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Chapter 3
The Diverse World of
First-Century Judaism
Key Topics/Themes
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The diversity of first-century Judaism
Common beliefs of first-century Jews
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Three Worlds of the New
Testament Era
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Scriptures and Traditions of Judaism
Culture of Greece
Political Power of Rome
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The One God, Yahweh
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The Shema
The divine name
The Jewish deity’s name in the New
Testament
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The Torah
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The Mosaic Covenant
The purity laws
Views of Hebrew Bible authors concerning
applicability of Mosaic Covenant
Views of New Testament authors concerning
applicability of Mosaic Covenant
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The Divine Promises
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The promise to Abraham
The Hebrew monarchy
Attitudes toward the divine promises after the
fall of the Hebrew monarchy
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The Jerusalem Temple
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History of the Jerusalem Temple
Significance of the Temple for devout Jews
The Day of Atonement
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First-Century
Jewish Diversity
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The Sadducees
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Origins of the Sadducees
The Sadducees and the Romans
Characteristic beliefs of the Sadducees
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The Pharisees
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Antagonism toward the Pharisees in the
Gospels
Strict Torah observance
Hillel and Shammai
Relationship between the views of Jesus and
the Pharisees
Gamaliel
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The Academy of Jamnia
(Yavneh)
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The leadership of Yohanan ben Zakkai
The development of Judaism at Jamnia
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The Samaritans
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The origin of the Samaritans
Hostility between Samaritans and Jews
Relationships between Samaritans and early
Christianity
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The Essenes and
the Dead Sea Scrolls
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Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls
The Essenes
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The Qumran Community
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Origins of the Qumran community
Beliefs of the Qumran Essenes
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Qumran Community (continued)
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Contents of the Qumran library (Dead Sea
Scrolls)
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Books of the Hebrew Bible
Pseudepigraphical books
Commentaries on biblical books
Community documents
Essenes and the New Testament
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The Zealots
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Origins of the Zealot movement
The role of the Zealots in the Jewish
Revolt of 66 CE
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The Messiah:
First-century Expectations
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Jesus’ failure to meet Jewish messianic
expectations
Early Christian attempts to counter Jewish
skepticism about Jesus’ messiahship
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Messiah (continued)
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The Royal Covenant of King David
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Origins of Messiah theology in reigns of Davidic
kings
Historical end of the Davidic dynasty
Israel’s hopes for a new Davidic king
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Scriptural promises of a new dynasty
The Messiah as political leader
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Messianic Claimants
Before and After Jesus
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Judas the Galilean
The Zealots and the Sicarii
Simon bar Giora
Simon bar Kochba
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Portrayal of the Messiah
in Psalm of Solomon 17
See, Lord, and raise up for them [Israel] their king, the
son of David [italics added] to rule over your servant
Israel in the time known to you, O God. . . .
There will be no unrighteousness among them in his
days, for all shall be holy, and their king shall be the
Lord Messiah [italics added].
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A Revisionist View of the
Messiah
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The incompleteness of Jesus’ earthly
mission
The necessity of Jesus’ return as
supernatural king
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Summary
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The New Testament Jesus explained
using variety of Jewish traditions:
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Anointed monarch in tradition of David
Lawgiver and prophet like Moses
Suffering servant
Heavenly sacrifice and eternal priest
Image of the invisible God
Christ (mashiah) as Jesus’ name, not a title
only
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