworking, does not shirk duties, leaves no work
pending, does not sit idle, competent in clinical case work up and
management.
c.
Academic ability: Intelligent, shows sound knowledge and skills.
participates adequately in academic activities, and performs well in oral
presentation and departmental tests.
a. Clinical Performance: Proficient in clinical presentations and case discussion
during rounds and OPD work up. Preparing Documents of the case history/examination
and progress notes in the file (daily notes, round discussion, investigations and
management) Skill of performing bed side procedures and handling emergencies.
Academic Activity:
Performance during presentation at Journal club/ Seminar/Case discussion/Stat meeting and
other academic sessions. Proficiency in skills as mentioned in job responsibilities.
End of term theory and practical examination:
Conducted at end of 1st, 2nd year and after 2 years 9 months
Marks for personal attributes and clinical work should be given annually by all the consultants
under whom the resident was posted during the year. Average of the three years should be put as the
final marks out of 10.
Marks for academic activity should be given by the all consultants who have attended the session
presented by the resident.
The Internal assessment should be presented to the Board of examiners for due consideration at the
time of Final Examinations.
Summative Assessment:
a. Ratio of marks in theory and practical will be equal.
b. the pass percentage will be 50%.
c. Candidate will have to pass theory and practical examinations separately Theory Examination
(Total— 400)
Paper Title Marks
Paper 1: Basic sciences as applied to Surgery 100
Paper 2: Principles and practice of Surgery 100
Paper 3: Operative Surgery 100
Paper 4: Recent advances in Surgery 100
Practical Examination and Viva voce (Total=400)
1.ong Case (s) - One 150
Short Case (s) -Three x 50 —150
internal assessment 50 Table viva
Surgical pathology 10
X-ray 10
Operative 20
Instruments 10
Suggested Books
Bailey & Love's- Short Practice of Surgery
Farquaharson's Text Book of General Surgery
Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment
S.Das Manual on Clinical Surgery
Hamilton Bailey Demonstration of Clinical signs & Symptoms in surgery _ Emergency Surgery
By Bail
Dudley's Atlas of General Surgery
Pye's Surgical Handicraft
Mastery of Surgery by Baker R.J Vol. 1 & H
Schwartz-Principles of Surgery
Recent Advances, Tayler
Sabiston Text Book of Surgery, Part I & II
Maingot's Abdominal Operations
Oxford Text Book of Surgery Vol.!,!! & III by Morris and Wood S.Das Text Book on
Surgical Short Cases
Mastery of Thoracic Surgery
Text Book of Hepatobiliary Surgery-Blumgart
Textbook Colorectal Surgery by Corman Marvin L.
Laparoscopic Surgery Technique-Darsi
Zollinger Altas of Surgical Operation
Surgery of Alimentary Tract Vol 1 & 2 Shackelford
Journals
Annals of Surgery
Archives of Surgery
British Journal of Surgery
Journal of Neurosurgery
Journal of Neurosurgery : Spine
Journal of Neurosurgery : Pediatrics
Journal of Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Journal of Trauma
Journal of Urology
Neurosurgery clinics of North America
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Surgery
Surgical Clinics of North America
Urologic Clinics of North America
_ Indian Journal of Surgery
Journal of Minimal Access Surgery
Journal of Indian Association of Paediatric Surgery Indian Journal of Burns
Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardio vascular Surgery Journal of Emergency Trauma and
Shock
Current problems in Surgery
Model Test Papers
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
MS (Surgery)
Paper-i
Basic sciences as applied to surgery
Max. Marks: 100 Time: 3 hrs
 Attempt ALL questions
 Answer each question & its pans in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
 ALL questions cony equal marks
 Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS
1 Describe in detail the surgical anatomy of liver.
II Describe the normal sequential rotation of gut in fetal life and consequences of
malrotation of gut.
III Describe pathophysiological changes of portal hypertension.
IV Explain Development and surgical anatomy of thyroid.
V Explain Surgical anatomy of inguinal canal in relation to hernia formation.
