Download Survey on Smart Grid Technologies

2014 IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science
Survey on Smart Grid Technologies- Smart Metering,
IoT and EMS
Shobhit Jain1
UARC, CPRI
Bangalore,
India
Vinoth Kumar.N1
UARC, CPRI
Bangalore,
India
A.Paventhan2
UARC, CPRI
Bangalore,
India
V.Kumar Chinnaiyan3
Prof & Head EEE
Coimbatore
India
Abstract— Theapplication of communication and information
technology in electrical utility makes consumers to be very
comfortable. From the perspective of energy saving and power
efficiency in Generation, Utility, Industry and homes an effective
supervising of appliances is required. Now a day, smart grid
conceptusing various cost effective communication technology
and architecture proves electrical sector to have a bidirectional
communication with utility and consumers as well as remote
monitoring. Research and development in smart grid come up
with new technology to make human life easier.This paper gives a
strong idea about various technologies and standards for smart
grid as well as smart metering /AMI. Also it provides knowledge
on energy management system (EMS) and Internet of Things
(IoT) for various applications.
V.Arnachalam4
UARC, CPRI
Bangalore,
India
Pradish.M5
UARC,CPRI
Bangalore,
India
metering infrastructure (AMI) [3] is a key task in the smart
grid[4][5]. In such a system, each power user is equipped with
a smart meter enabling two-way communications back to the
utility company, as well as variable tariffs, outage monitoring,
prepayment and remote disconnect. This paper will provide
detailed survey on smart metering communication and
standards, energy management system, home area network
and IoT technologies.
INTERNET
COMMUNICATION
HOME
SECURITY
Keyword: AMI, Smart Meter, CommunicationTopology, IoT,EMS
AUTOMATIC
LIGHTING
I. INTRODUCTION
The smart grid has emerged in the last decades as a
promising area of research and evaluation, ranging from
futuristic academic concepts to short-term deployable
functionality and associated business models.A new concept
of next generation electric power system that will feature
advanced configurability, reactiveness, and self-management.
The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure
for improved efficiency, reliability and safety, with smooth
integration of renewable and alternative energy sources,
through automated control and modern communications
technologies [1], [2]. The vision of a complex collaborative
infrastructure is based on information and communication
technologies enabling near real-time monitoring, assessment
and management. Smart meter is an advanced energy meter
that measures the energy consumption of consumer and
provides information to the utility by two way communication.
The power utilities have installed electronic energy meter for
its domestic/industrial and commercial consumers. This device
is very significant for any utility as the revenue for the utility
is based on these meters. Smart metering is one the important
applications of the IoT for environmental sustainability and
energy issues in recent years. IP based wireless sensor
network are considered as one of the promising wireless
communication technologies applied in SMI.In India electric
utilities are planning to deployed smart meters on the pilot
basis. There are seven ongoing pilot projects and various
working group like ISGF,BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) are
working and giving information about protocol and
technologies. Smart Metering Architecture (SMA)/Advance
978-1-4799-2526-1/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
SMART
ACTUATORS
BATTERY
VEHICLE
MANAGEMENT
EMS
Data Concentrator
Home Area Network
Wired / Wireless
SMART
METER
GSM/ GPRS Module
RF Mesh Network
Power Line
Communication
Prepaid RFID
V/I Sensor
LCD Display
GRID
Fig 1Smart metering Architecture
The controller is a key role in the architecture. The
computational processes are being done by the controller. The
controller should be compatible for communication feature
like Zigbee, WIFI and GSM/ GPRS
II. SUITABILITY IN THE SG ARCHITECTURE
The standards that serve varying purposes, reflecting different
needs and applications throughout a smart grid.Topology is
needed that facilitates continuous expansion by the inclusion
of upward compatible technology while ensuring full
backward compatibility with existing legacy systems. Figure.1
gives the conceptual architecture of smart grid. A typical
system for smart meters contains the following interfaces.
