Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cancer Chapter Twelve . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. What Is Cancer? • Cancer is the second most common cause of death, after heart disease • Responsible for 1:4 deaths in the United States • Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells • A tumor (neoplasm) is a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose • A benign tumor is composed of cells that are enclosed, preventing them from spreading to other tissues • A malignant tumor is cancerous and capable of spreading 2 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis • Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another • They break away and can pass through: • Blood vessels • Lymphatic system • This form of traveling can result in secondary tumors or metastases • (a seeding process) 3 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 12.1 Percentage of all deaths linked to risk factors 4 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Common Cancers • Lung Cancer • A carcinogen is any substance that causes cancer • Colon and Rectal Cancer • Breast Cancer • Prostate Cancer 5 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 12.2 Cancer cases by site and sex 6 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Lung Cancer • Lung Cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States • The chief risk factor is smoking • Accounts for 87% of lung cancer deaths • It is responsible for about 160,000 deaths per year • Symptoms do not usually appear until after the disease has advanced to the invasive stage • Treatment involves a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy 7 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Colon and Rectal Cancer • Also known as colorectal cancer, it is the third leading cancer death cause • Age and lifestyle are risk factors • Polyps, which are small growths, develop and cause bleeding from the rectum, which is a strong warning sign • The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that regular screening be started at age 50. • Stool blood test • Colonoscopy • Surgery is the primary method of treatment 8 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Breast Cancer • Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women • Risk factors include: • • • • • • Genetic factors Early-onset menstruation Having no children or having the first one after age 30 Currently using HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Obesity Alcohol consumption • Prevention involves lifestyle modification • Detection includes: • Mammograms • Clinical breast exams • Self breast exams • Treatment is surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment 9 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Prostate Cancer • Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and second to lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among men • Risk factors • • • • Age (strongest predictor) African American ethnicity Heredity Lifestyle factors • Diet may be an important factor of preventing this cancer • Detection is by a rectal exam or a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test • Treatment includes: • Surgical removal • Radiation treatment 10 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract • Cervical Cancer • Most cases of cervical cancer stem from HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection • Screenings are usually performed by pap test via a pelvic exam • If abnormal cells are found, they are surgically removed • Genital warts are usually transmitted during unprotected sex 11 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract • Uterine or Endometrial Cancer • This is cancer of the lining of the uterus and mostly occurs after the age of 55 • Risk factors similar to those for breast cancer • Usually detected by pelvic examination • Treatment includes surgery, possibly combined with radiation and chemotherapy 12 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract • Ovarian Cancer • Considered rare compared with other reproductive cancers • Risk factors are similar to breast and endometrial cancer • Ovarian Cancer is treated by surgical removal of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus 13 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Skin Cancer • Skin Cancer is the most common type of cancer when cases of the highly curable forms are included • Primary risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation • UVA = longer wavelength; damages connective tissue, leads to premature aging of the skin, causes skin cancer • UVB = shorter wavelength; causes sunburn, damages eyes and immune system, causes skin cancer 14 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of Skin Cancer • There are 3 main types of skin cancer, named for the type of skin cell from where they develop • Basal cell carcinoma develops in the deepest layers of the skin • Squamous cell carcinoma develops on the surface layers of the skin • Melanoma is a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole; is considered the most dangerous form of skin cancer 15 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preventing Skin Cancer • Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, hats • Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF (30+) • Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before sun exposure, 15–30 minutes after exposure begins, and frequently • Avoid sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM • Check UV index • Avoid tanning salons • Examine your skin on a regular basis 16 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 12.4 The ABCD test for melanoma 17 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Oral Cancer • Oral cancer affects the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat • It is traced to the use of smokeless tobacco and excessive alcohol use • Oral cancer is easy to detect but often hard to cure • Treatment includes: • Surgery • Radiation treatment 18 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Testicular Cancer • Testicular Cancer is relatively rare, accounting for only 1% of cancers in men • More common in white Americans than other ethnic groups • Age 20-35 • Self-exams help with early detection • Treatment includes: • Surgical removal of tumors • Chemotherapy 19 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Cancers • Pancreatic cancer • Fourth leading • Brain cancer • Leukemia • Bladder cancer • 3 times more common in men • Cancer of WBC • Lymphoma • Hodgkin’s • Non-Hodgkin’s • Kidney cancer 20 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Causes of Cancer • The Role of DNA • • • • DNA Basics Genetics Oncogenes Cancer promoters • Dietary Factors • • • • • • Inactivity and Obesity • Metabolic syndrome • Figure 12.5 • Carcinogens in the Environment • Ingested chemicals • Environmental and industrial pollutants • Radiation • Microbes Fat and meat Alcohol Fried foods Fiber Fruits and vegetables 21 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figure 12.5 Body weight and cancer mortality 22 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preventing Cancer • Avoid tobacco • Control diet and weight • Exercise • Protect skin • Avoid environmental and occupational carcinogens 23 . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Twelve CANCER . © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.