VI Explain Embroyology, clinical features and its implication for treatment of
Branchial cyst.
VII Discuss Lymphatic drainage of breast.
V111 Surgical anatomy of anal canal in relation to fistula in ano.
IX Describe ano-rectal malformation.
X Describe surgical anatomy of venous system of leg.
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
MS (Surgery)
Paper-11
Principles and practice of Surgery
Max. Marks:I00 Time: 3 hrs
 Attempt ALL questions
 Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
 ALL questions carry equal marks
Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS
I Describe in brief hypovolemic shock, its pathophysiology and management.
II Describe pathology, clinical presentation and surgical management of carcinoma
stomach.
III Describe etiology and management of hydronephrosis
IV Elaborate pathology, clinical features, investigations and treatment of BHP
V Describe development pathology, clinical features and management of APKD
VI Explain ANDI of breast
VII Compare Acute VS chronic arterial occlusion
VIII Describe the management of deep bums
IX Describe general principles of management of blunt abdominal injury
X Describe clinical features and management of liver abscess
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
MS (Surgery)
Paper-Ill
Operative Surgery
Mar. Malt: 100 Time: 3 hrs
 Attempt ALL questions
 Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
 ALL questions carry equal marks
 Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS
I Describe the indications, techniques and complications of neck dissections.
II Describe indications, techniques and complications of esophagectomies.
III Enumerate types of and describe any one of the Liver resections
IV Enumerate the Complications of TPC with IPAA
V Classification and management of Bile duct Injuries
VI Describe Thoracic outlet syndrome
VII I Low will you manage a case of Buerger's disease
VIII Enumerate various Abdominal incisions and discuss their advantage and
complications
IX Describe the complications of Transurethral Prostate resection
X Describe Damage control surgery
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
MS (Surgery)
Paper-I V
Recent advances in Surgery
Max. Marks:100 Time: 3 hrs
 Attempt ALL questions
 Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
 ALL questions carry equal marks
 Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS
I Describe the use of radio frequency in surgery
II Discuss Recent advances in the treatment of carcinoma breast.