1. The communication between a data concentrator
and a consumer’s electricity meter. Data concentrators are
used when a direct connection from the central server to the
meter is not possible (for example PLC systems). A handheld
unit can be connected for maintenance
2. Direct communication between the meter and the
central system. This will typically be based on
GPRS/UMTS/LTE or an already available broadband internet
connection.
3. Connection between the meter and a local
terminal (for installation and configuration). It is comparable
to the case of the data concentrator, with wireless functionality
making cost-effective “drive-by meter reading” possible.
4. Communication between the central meter and
secondary meters (for e.g. domestic solar panel arrays) or
multi-utility meters for gas, water or heat.
5. Communication between the meter and a HAN
(Home Area Network) for home automation and domestics,
enabling advanced demand response and load shedding
functionality. In-home displays and controllers will
communicate with the meter via this interface.
III. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND
STANDARD
A. DLMS/COSEM
DLMS stands for device language message specification
included with IEC 62056[6].It is an application layer protocol
defines general concepts for the modeling of object related
services ,client-server structure, in which data exchange
between data collection systems and metering equipment
using the COSEM interface object model is based on the
client/servermodel.COSEM stands
for
Companion
Specification for Energy Metering, consist
a set of
specifications that defines the Transport and Application
Layers protocols and include metering specific objects based
on OBIS (Object Identification System) codes for use with
(x)DLMS. xDLMS is an extension to the DLMS standard and
it is the application layer service element providing access to
the COSEM objects.. The main goal of the COSEM approach
is to provide a business domain oriented interface object
model for metering devices and systems while keeping
backward compatibility to the existing DLMS standard. To
meet these requirements COSEM provides a more metering
specific view of the meter through the COSEM interface
objects..The DLMS/COSEM specification specifies an
interface model and communication protocols for data
exchange with metering equipment,functionality of the meter
as it is available at its interface. It uses generic building blocks
to model this functionality. Communication protocols define
how the data can access and transported. The DLMS/COSEM
specification follows a three step, Modeling that specified
"COSEM interface classes and the OBIS identification
system" DLMS UA 1000-1[7]. It specifies the COSEM
interface classes, the OBIS identification system used to
identify instances of these classes, called interface objects, and
the use of interface objects for modelling the various functions
of the meter. Messaging and Transporting specifies
communication profiles for various communication media and
the protocol layers of these communication profiles. The top
layer in any profile is the COSEM application layer[8]. It
provides a logical connection between the client and the
server(s). It also provides the xDLMS messaging services to
access attributes and methods of the COSEM interface objects.
The support for DLMS/COSEM in a lot of other standards
(such as M-Bus, IEC 62056-21, -31 and recently Zigbee),
projects (Dutch DSMR) and existing meters illustrate this.
B. IEC 62056-31 “Euridis”
Euridis[9] is a realistic and reliable solution for remote and
local meter reading introduced at the beginning of the 90's,
and in 1999 , the protocol has been standardized by the
international workgroup IEC TC13WG14. The standard has
been evolved from IEC 61142 to the actual IEC 62056-31,it
uses a twisted pair cabling system, the local bus, onto which
all meters in a building can be linked. A magnetic coupler
then allows to connect a handheld unit for readout or
programming. The bus can be up to 500m or 100 devices
and allows a data rate of 1200 baud half-duplex. The scope
of Euridis is clearly local meterreading with HHUs.
C. PRIME,PLC
Power Line Communications (PLC) [10] CENELEC norm
EN 50065-1. In addition to the standardization efforts on
Broad–Band PLC for in home PLC–based Local Area
Networks and internet access (IEEE P1901.1),
standardization of Narrow–Band PLC for Smart Grid
applications At the physical and MAC layer, IEEE P1901.2
Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC)
system enables transmission of data over power lines.PLC is
an evolving technology which uses the existing power lines
for data transmission. Like any other communication
networks, PLC networks need to be managed for efficient
use of resources and secure operations. With the
development of the smart grid, power line communications
is becoming more and more important. Compared with
traditional modulation, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) has the advantages of the full use of
spectrum, inherent robustness against narrowband
interference, and excellent robustness in multi-path
environments. This article is devoted to compare FFT-based
OFDM in Broadband-PLC with in Narrowband-PLC.
