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Chapter 11 The Changing Family Defining Family • A family is a relationship in which people: – Live together with commitment – Form an economic unit – Care for the young – Consider the group critical to their identity • Traditional family based on kinship: © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Defining Family – Network of people based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption • Prior to industrialization extended family was common: – But today in industrial society most are nuclear families © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Views on the Family • Family today has changed from family of the past: – Marriage is no longer a cultural imperative – Cohabitation • The family is adapting to societal changes: – And people remain committed to marriage as evidenced by serial monogamy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Singlehood • Singlehood continues to increase in U.S. • Reasons people choose singlehood: – Greater freedom from commitment – More career opportunities – Desire for self-sufficiency and freedom to change • Some people are involuntarily single: © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Singlehood – Varies greatly by race and ethnicity • Many more African American males and females have never been married compared to whites – By necessity • Economic reasons prevents many young, workingclass people from marrying because: – They can’t afford to set up their own household © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Postponing Marriage • Median age for first marriage has increased • Reasons for postponing marriage: – Economic uncertainty; concern about divorce – Women increasing participation in labor force – Sexual relationships outside marriage are more acceptable; contraception more effective © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cohabitation and Domestic Partnership • Cohabitation: – Two unmarried adults living together in a sexual relationship without legal marriage – Some times a step in the dating process – Mixed results on it’s relationship to marital success © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cohabitation and Domestic Partnership • Domestic Partnerships – A legal move by states to allow some people similar rights and benefits as married couples – Common among gay and lesbian couples who can’t legally marry in most states: • Although preference is still for same sex marriage which accords more rights to the couple © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dual-Earner Marriage • Marriages in which both spouses are in the labor force – More common among minority families • Many women in these marriages end up doing the “second shift” – Women do about 1 extra month more of work each year than their husbands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Two Parent vs. Single Parent Homes • A very conflicted 2 parent home is worse than a supportive single parent home • Effects of a single parent household on children – Negatives – Positives © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Related Family Issues • Reproductive freedom: – Very controversial topic related to contraceptive use as well as abortion – Has both personal and social consequences. • Infertility and Reproductive Technologies: – Many new technologies to help them, but don’t always work © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Teen Pregnancy • The teen birthrate is higher in the U.S. than any other high-income nation • Largest increase in African American girls • Likely to drop out of school • Have no social support outside of family • Children from teen moms have limited opportunities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Divorce and Remarriage • We have a high rate of divorce in the U.S. – Factors affect likelihood of divorce – Race and ethnicity • Even though divorce rates are high: – Remarriage rates are also high in the U.S. creating many blended families © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Domestic Violence • Child Abuse: – Neglect that is physical, mental, sexual or negligent treatment of a child under 18 • Much remains hidden unless serious injury/death • Spouse Abuse: – Historically it was ignored and tolerated – Women more likely to be victims © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Perspectives on Family • Functionalist and Conservative – Family provides social order and economic stability – Family is the solution to many societal problems – Dysfunctional families threaten well-being of individuals and society © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Perspectives on Family • Conflict and Feminist – Family as a major source of inequality and conflict – Family reproduces inequality that exists in larger society • Reinforces patriarchy and female subordination © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Perspectives on Family • Symbolic Interactionists – Focus on how family members play their diverse roles – Problems occur because: • Men & women experience marriage differently • Unrealistic expectations about love and marriage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.