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consumers heterotrophic DNA No organelles 1 producers autotrophic 2 MONERA PROTISTA Single cell PROKARYOTA NO NUCLEUS A Amoeba Proctoctista Algae Simple organisation Unicellular RNA or DNA + protein coat Alive ? Living Organisms KINGDOMS Viruses No cell no cytoplasm no organelles B 5 Have a NUCLEUS Eukaryote Multicellular Obligate parasites FUNGI 3 heterotroph ANIMALS 5 PLANTS 4 heterotroph autotroph hypha photosynthesis differentiation Wall--cellulose organs mycelium Wall--chitin Yeast mushrooms,m oulds Gametophyte & sporophyte Nervous system No cell wall non-vascular mosses vascular ferns gymnosperms angiosperms Conifers Flowering plants Bacteria in pea roots Bacteria in intestines Fungal mycorrhiza dead symbiosis saprophyte alive parasite photosynthetic heterotrophic consumer chemosynthetic Food spoilage autotrophic producer pathogen disease Harmful Nutrition Economic Importance antibiotics Food preservation Microorganisms Decay, recycling C,N,P Beneficial Canning drying salting pickling smoking chilling freezing cooking pasteurising irradiating Genetic engineering enzymes cheese, alcohol Growth Agar heat pH *Food processing *Growth curve factors toxins Bioprocessing food supply continuous flow Remove products yoghurts batch flow Empty / refill antibiotics lag log stationary death Precautions Preparation Sterilisation Pouring plates Inoculation survival Incubation in intestines nodules in pea roots Mutual benefit Mucopolysaccharide wall Decay, recycling C,N,P symbiosis photosynthetic No organelles chemosynthetic saprophyte plasmid host parasite Circular DNA harm consumer producer Food spoilage *prokaryote No nucleus Nutrition Single cell pathogen disease rod round Harmful BACTERIA shapes vaccines Economic Importance spiral antibiotics Reproduction Beneficial sexual conjugation asexual endospore Resistant phase Binary fission clones mutation Antibiotic resistance recycling Genetic engineering symbiosis cheese, yoghurt N-fixing Vitamin K Food spoilage roots mychorrhiza rhizoid Extracellular enzymes Decay, recycling C,N,P lichen saprophyte symbiosis parasite chitin mycelium wind athlete’s foot wall hypha spores disease moulds Nutrition Rhizopus sporangium Food spoilage heterotrophic asexual Harmful FUNGI reproduction dry rot crops Potato blight Economic Importance sexual eukaryotic* gametangia Beneficial nucleus recycling C,N,P zygospore food mushrooms Nutrient agar antibiotics Growth autoclave ACTIVITY sterilisation Yeast Agar plates bread petri dish alcohol reproduction Leaf Yeast inoculation control mitosis Ash tree incubation culture colonies budding Pink colonies chain of cells Pollution indicator structure Single cell vacuole BSE [mad cow disease] Foot and mouth vCJD HIV polio bacteria Altered proteins herpes warts chickenpox measles prions Mosaic diseases Animal virus bacteriophage Plant virus No cell parts Crop damage Animal infection diseases Alive ? Obligate parasite Medical costs Nutrition Economic importance Body fluids Quality of life VIRUSES animals Vectors [carriers] death structure insects Replication Air droplets In host cell .020-.3um DNA RNA Takes over + Protein antibodies vaccination Dead virus White cells Mild strain New virus particles Mud in ponds O2 in No shape animal enzymes respiration Single cell diffusion Food vacuole CO2 out feeding excretion AMOEBA pseudopodia osmoregulation movement Water in by osmosis reproduction Binary fission mitosis responsiveness chemicals light food Contractile vacuole perennial many years—seeds / perennating organ crocus, daffodil biennial 2 year—food store / flower, seed carrot, cabbage annual 1 year—seed, flower, seed corn, pea herbaceous LIFE CYCLES deciduous Lose leaves oak, ash woody evergreen perennial holly, spruce 1 cotyledon endosperm monocotyledonous Fibrous roots Flower parts in 3s grasses [e.g. wheat, corn, barley], sugarcane, Palm trees, lilies, orchids, bamboo, Parallel leaf veins Vascular bundles scattered in stem FLOWERING PLANTS Pollen grain—1 furrow 2 cotyledons No endosperm dicotyledonous Tap roots Flower parts in 4s or 5s Network of leaf veins Vascular bundles in rings in stem Pollen grain—3 furrows Most trees and shrubs [apart from conifers] sycamore, oak, rose, cactus, pea, bean, lettuce, cuticle Gas exchange lenticels Upper epidermis bark protection epidermis photosynthesis Ground tissue storage LEAF Ground tissue support Lower epidermis transpiration T.S. STEM stomata Vascular bundle Sexual Reproduction PLANT STRUCTURE FLOWER Vegetative Reproduction phloem food xylem support water BUD Stem,root,leaf,bud meristem growth TISSUES Root tip dermal protection epidermis root hairs ground epidermis storage ROOT storage vascular