PRIME [11]stands for Powerline Related Intelligent
Metering Evolution and defines the lower layers of an
OFDM based PLC narrowband system that operates within
the CENELEC A-band. Raw data rates of up to 130 kbps
are possible and an IPv4 convergence layer should allow
efficient transfer of TCP/IP traffic.
D. KNX
The KNX[12] specification results from a formal merger of
three technologies dedicated working on distributed home and
building automation and control namely European Installation
Bus (EIB) ,Batibus, and European home system(EHS).KNX
technology is covered by standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-x in
2006. .The goal of KNX is to provide encapsulating today’s
existing home and building electronic system into one
common standard which serve as a platform for future
evolution. KNX [13]provides application modules distributed
automation, HVAC, home automation, and remote meter
reading supporting all relavant communication media , and
protocol stack.Each bus has some sort of certified Bus coupler
unit that is typically flush mounted for switches,displays and
sensors.To manage network resources,KNX uses both point to
point and multicast communication.When a device publishes a
data point ,it is assigned a multicast group address. A data
point in another device having the same address will then
receive updates and be able to notify the local application.
Thus all local application in a group form a so called
“distributed application”. KNX device is specifying three
configuration modes such as automatic, easy and system.
System mode allows sophisticated building setup but need a
separate configuration master and trained installer, while
automatic mode is suitable for end user installation. Some
device support more than one configuration mode. Smart
homes and buildings employing KNX as their control
network may be realized with any suitable communication
medium twisted pair (the ubiquitous green cable), Radio
Frequency(RF),IP/Ethernet or Power Line Communication,
they are able to exchange data Now its precisely the KNX RF
medium that supplies the link metering applications.
E. Lonworks/LonTalk
Lonworks or local operating network(LON) isan event
triggered control network system originally designed by
Echelon in 90’s.The heart of the lonworks technology is the
proprietary Lontalk protocol that consists communication
protocols.the purpose of Lonworks is to make simple and cost
effective to build open control system but because a protocol
specification alone is not sufficient for interoperability,
Echelon created LonWorks as a whole platform by offering
the hardware (Neuron chips), firmware and tools (Neuron
ANSI C) as well. .The Lontalk protocol which implement the
OSI reference model (layered ) was standardized as ANSI in
1999,it also specify the channel are twisted pair ,powerline
and fiberoptics i.e used for Lonworks networks variables(NV).
The application program in a device does not need to know
where input and output NVs come from or go to as this is the
task of the LonWorks firmware. Altogether LonWorks is
similar to KNX, but is used in a much wider range of
applications, well outside the home and building space. At the
end of 2008, ISO and IEC made the LonTalk technology into
standard ISO/IEC 14908-x [14].
F. BACnet
BACnet stands for Building and Automation Control
Networking and became ISO standard 16484-5 [15] in 2003.
Furthermore, BACnet is an entirely non-proprietary system,
with typical applications in the HVAC, lighting and security
domain. A number of network technologies can be used,
including Ethernet, LonTalk, ARCnet, ZigBee networks and
BACnet/IP. The latter allows the use of BACnet over virtually
any medium. BACnet has a Smart Grid Working Group
(SGWG) focused on enabling buildings to interact in the
grid.Standard BACnet objects such as the LCO (Load Control
Object) can already be used to track consumption and execute
preprogrammed actions accordingly. The BACnet/WS (Web
Services) specification allows external applications to interact
with a building automation system and is already used in the
OpenADR project. Future additions will include a
standardmeter object and energy profiles. LonWorks and
BACnet have overlapping scopes but the latter has become the
first choice at the system management level.
