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ANT 2000H History of Race in Anthropology Early 19th Century Early 20th Century Modern Perspectives Human Biological Diversity Race as a Biological Concept Science - early 19th Century: One Race or Several Species? Charles Pickering – “Races of Man and Their Geographical Distribution” Samuel G. Morton – anthropomorphic measurements of skulls Charles Darwin – “The Origin of Species” and “The Descent of Man” Science - early 20th Century – the Evolution of the concept of Race Earnest Albert Hooton “Up from the Apes” Ales Hrdlicka Franz Boaz – ‘Father of American Anthropology’ William Montague Cobb Ashley Montagu = “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race” Carleton Coon – notion of separate evolution Modern Perspectives on Evolution and Race William C. Boyd – immunochemist Blood types Richard Lewontin – proportion of human variation that can be statistically explained by “ race” found to be insignificant Stephen J. Gould – “The Mismeasure of Man” Old perspectives in modern times: “The Bell Curve” by Herrnstein and Murray Scientific racism? Humans are a single, highly variable species inhabiting the entire globe. Minute variations of our DNA each give us a unique genetic fingerprint, yet this variation remains within the bounds of being genetically human The vast majority of human variation exists within populations rather than among populations. In biology, a race is a population differing geographically, morphologically, or genetically from other populations of the same species. There is no agreement on how many differences it takes to make a race. Any one race does not have exclusive possession of any particular variant of any gene or genes. The differences among individuals and within a population are generally greater than the differences among populations. Concept of race not applicable to human variation Even so race exists as a cultural category Confusion of social with biological factors is Anthropology abandons the race concept No utility in understanding biological variation Anthropologists study clines, the distribution and significance of single, specific, genetically based characteristics and continuous traits related to adaptation. Why is classifying humans by “races” detrimental? Is using racial classifications helpful or harmful? In applications (college, job, etc) In the medico-legal system Why does racism continue to be a problem? Within the US? In other parts of the world? How do you think that the concept of “Race” has changed over the past 20-25 years? What is the future of the concept of “Race”? How will it evolve and why?