III \Vhat is N.O.T.E.S and its current status
IV Describe T.E.M.S
V Give an overview of treatment of Ulcerative colitis
VI Discuss the recent advances in Treatment of varicose veins
VII Outline Uses and advantages of robotic surgery
VIII Discuss the recent advances in abdominal compartment syndrome
IX Describe the latest concepts in the management of BHP
X Describe the recent advances in management of carcinoma esophagus
Syllabus for Post Graduate Students
Basic Sciences
1. Surgical anatomy & Rotation of gut
2. Surgical anatomy of liver and biliary system
3. Surgical anatomy of stomach
4. Surgical anatomy of thyroid
5. Surgical anatomy of renal system
6. Surgical anatomy of breast and lymphatic drainage
7. Surgical anatomy of groin and scrotum
S. Surgical anatomy of head and neck and lymphatic drainage
9. Autonomic Nervous system
10. Physiology of gastric secretions
II. Physiology of thyroid gland
12. Physiology of Jaundice
13. Acid base, fluids and electrolytes balance and its management.
14. Blood brain barrier
15. Dynamics of blood and lymph flow
16. Principle of macroscopic examination and sampling
17. Examination, description and sampling of specimen
18. Special investigative procedure
19. Stains, special stains and immunohistochemistry
20. Surgical pathology report
21. Microscope function
17
Principles of Surgery
1. Introduction & history of Surgery
2. Preparing patient for surgery and postoperative complications
3. Diagnostic and interventional radiology
4. Anaesthesia and pain management
5. Fluid and electrolyte balance/ Acid base balance.
6. Shock and management of hacmorrhagic & hypovolemic shock
7. Blood transfusion and component therapy
8. Inflammation/SIRS/MOP
9. Nutrition
10. Wound tissue repair and scars
11. Basic surgical skills and principals of laparoscopic surgery
12. Surgical wound infection and theatre technique
13. Infections: Tetanus, TB, Gas gangrene, Necrotising fasciitis, Cellulitis
14. AIDS & Surgery
15. Warfare injuries
16. Emerging technologies in surgery - Electronic robotics
17. Tumor biology & tumor markers
18. Electrosurgery
19. Parasitic diseases: Ascariasis, Amoebiasis, Cysticercosis, I lydatid disease
20. Cysts, ulcers & sinuses
21. Transplantation
22. Principals of oncology
23. Day surgery and surgical ethics
24. Surgical audit
25. Evidence based surgery
Skin & Subcutaneous tissue
1. Skin: callosities, warts, corns, infection
Vascular disorder
1.
Arterial disorders
2. Venous disorders
3. Lymphatic disorders including lymphomas
Trauma
1. Introduction to trauma
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Assessment & management of trauma
Head inj ury
Neck & spine injuries
Injuries to face and mouth
Injuries to chest & abdomen
Extremity trauma
Burns
9. Disaster management
Head, neck & spine
1. Elective neurosurgery
2. Cleft lip & palate
3. Oropharynx, larynx & neck
4. Oropharyngeal cancer
5. Salivary glands
6. Branchial apparatus and its anomalies
Gastrointestinal system
1. Stomach and Duodenum: Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,
Trichobezoar, acute dilatation of stomach, Duodenal ileum. Peptic ulcer
disease. Gastric neoplasms\GIST
2. Small intestine: Tuberculosis, Crohn's disease. Intestinal obstruction. Tumors.
3. Large intestine: Hirschsprung's disease/ Megarectum/ Non- megacolon,
Diverticulosis, Ulcerative colitis and Tumors.
4. Appendix: Inflammation & Tumors
5. Peritonitis: classification, etiology and management.
6. Rectum and anal canal: Development, Surgical anatomy, Lymphatic drainage,
Congenital anomalies, injuries, Foreign bodies, Pruritis ani, Fissure in ano,
Haemorrhoids, Incontinence, Strictures, Prolapse and Carcinoma Rectum and anal
canal.
7. Gall Bladder: Development, Congenital anomalies, Cholelithiasis and
Cholecystitis, Choledocholithiasis, choledochal cyst, Stricture, carcinoma,
CBD and gall bladder carcinoma
8. Pancreas: Inflammation and Tumors
9. Liver: Abscess, Hydatid disease, Neoplasm
10. Portal hypertension and surgical spleen
Genito-urinary system
1. Kidney and Ureter: Development, Congenital anomalies, Injuries, Urolithiasis,
Hydronephrosis, Renal Tuberculosis, Pyonephrosis and
Perinephric Abscess and Neoplasms
2. Lower urinary tract: Injuries, Stricture Urethera, REP & Prostatic calculi,
Carcinoma Prostate, Bladder Tumors and Carcinoma Penis
3. Testis: Congenital anomalies, Varicocele, Flydrocele, Idiopathic
gangrene scrotum and Tumors
4. Male Infertility
Breast
I. Breast: Surgical anatomy Lymphatic drainage, Congenital anomalies.
Fibroadenosis
2. Breast: Inflammation
3. Breast: Benign tumors & cysts
4. Breast: Malignant tumors
5. Breast: Reconstruction
Endocrinal surgery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thyroid: Surgical anatomy, Developmental anomalies and functions
Thyroid: Euthyroid conditions
Thyroid: Dysfunctions
Thyroid: Tumors
Parathyroid and Adrenals: Surgical diseases
Thoracic Surgery
1. Oesophagus: Development congenital anomalies, Injuries, Stricture, Cardia achalasia,
Reflux oesophagitis and Tumors
2. Diaphragm: Congenital defects and Hiatus hernia
3. Heart: Cardiac arrest, Valvular heart disease
4. Chest: Empyema thoracis, chest wall tumors, Mediastinal Tumor,
5. Surgical aspects of congenital and acquired heart diseases-introduction
Neurosurgery
1.