G. ZigBee (Smart Energy Profile)
ZigBee is a low-power wireless communications technology
designed for monitoring and control of devices, and is
maintained and published by the ZigBee Alliance [16]. Home
automation is one of the key market areas. Zigbee works on
top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [17], in the unlicensed 2.4
GHz or 915/868 MHz bands. An important feature of ZigBee
is the possibility to handle mesh-networking, thereby
extending the range and making a Zigbee network selfhealing. The Zigbee Smart Energy Profile [18] was defined in
cooperation with the Homeplug Alliance in order to further
enhance earlier HAN (Home Area Network) specifications.
The profile defines device descriptions for simple meter
reading, demand response, PEV charging, meter prepayment,
etc. Recently a collaboratie effort between the Zigbee Alliance
and the DLMS UA was announced to define a method to
tunnel standard DLMS/COSEM messages with metering data
through ZigBee Smart Energy networks. Considering the low
power requirements, robustness, availability of cheap Zigbee
“kits” and the specific profile for metering applications,
Zigbee has a lot of potential in home area networks.Table-1
provides the comparision of metering communiaction
technologies.
H. Home plug (Command & Control)
The Homeplug 1.0 standard was published in 2001 by the
Homeplug Powerline Alliance and allows communication
over power lines at 14 Mbps half-duplex. In 2005 it was
succeeded by Homeplug AV, allowing over 100 Mbps and
meant for HD multimedia applications. In 2007, version 1.0 of
Homeplug Command & Control was announced, providing a
PHY and MAC specification for low-speed (up to 5Kbps),
low-cost PLC usable in house-control applications (lighting,
HVAC, security and metering) [19]. Work on network,
transport and session layers is still ongoing. Device profiles
will provide a description language to define supported
services and actions. On another level, the Homeplug Alliance
is also seeking to standardize a Broadband over Power Line
technology. In January 2010, the IEEE P1901 draft was
published, defining a standard for high speed (>100 Mbps at
the physical layer) communications devices, using
transmission frequencies up to 100MHz [20]. Currently,
Homeplug C&C or Homeplug BPL products have not yet hit
the market.
I. 6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN is a standard under development [21] from
the IETF designed from the ground up to be used in small
sensor networks, on top of low power wireless (mesh)
networks, specifically IEEE 802.15.4 (thus directly competing
with ZigBee). Implementations of 6LoWPAN will easily fit
into a few kbs of memory. Highlights include support for the
Zero-Conf and Neighbor Discovery capabilities of IPv6[22]
and stateless header compression that allows the packets to be
as small as 4 bytes. 6lowpan could realize the main concept of
the “Internet of Things” by making it feasible to assign an IP
address to the smallest of devices, sensors and actuators.
J. DPWS
DPWS stands for Devices Profile for Web Services and its
goal is to integrate devices with internet web services. DPWS
1.1 [23] was approved as an OASIS Standard in June 2009.
The full protocol stack is composed of several web standards,
such as WSDL, XML, SOAP and a host of WS-standards.
DPWS is similar to UPnP (Universal Plug And Play) but puts
more focus on web services technology. DPWS enables secure
Web Service messaging, discovery, description, and eventing
on embedded, resource-constrained devices.
K. Wavenis
WavenisWireless
Technology is
a
two
way Wireless connectivity platform dedicated to serving
IoT applications. Wavenis is a wireless protocol stack
developed by Coronis Systems for control and monitoring
applications in several environments, including home and
building automation. Wavenis is currently being promoted and
managed by the Wavenis Open Standard Alliance (Wavenis
OSA). It defines the functionality of physical link, and
network layers [24] WG ETSI, work launched on
Metropolitan Machine Mesh Networks. According to IETF
standard Roll and 6lowpan,RFC 5548 and RPL, basis for the
Wavenis Standard stack– IEEE 802.15.4k LECIM(low energy
control for intelligent monitoring. Performance is Long
battery life (up to 15 years on primary battery) Long range
(200m indoor – 1km LOS) Smart links (2-way
communications) Reliable transmissions (FHSS, FEC, data
interleaving) Connection to WANs (Bluetooth extension
capability) Networking capabilities(p2p, star, tree, mesh,
repeater) Low unit cost[25].
