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Ecology\ Third stage Lec. 1 Department of biology Dr. Kawther M. Ali Human ecology Ecology influenced the social sciences and humanities. Human ecology began in the early 20th century and it recognized humans as an ecological factor. It became a distinct field of study in the 1970s. This marked the first recognition that humans, who had colonized all of the Earth's continents, were a major ecological factor. Humans greatly modify the environment through the development of the habitat (in particular urban planning), by intensive activities such as logging and fishing, and as side effects of agriculture, mining, and industry. The development of human ecology led to the increasing role of ecological science such as anthropology and ethnology, economics, demography, architecture and urban planning, medicine and psychology, and many more, in the design and management of cities. When the Ecological Society of America (ESA) was held in 1915, it already had a conservation perspective. Victor E. Shelford, a leader in the society’s formation, had as one of its goals the preservation of the natural areas that were then the objects of study by ecologists, but were in danger of being degraded by human incursion. The ESA’s second president, Ellsworth Huntington, was a human ecologist. Stephen Forbes, another early president, called for "humanizing" ecology in 1921, since man was clearly the dominant species on the Earth. Roosevelt & American Conservation Theodore Roosevelt was interested in nature from a young age. In 1902 he created the federal reclamation service, which reclaimed land for agriculture. He also created the Bureau of Forestry. Roosevelt signed the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities in 1906. This act allowed for him to "declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic and Ecology\ Third stage Lec. 1 Department of biology Dr. Kawther M. Ali scientific interest that are situated upon lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be National Monuments." Under this act he created up to 18 national monuments. During his presidency, Roosevelt established 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 4 National Game Preserves, 150 National Forests, and 5 National Parks. Overall he protected over 200 million acres of land. Ecology and global policy Ecology became a central part of the World's politics as early as 1971, UNESCO launched a research program called Man and Biosphere, with the objective of increasing knowledge about the mutual relationship between humans and nature. A few years later it defined the concept of Biosphere Reserve. In 1972, the United Nations held the first international Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, prepared by Rene Dubos. This conference was the origin of the phrase "Think Globally, Act Locally". Then, in 1997, the dangers the biosphere was facing were recognized all over the world at the conference leading to the Kyoto Protocol. In particular, this conference highlighted the increasing dangers of the greenhouse effect – related to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to global changes in climate.