2.
3.
4.
Congenital anomalies of skull, Encephlocele, I lydrocephalus
Spinal dysrephism
Intracranial space occupying lesions
Trauma
Plastic Surgery
1. Wounds and scars
2. B u r n s
3.
4.
5.
Skin grafting.
Skin cysts, Tumors, Precancerous lesions, Leprosy
!land: Congenital anomalies and anatomy, Infections, Dupuytren's contracture and
injuries
6. Face: Congenital & Developmental anomalies, cleft lip/palate and injuries
7. Jaw Tumors
8. Oral cancer, Carcinoma tongue, Carcinoma lip
9. Congenital & Developmental anomalies of lower urinary tract
10. Nerve injuries
11. Lymphedema & Filiariasis
Operative Surgery
I.
Introduction principals, nomenclature, suture material type of
knots/sutures
2. Sterilization asepsis and antisepsis
3. Preoperative care and complications
4. Postoperative care and complications
5. Biopsy and its types
6. Management of wound repair of various type of tissue viz nerve, tendon, artery
and vein
7. Drainage of abscess viz Parotid, breast and ischio-rectal
8. Spaces of hand and drainage of hand abscesses
9. Operation of various hernias
10. Abdominal incisions and exploratory laparotomy
11. Gasterostomy, Vagotomy, Gastrojejunostomy, Pyloroplasty & Partial
Gasrectomy
12. I lemicolectomy, colostomy, eaccostomy, enterostomy, APR
13. Resection of bowel and anastomosis, operations for obstruction
14. A p p e n d i c e ct o my
15. Operations for liver abscess, Hydatid disease, subphrenic/pelvic abscess,
pseudopancreatic cyst
16. Cholecystectomy, cholecystostomy, biliary injury and exploration of
CBD
17. Basics of Laparoscopy & instruments
18. Operations for fistula in ano, haemorrhoids, rectal prolapsed
19. Catheterization, Urethral dilatation, Suprapubic cystolithotomy
20. Rupture urethra & uretheroplasty
21. Operations of prostate
22. Operations for hydrocele, varicoccle, testicular tumor/orchidectomy
23. Operations for phimosis, paraphimosis, pinhole meatus (meatotomy),
Carcinoma penis
24. Vasectomy/ Recanalisation
25. Operations for kidney
26. Operations for Ureter
27. Oper at i ons f or t hyr oi d
28. Operations for varicose veins,
29. Operation for arterial thrombosis, repair of arterial injuries and lumbar and
cervical sympathectomies
30. T r a c h e o s t o m y
31. Intercoastal drainage and rib resection
32. Skin grafting, amputation and biopsy/ release of contracture
33. I n s t r u m e n t s
34. Operation for salivary gland
35. Operation for adrenals
36. Operation for cleft lip and palate
37. Surgery of breast and axilla
38. Emergency laprotomy
Recent advances
I. Bacterial translocation in surgical patients
2. Optimization of high risk surgical patients
3. Abdominal tuberculosis
4. Malignant melanoma update
5. Intestinal fistula management
6. Inguinal hernia repair- update
7. Standards in the treatment of pancreatic disease
8. Morbid obesity
9. Diagnostic laparoscopy in staging GI malignancy
10. Adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer
11. Adjuvant therapy in carcinoma breast
12. Role of radiotherapy in Carcinoma Breast
13. Development in live donor renal transplantation
14. Strategies of breast cancer prevention
15. N O T E S
16. Pancreas and islet transplantation
17. Liver transplantation
18. Thyroid cancer
19. Parathyroid Surgery
20. Blood transfusion and other approaches
21. Abdominal compartment syndrome
22. Repair of incisional hernia
23. Nutrition in acute pancreatitis
24. Treatment of pancreatic pscudocyst
25. Biliary tract injuries
26. Liver trauma update
27. Extra anatomical bypass for leg ischemia
28. Diabetic foot and ulceration
29. Uses of laser in surgery
30. Surgical training for post graduates