IV. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
The smart grid will be one of the most important
applications of the Internet of Things.Internet of Things is a
twenty-first century phenomenon in which physical consumer
products connect to the web and start communicating with
each other by means of sensors and actuators[26].The IoTis a
hybrid paradigm that is growing in the field of wireless
telecommunication. Anytime, anywhere, any media” has been
for a long time vision pushing forward the advance in
communication technologies. In this context, wireless
technologies have played a key role and today the ratio
between radios and humans is nearing one to one [27].
Internet of things realized three concepts, “Things Oriented”,
“Internet Oriented “and “Semantic Oriented” [28]. There are
so many things around us such as tags ,sensor, actuators ,RFID
,NFC is Things Oriented [29].Internet Oriented is Ipv6, IP for
smart object, Web of things[30].The Semantic oriented is to
show the issues of tags ,sensors, for application
development."Therefore, semantically, "Internet of Things"
means "a world-wide network of interconnected objects
uniquely addressable, based on standard communication
protocols [31]. According to the Cluster of European
Commission projects [32] on the Internet of things, “Things
having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart
spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate
within social, environmental, and user contexts.” Lazarescu,
M.T et al. [33] designed and implemented of fully deployed
WSN platform that can be used for range of long term
monitoring IoTapplication.The requirement of application is
low cost, sensors, fast exploitation, long lifetime, low
maintenance and high quality of service.Low-effort platform
reuse is also considered starting from the specifications and at
all design levels for a wide array of related monitoring
applications.Yashiro, et al [34] proposed the architecture of
uID-CoAP, a new architecture designed to host IoT services
on common embedded systems, like usual consumer
appliances. They frequently provide a number of sophisticated
functions compared to simple sensor nodes that combines the
constrained application protocol (CoAP) with the ubiquitous
ID (uID) architecture which provide a software framework for
embedded appliance nodes, designed to reduce the load of
embedded appliance manufacturers by providing an intuitive,
framework provides functions to build RESTful services in
addition to the low-level communication API. V. Trifa, et al.
[35] presented introduce a novel, versatile, and light-weight
Web Service transport protocol (called Lean Transport
Protocol, LTP) that allows the transparent exchange of Web
Service messages between all kinds of resource-constrained
devices and server or PC class systems. It describes LTP in
detail and show by real-world measurements that LTP has the
potential to serve as standard Web Service transport protocol
in the Internet of Things.
V. ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Smart grid [36] integrates electronics and information
technologies into the massive electric systems in such a way
as to strengthen reliability, flexibility, security, safety and
efficiency as a whole. Put specifically, the implementation of
smart grid technologies minimizes the electricity usage during
costly peak hours by coordinating the load balance in the
systems and leveraging demand-response mechanisms with
time-based pricing notification oriented towards residents. As
part of a smart grid [37], it makes great sense that a smart
home includes the AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
that is deployed by utilities to enable the management of
dynamic tariffs in homes, smart appliances intended for
energy-awareness, renewable energy sources and plug-in
vehicles as well as the HEMS (Home Energy Management
System) Bozchalui, et al.[38] formulated model of
mathematical optimization of residential energy hubs which
can be solved efficiently in a real-time frame to optimally
control all major residential energy loads, storage and
production components the novelty in this paper is that
mathematical models for major household like fridge, washer
and dryer, stove, water heater, freezer, dishwasher, hot tub,
and pool pumps are formed as well as mathematical
models of lighting, heating, and air-conditioning are
developed, and generic models for solar PV panels
and energy storage/generation devices are proposed.Manisa, et
al. [39] proposed algorithm manages household loads
