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Supplemental Table 1: Standardized Differences for Propensity-Matched Analysis of Digoxin Prescribed digoxin within 90 days of new AF (N = 26,703) 72.7 ± 9.5 1.5% 91.9% Not prescribed digoxin within 90 days of new AF (N = 26,703) 73 ± 9.4 1.3% 92.6% Standardized Difference* 0.030 Age, mean ± SD, years 0.016 Female 0.028 Race, White Comorbidity Index 1.1 ± 1.2 1.1 ± 1.2 0.028 Charlson Comorbidity Index CHADS2 score group 48.3% 48.8% 0.011 CHADS 0-1 44.3% 44.2% 0.002 CHADS 2-3 7.4% 6.9% 0.017 CHADS 4-6 1.7 ± 1.2 1.7 ± 1.2 0.012 Mean CHADS2 score ± SD 22.0% 21.3% 0.022 Congestive Heart Failure 57.5% 57.4% 0.003 Hypertension 28.5% 28.3% 0.005 Diabetes 5.7% 5.1% 0.026 Prior Stroke/TIA 2 eGFR group, mL/min/1.73m 11.6% 11.1% 0.015 eGFR>=90 50.8% 51.6% 0.012 eGFR 60-89 23.0% 23.1% 0.003 eGFR 45-59 11.3% 11.3% 0.001 eGFR 30-44 2.7% 2.4% 0.017 eGFR 15-29 0.32% 0.25% 0.012 eGFR <15 0.30% 0.27% 0.005 Dialysis 58.2% 57.9% 0.006 Diuretics 8.3% 7.8% 0.019 Niacin or Fibrates 53.2% 53.5% 0.006 Statins 62.1% 61.7% 0.008 Warfarin 62.9% 62.2% 0.014 All beta-blockers 24.5% 23.5% 0.023 Anti-platelet agents 59.5% 58.7% 0.017 ACE inhibitors or ARB 9.8% 9.4% 0.014 Amiodarone * The standardized difference was calculated by dividing the difference in mean outcome between groups by the standard deviation of outcome among participants. ACE inhibitors /ARB = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate in mL/min/1.73m2 1 Supplemental Table 2: Unadjusted Mortality Incidence Rates by Drug Exposure. Deaths Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Person-Years), unadjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI), unadjusted P 267,909 85,259 353,168 19,999 8,724 28,723 67 95 81 – 1.42 (1.38-1.45) – – <0.001 – 76,246 79,886 156,132 6,641 8,439 15,080 78 96 88 – 1.22 (1.19-1.26) – – <0.001 – Person-Time (Yrs) Full Cohort No Digoxin Digoxin Overall Propensity-Matched Cohorts No Digoxin Digoxin Overall Treatment 2 Supplemental Figure 1: Propensity Score Distributions for Full Cohort Supplemental Figure 1: Propensity Score Distributions for Full Cohort. Supplemental Figure 1 shows overlap in the propensity score distrubutions for receipt of digoxin in the full cohort (n=122,465). The final propensity-matched cohort used in the propensity-matched analysis was assembled using 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching without replacement. 3