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Respiratory disease Respiratory disease Further diagnostics – Tracheal wash (cytology and bacterial culture) – Anesthetize and intubate with sterile endotracheal tube – Pass open-end urinary catheter through tube – Inject 2 – 3 ml warm, sterile saline – Induce coughing by tapping on thorax – Aspirate fluid Respiratory disease – Treatment – Supportive care – Oxygen Parasitic diseases – Ectoparasites – Fleas – Treatment – Fluid therapy – Anti-flea shampoo – Force-feeding – Fipronil (Frontline®) – Selamectin (Revolution ®) – Antibiotics (based on culture and sensitivity) – Trimethoprim-sulfa (30 mg/kg; q 12 h) – Otodectes cynotis – Enrofloxacine (10 – 15 mg/kg; q 12 h) Otodectes cynotis ferret – Diagnosis – Otoscopy Otodectes cynotis ferret – Diagnosis – Otoscopy – Microscopy – Treatment – Fipronil (Frontline®) – Selamectin (Revolution®) 1 Parasitic diseases – Endoparasites Helicobacter mustelae gastritis – Symptoms – Worms § GI worms are seldom seen § Heartworm is seen in USA – Coccidiosis (rare) – Treatment with TMP/S – Giardia (rare) – Treatment with Fenbendazol (50 mg/kg; q 24 h; 3 days) Helicobacter mustelae gastritis – Lethargy – Salivation – Anorexia – Pawing at the mouth – Vomiting – Black feces – Infections already occur at very young age – Lifelong infection when not treated – Symptoms occur at later age due to immunosuppression immunosuppression Helicobacter mustelae gastritis Treatment (at least for 14 days) – Diagnostics – Gastroscopy (gastritis / ulcera ) – Clarithromycin (50 mg/kg; q 24 h) – Metronidazol (75 mg/kg; q 24 h) – Biopsy of the stomach – Omeprazol [Losec®] (4 mg/kg; q 24 h) – Gastric histology in ferrets with Helicobacter is often similar to that of healthy ferrets – PCR / serology – 80% of all ferrets are positive Diarrhea – Infectious causes – Coccidiosis Young animal – Rotavirus Young animal – ECE (corona virus) Epizootic catarrhal enteritis – Also named – Green slime disease – Occurs in: – Adult ferrets after contact with young carrier animal – Epizootic catarrhal enteritis – PBD Young animal – Proliferative bowel disease – Canine distemper – Treatment (supportive care) – Force feeding – Hydration therapy – [Antibiotics ?] 2 Proliferative bowel disease – Caused by: Proliferative bowel disease – Symptoms – Lawsonia intracellularis (a strict intracellular bacteria) – Chronic diarrhea (possibly with blood) – Rectum prolaps – Causes – Hypertrophy of the wall of the duodenum and colon – Pain when defecating – Severe weight loss – Occurs in: – Ferrets of 10 – 16 weeks of age – < 3% of infected ferrets actually get sick Diarrhea – Chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg; q 12 h (minimal of 2 weeks) Approach of ferret with diarrhea – History – Non-infectious causes – Diet (intolerance) Most important cause – Recent new addition / contact with other ferrets? – Vaccinated against Canine distemper? – Foreign body – Trichobezoar – Suggested treatment During molt: use hairball remover for cats twice a week – IBD – Inflammatory bowel disease (immune related) – Eosinophilic gastritis (rare) – What diet is given to the ferret? – Thorough abdominal palpation – Fecal examination for GI parasites – Provide diet which is easy to digest Approach of ferret with diarrhea – Use of hairball remover? – Prevent dehydration – SQ fluids – Oral Rehydration Salts (?) – When complaints last: additional diagnostics – Radiograph / abdominal ultrasound – Collect biopsies from GI tract Cardiac disease Very common in ferrets Clinical signs – Ferrets older than 3 years – Anorexia – Lethargy – Dyspnea – Exercise intolerance – Ascites – Weight loss – Hind leg weakness – Coughing 3 Cardiac disease Cardiac disease Physical examination – Pale or cynotic mucous membranes – Refill time more than 2 seconds – Femoral pulse may be weak, irregular or normal – Heart auscultation (between rib 6 and 8) – Bradycardia – Tachycardia Diagnosis – History and physical examination – Radiography – Murmurs – Muffled heart sounds – Dypnea and tachypnea – Lung auscultation – Muffles lung sounds – Increased bronchovesicular sounds Cardiac disease Cardiac disease – Radiographs Diagnosis – History and physical examination – Radiography – Ultrasound Dorsal displacement of trachea Enlarged cardiac silhouette Cardiac disease Electrocardiography Parameter Diagnosis – History and physical examination – Radiography – Ultrasound Heart frequency 220 (175 -265) 88,5 o ± 5,5 o (85 o -102o ) Heart axi s Measurements in le ad II P duration (s) P amplitude (mV) 0,019 ± 0,003 (0,01 – 0,02) 0,11 ± 0,04 (0,09 – 0,2) PR interval (s) 0,049 ± 0,009 (0,04 – 0,07) QRS duration (s) 0,026 ± 0,006 (0,02 – 0,04) QRS amplitude (mV) QT interval (s) – Electrocardiography x ± sd (range) ST segment (mV) T duration (s) T amplitude (mV) 2,9 ± 1,2 (1,4 – 4,4) 0,14 ± 0,02 (0,11 – 0,16) 0,03 ± 0,01 (0,02 – 0,05) 0,084 ± 0,018 (0,06 – 0,11) 0,26 ± 0,08 (0,15 – 0,4) 4