according to their preset priority and guarantees the total
household power consumption below certain levels. A
simulation tool is developed to showcase the applicability of
the proposed algorithm in performing DR at an appliance level
and to analyze DR potentials for residential customers. HEM
algorithm takes into account both load priority and customer
comfort level settings.Dae-Man, et al. [40] proposed New
SHEMS based on the IEEE802.15.4 and zigbee and Develop
Routine Protocol called “DMPR” (Disjoint Multi Path
Routine) to improve the performance of Zigbee sensor
networks that serves intelligent service to consumers.Nils, et
al. [41] has presented methodologies for evaluation of wireless
home and home automation networks in indoor scenarios and
examine he performance. The technologies are compared in
European indoor scenarios which provide guideline to choose
suitable wireless technologies. Yujiao et al.[42] presented
solution on energy management program for grid-connected
micro grid (CMG) with renewable generation and electric
vehicle and addressed various solutions like energy purchase
and self-scheduling problems, aimed to minimize energy cost
based on forecasting of loads, prices and renewable
generations solved with genetic algorithm and pattern search
methods, expectation model and Monte Carlo methods to
solve the uncertainty problems.Chen, Y.-K et al. [43]
implemented fuzzy based energy management system for DC
Micro grid. The Energy management system is implemented
with LabVIEW and the modeling, analysis and control is done
by MATLAB software. The Zigbee and Rs 485
communication technology is used provides optimum control
of DC micro grid.Dan Wang et al. [44] “smart gateway”
configured as a case study model which improves the
reliability of power supply and help households secure a high
quality service while reducing the cost of consumption and
meet the demand of the typical U.S. household with a low cost
and high efficiency. Tischer, et al. [45] Smart grid enables
utility and user to operate their load management schemes.
Dynamic pricing is a key component of load management
schemes in which utilities create time varying rate
structure.Rabii, et al. [46] Consumer has given
moreresponsibility to manage his appliances in accordance to
time of use rates. Different techniques have been introduced
for reducing residential cost either reducing power
consumption or by shifting load to off peak times through
energy management system.F. Baig et al. [47] implemented
labVIEW based energy management system that provides
complete energy profile to consumers like voltage current and
power which make consumers to know their consumption as
well as remote trip of their household equipment with
zigbeetechnology.Zaker, N.et al.[48] explained about Data
prioritization and iFiber-WSN architecture to support both
WSN data and Fiber To The Home/Building/Curb (FTTX)
traffic by designing a Fi-WSN gateway that allows data
prioritization, (QoS) of FTTX users which achieves low delay
for high priority packets at desired levels.Al-Ali,et
al.[49] designed hardware architecture with software
algorithm to communicate bi-directionally with home
appliances via a public mobile network to monitor and manage
power consumption of home appliances locally with
controlpanel and mobile phone for remote operation.
TABLE1.COMPARISON OF METERING COMMUNICATION
Techn
-ology
Spectr
um
Data
Rate
GSM
9001800M
Hz
GPRS
9001800M
Hz
3G
1.921.98G
Hz,2.1
12.17G
Hz
2.5Ghz
3.5Ghz
.5.8GH
Z
130MH
z
Up
to
14.4
Kbp
s
Up
to
170
Kbp
s
384
kbps
2Mb
ps
WiMA
X
PLC
ZigBee
2.4
GHz,
868915M
Hz
Cove
ra-ge
Rang
e
1-10
km
Applicati
on
Limitati
on
AMI,
DemandR
esponse
HAN
Low data
rates
1-10
km
AMI,
Demand
Response,
HAN
Low data
rates
1-10
km
AMI,
Demand
Response,
HAN
Costly
spectrum
fees
Up
to 75
Mbp
s
10-50
km(L
OS)
AMI,
Demand
Response
HAN
Not
widespre
ad
23Mb
ps
1-3
km
AMI,
fraud
detection
250
Kbp
s
3050m
AMI,
HAN
Noisy
channel
environm
ent
Low data
rate
short
range
VI.CONCLUSION
This paper has been addressed an overview of the
general architecture of smart metering/ AMI and the various
communication standards and technical literature relevant to
the smart grid. Many more technologies are out of there, but
most of them lack wide acceptance, flexibility, or are still
nascent or vendor-controlled. The energy management system
for automation in home automation, micro grid, industries and
utility reduces the energy consumption and improves the
power efficiency. Iot is offer a web based solution to utility
and their consumers.
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