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1 2 3 Binge Eating Disorder Definitions, symptoms, explanations, and treatment options Image from http://www.123rf.com/ What is Binge eating disorder? Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is characterized by eating large hungry 4. Eating alone because of BED, and little is known about what causes it. It appears to run in families, amounts of food in a short amount feeling embarrassed about leading some scientists to believe there of time. People with BED feel that how much one is eating might be a genetic link (APA, 2013, p these eating episodes are out of 5. Feeling disgusted with 352). BED usually begins in control, and they experience oneself, depressed or very adolescence or college-age, but can feelings of guilt, shame, and disgust guilty afterwards occur in any age group. It can cause during and afterward. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of th (APA, 2013, p. 350) many problems in someone’s life, including both medical and mental Mental Disorders, 5 edition, In contrast to bulimia nervosa (an health problems. Many people think requires that patients have three or eating disorder characterized by BED only occurs in people who are more of the following symptoms: binging and purging), people with obese, but people of a normal body BED don’t purge the food they ate mass index may be struggling with this by self-induced vomiting, excessive disease as well. The good news is, exercise, laxatives, or fasting. rates of remission (getting better) are 1. Eating much more rapidly than normal 2. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full 3. Eating large amounts of food when not physically What Causes BED? Many factors can contribute to higher with BED than the other eating disorders, including anorexia or bulimia nervosa (APA, 2013, 352). 1 2 3 Lorem Ipsum Image from http://adolescentgrowth.com/treatment-programs/eating- image from http://www.wallpaperbit.com/dual-screen-wallpaper/page-5 What s going on in the brain? While scientists haven’t yet figured smells or sees images of their in remembering emotional out exactly what goes on in the favorite foods, levels of dopamine experiences (Higgins & George, brains of people with BED, recent in their brain rise dramatically 2013, p. 142). People with BED studies have given us some good (Wang, et al, 2011). The reward often have “triggers” that cause clues. center includes two important them to overeat, and the amygdala structures: the nucleus accumbens is involved in associating these (NAc) and the ventral tegmental triggers with the desire to binge. Binge eating disorder (BED) shares area (VTA). These areas receive The hippocampus is another area of characteristics with other addictive messages from other areas of the the brain involved with memory, behaviors, such as substance abuse, brain, including the prefrontal and therefore may also be involved or gambling. These disorders all cortex (PFC), the amygdala, and in triggers. involve an area of the brain the hippocampus. The PFC can be referred to as the “reward center.” thought of as the “brakes” of the The neurotransmitter dopamine is brain. For instance, if someone The hypothalamus is your brain’s involved in mediating signals were to look at your brain as you “control center.” It orchestrates a between this area and other parts of decide to pass on that second piece number of important functions, the brain. Similar to they way of birthday cake, they would see like sleeping, eating, and someone with a drug addiction more activity in your PFC. The temperature. One part of this responds to his or her drug of amygdala is mostly involved in fear structure, the lateral choice, when someone with BED and anxiety, but it also plays a role hypothalamus, has been implicated The Reward Center Lateral Hypothalamus 4 3 in the regulation of appetite and implicated in BED. The may play a part in overeating. A hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) recent study found a neuron with axis is involved in the way our bodies projections between the amygdala respond to stress. Some of the and the lateral hypothalamus, and research surrounding this mechanism when this neuron was stimulated in have shown that stress in childhood the brains of mice, they ate leads to weight problems later in life, voraciously, even though they were and the stress hormone cortisol leads already full (Jennings, et al, 2013). to more dopamine release in the NAc and also increase fat deposits in the Stress and BED body (Higgins & George, 2013, p. Many people overeat when they are 156). stressed, and indeed, stress is http://wiki.bethanycrane.com/hypothalamusandhomeostasi HOW IS IT TREATED? There are a few different treatment options for Binge Eating Disorder. Here are a few of the most successful: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy that will help you learn to identify the thought patterns that lead to binging episodes. You can do CBT in a group or individually, and your therapist will help you recognize some of the triggers that lead to binges and how to develop new patterns of thinking. CBT is considered “1st line” for BED, and people can expect to see a decrease of over 50% in their symptoms after completing a course of BED. FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT: http://www.nami.org http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml http://psychcentral.com/disorders/symptoms-of-binge-eating-disorder/ http://www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/binge-eatingdisorder/ https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/binge-eating-disorder http://adolescentgrowth.com/treatment-programs/eating-disorders/bingeeating/ MEDICATIONS Some people may want to try a medication to help them work through their BED. Antidepressants are sometimes prescribed, including Celexa, Prozac, and Zoloft from the SSRI class. If you or someone you know suffers from BED, seek mental health treatment from a licensed therapist, counselor, psychiatrist, or psychiatric nurse practitioner. (NAMI, 2013) BINGE EATING DISORDER REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Higgins, E.S., & George, M.S. (2013). The neuroscience of clinical psychiatry: The pathophysiology of behavior and mental illness, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Jennings, J.H., Rizzi, G., Stamatakis, A.M., Ung, R.L., Stuber, G.D. (2013). The inhibitory circuit architecture of the lateral hypothalamus orchestrates feeding. Science, 341:6153, pp. 1517-1521. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Binge Eating Disorder Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Binge_Eating_Disorder.htm, Wang, G.J., Geliebter, A., Volkow, N.D., Telang, F.W., Logan, J., Jayne, M.C.,Galanti, K., Selig, P.A.,Han, H., Zhu, W., Wong, C.T., Fowler, J.S. (2011). Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity, DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.27 Mathes, W.F., Brownley, K.A., Mo, X., Bulik, C.M. (2009). The biology of binge eating. Appetite, 52(3):545-553).