parenchyma absorption anchor Ground tissue support T.S. transport xylem phloem Vascular tissue phloem food xylem support water TRANSPIRATION STREAM * AIR T r a n s l o c at i o n CO2 photosynthesis sugar leaf phloem Ground tissue Guard cell photosynthesis stomata water Transpiration [pull] xylem CO2 level drops K+ enter guard cells storage *cohesion Water to water *adhesion Water to xylem osmosis stem Water enters Stoma opens xylem Root pressure [push] root Ground tissue Root hair minerals Active transport water osmosis SOIL bud apical Cambium inhibitor promoter meristem New cells elongation energy Combined effect Active transport growth Phloem and xylem PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES ACTIVITY Unidirectional stimulus TROPISM The effect of IAA growth regulator on plant tissue PHOTO light GEO gravity HYDRO CHEMO water minerals THIGMO touch Radish seeds Different concs of IAA Stems/roots Measure Pollen tube -micropyle *mechanism light redirects “dark” side grows faster bends to light *AUXIN production sites functions effects Vines, tendrils leaves Apical dominance geotropism Stem elongation embryo phototropism enlargement meristem AUXIN Fruit development germination New growth in spring GIBBERELLIN IAA Rooting powder PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS Synthetic Herbicide Fruit ripening fruit ETHENE meristem CYTOKININ Root tips Mature leaves Abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits mitosis ABSCISIC ACID Leaf growth Fruit and seeds promotes dormancy Delays ageing Breaks dormancy Anthers outside nectar Feathery stigma Sticky stigma Light pollen,many grains spiky pollen zygote Embryo No bright colours Bright petals fertilisation Wind pollinated seed food store Insect pollinated egg stigma pollination Sperm nucleus ovule Pollen grain fruit ovary Dormancy Protect as bud Stamen sepal carpel dispersal wind FLOWER water animal variety Sexual self dispersal Resistant stage PLANT REPRODUCTION dormancy water Many stages to go through Asexual Germination heat Activity Vegetative Reproduction oxygen food store enzymes Pyrogallic acid Activity amylase Starch agar + iodine Clear patches ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION reliable Limited dispersal Exact copy advantages Quick growth disadvantages VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION No variety artificial rhizome root stem cuttings grafting budding runner corm tuber tap bulb PERENNATION Quick growth in spring Underground food store Survive winter Diseases affect all Blood 5L Solid [Cells] Liquid [Plasma] Transport RED WHITE PLATELETS Oxygen Defence Clotting Sense organs Respiratory system physical barrier [skin], tears [eye], hairs and wax [ears], hairs and mucus [nose] cilia and mucus [lungs] Natural Digestive System Circulatory system acid [stomach] clotting [platelets], phagocytosis [white cells] Types of Immunity Active Virus or bacterium attacks body Passive Antibodies from mother through placenta or milk Naturally Acquired Active Vaccine [dead or mild dose of the disease] Passive Injected with antibody [e.g.anti-tetanus] Artificially Exercise Body cells Lungs Activity Cardiac muscle Systemmic circulation Pulmonary circulation Pulse Pacemaker fat smoking Double pump Atrium---IN Heart attack Coronary artery Ventricle---OUT Heart Dissect Activity valves Stops backflow Circulatory System Vessels Blood Arteries Cells Liquid Red O2 Blood Groups Plasma Transport Bone marrow Veins Valves skin thin away O2 pulse Platelets clot Capillaries exchange White Defence Lymphatic system Lymphocytes Drainage Lymph nodes Immunity Lacteal in villus Acquired Natural Antibodies active Disease, Vaccine Skin, stomach acid, White cells, Platelets mucus, wax passive From mother--womb, milk B* T* Thymus cytotoxic Bone helper Attack infected cells immunity Plasma Memory cells Antibodies bind to free antigen vaccines minerals water Ingestion vitamins Absorption fibre Balanced Diet protein Digestion Digestive system Assimilation fat Human Egestion carbohydrate NUTRITION Autotroph Heterotroph Producer Consumer Make own food consume others PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHEMOSYNTHETIC HOLOZOIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC Green plants some Bacteria Digestive system Dead matter living host--harm HERBIVORE CARNIVORE OMNIVORE Plants only Animals only Everything rabbit, sheep cat, hedgehog badger, human Emulsify fats Bile pigments Bile salts drugs Bile clotting toxins Red cells Prothrombin Food additives Excess amino acids BREAKS DOWN Vit K MANUFACTURES protein fibrinogen Plasma proteins transport urea hormones New cells Amino acids heat LIVER ASSIMILATES lipids From metabolism STORES Minerals[iron] Vitamins [A,D,K] store glucose glycogen respiration energy muscle liver cell membrane skin Peptic ulcer peristalsis bolus churn OESOPHAGUS mucus pepsin Gastric juice store STOMACH HCl chyme physical SALIVARY GLANDS teeth amylase saliva MOUTH speech Emulsify fats DIGESTIVE SYSTEM mucus taste LIVER Bile salts SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM amylase,trypsin,lipase Pancreatic juice PANCREAS faeces LARGE INTESTINE egestion bacteria rectum ILEUM Erepsin colon caecum appendix maltase,peptidase Water reabsorbed sugars, amino acids lipase fatty acids + glycerol Absorption VILLUS capillaries Lacteal [lymph] intestines kidney liver ADH Nutrients Water Toxins hormones pH blood Distribution around the body HOMEOSTASIS in Humans lymph Oxygen Invaders Nervous system skin hypothalamus Temperature blood medulla Carbon dioxide lungs leaf Nutrients Oxygen Carbon dioxide Leaf fall transpiration photosynthesis Cell sap Toxins Stomata, lenticels Water HOMEOSTASIS in plants heartwood root Distribution around the body Xylem phloem Temperature Invaders bark Adaptation cuticle leaf Dormancy As plant Leaf fall Bud protected As seed Thick cuticle underground Thin, narrow e.g. cactus Perennating organ Sunken stomata smoking Cars, factories inflammation pollution 79% 21% bronchitis Alveoli damage N2 emphysema disorders Air O2 0.03% cancer asthma Tubes narrow CO2 LUNGS mucus trachea cilia *hypothalamus bronchus inhaling bronchiole *medulla diaphragm alveolus Intercostal[ribs] muscles contract capillaries wet exchange CO2 water urea salts dialysis Lungs transplant heat *NEPHRON sweat Kidney failure Skin glomerulus filter EXCRETION Bowman’s capsule intestines Kidney Bile pigments water Selectively reabsorb Liver toxins excess protein tubules Collecting duct urea If ADH present osmoregulation excrete urea bladder salts water Hormone actions Nerve detection or response target ductless Shorter duration Chemical messenger electricity faster blood Hormones Nervous system Cells carry message Co-ordination Negative feedback ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Homeostasis balance hypothalamus Brain pituitary Anterior TSH Pancreas Insulin glucagon Thyroxine Sugar levels Metabolism Adrenal steroids growth Oxytocin FSH LH ACTH Thyroid Posterior adrenaline Fright or flight Ovary oestrogen progesterone cycle traits ADH Testis testosterone sperm traits Birth milk Retain water [kidney] vertebra pectoral, pelvic girdles Spinal cord spine protein skull SUPPORT strength *osteocyte PROTECTION ribs Calcium, phosphorus salts STORAGE BREATHING rickets SKELETON osteoporosis Disorders voluntary involuntary tendon arthritis cardiac muscles Pull [contract] BLOOD CELLS MOVEMENT Antagonistic pair red marrow cartilage Ends of long bones Flat bones friction JOINTS Synovial fluid ligaments immovable fixed skull synovial Partly movable pivot neck ball & socket gliding wrist hinge elbow shoulder Sensory area Motor area Personality protection myelin conscious meninges balance co-ordination White matter Grey matter cerebellum cerebrum NEURON Pulse, breathing SPINAL CORD BRAIN medulla hypothalamus CENTRAL N.S. pituitary NERVOUS SYSTEM hormones Dorsal root ventral root Reflex action Sensitivity Co-ordination PERIPHERAL N.S. dendrite NEURON Sensory nerves motor nerves dendron 5 Senses cell body ganglion impulse Receptors axon schwann cell myelin sheath muscles, glands Effectors synaptic knobs synapse nodes neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulus response friction Wound heals dead urea sun hair epidermis sweat melanin Excretion salts Protection oil SKIN water nerves Temperature control hair capillaries adipose UV Sensitivity waterproof No reflection amount pigment skull pupil choroid melanin iris “coloured” eyelids tears protection light conjunctiva rods b/w cones colours retina EYE sclera cornea far focus shape accommodation humour lens close Ciliary muscle Suspensory ligaments SENSES SKIN Semi-circular canals TONGUE pinna Balance Funnel EAR skull Hearing wax Protection hairs eardrum 3 bones Eustachian tube cochlea Ears ‘pop’ Auditory nerve NOSE Seminal vesicle beard store epididymis Bone, muscle = Contraception methods prostate Seminal fluid sperm testosterone Vas deferens vasectomy testis semen MALE penis condom intercourse HUMAN REPRODUCTION insemination vagina FEMALE fertilisation Cut tubes zygote oviduct ovary In oviduct Uterus [womb] IUD ovulation blastocyst egg oestrogen progesterone twins implantation Pill Breasts, womb pregnancy Menstrual cycle embryo placenta egg Corpus luteum follicle foetus Nutrients, waste *LH *FSH *pituitary protection Umbilical cord labour afterbirth birth Amniotic fluid
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