Download Right Triangle Trigonometry

Pre-Calculus
4-3 Right Triangle
Trigonometry
1
The six trigonometric functions of a right triangle,
with an acute angle , are defined by ratios of two sides
of the triangle.
hyp
opp
The sides of the right triangle are:
θ
adj
 the side opposite the acute angle ,
 the side adjacent to the acute angle ,
 and the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
2
hyp
The trigonometric functions are
opp
θ
adj
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.
opp
sin  =
cos  = adj
tan  = opp
hyp
hyp
adj
3

Draw a 30-60-90 triangle using a protractor,
you can choose your own value of x.
x
sin(30)
sin(60)
cos(30)
cos(60)
tan(30)
tan(60)
4

Draw a 45-45-90 triangle using a protractor
(or properties of isosceles triangles), you can
choose your own value of x.
x
sin(45)
cos(45)
tan(45)
Repeat for at least one additional value of x for each triangle. Then
determine the relationships between the sides using the x as a variable
to represent any length.
5
Special Right Triangles
6
Some basic trig values
Sine
300
/6
450
/4
600
/3
Cosine
Tangent
1
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
7
hyp
The trigonometric functions are
opp
θ
adj
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.
opp
sin  =
cos  = adj
tan  = opp
hyp
hyp
adj
csc  =
hyp
opp
sec  = hyp
adj
cot  = adj
opp
Note: sine and cosecant are reciprocals, cosine and secant are reciprocals,
and tangent and cotangent are reciprocals.
8
Reciprocal Functions
Another way to look at it…
sin  = 1/csc 
cos  = 1/sec 
tan  = 1/cot 
csc  = 1/sin 
sec  = 1/cos 
cot  = 1/tan 
9
Given 2 sides of a right triangle you should be
able to find the value of all 6 trigonometric
functions.
Example:
12

5
10
Calculate the trigonometric functions for  .
Calculate the trigonometric functions for .
5
The six trig ratios are
4
sin  =
5
3
cos  =
5
4
tan  =
3
3
cot  =
4
5
sec  =
3
5
csc  =
4
3
sin α =
5
4
cos α =
5
3
tan α =
4
4
cot α =
3
5
sec α =
4
5
csc α =
3

4

3
What is the
relationship of
α and θ?
They are
complementary
(α = 90 – θ)
11
Cofunctions
sin  = cos (90  )
sin  = cos (π/2  )
cos  = sin (90  )
cos  = sin (π/2  )
tan  = cot (90  )
tan  = cot (π/2  )
cot  = tan (90  )
cot  = tan (π/2  )
sec  = csc (90  ) csc  = sec (90  )
sec  = csc (π/2  ) csc  = sec (π/2  )
12
Trigonometric Identities are trigonometric
equations that hold for all values of the variables.
We will learn many Trigonometric Identities and use
them to simplify and solve problems.
13
Quotient Identities
hyp
opp
θ
adj
sin  = opp
hyp
cos  = adj
hyp
tan  =
opp
adj
opp
sin  hyp opp hyp opp




 tan 
cos  adj hyp adj adj
hyp
The same argument can be made for cot… since it is the
reciprocal function of tan.
cos 
cot  
sin 
14
Quotient Identities
sin 
tan  
cos 
Important Question:
Why do mathematicians never go the beach?
15
Pythagorean Identities
Three additional identities that we will use are
those related to the Pythagorean Theorem:
Pythagorean Identities
Hmm, what equations
1
y = sin
can i create?
1
x = cos 
16
Pythagorean Identities
Three additional identities that we will use are
those related to the Pythagorean Theorem:
Pythagorean Identities
sin2  + cos2  = 1
tan2  + 1 = sec2 
cot2  + 1 = csc2 
17
IDENTITIES WE HAVE
REVIEWED SO FAR…
18
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal Identities
sin  = 1/csc 
cot  = 1/tan 
cos  = 1/sec 
sec  = 1/cos 
tan  = 1/cot 
csc  = 1/sin 
Co function Identities
sin  = cos(90  )
sin  = cos (π/2  )
tan  = cot(90  )
tan  = cot (π/2  )
sec  = csc(90  )
sec  = csc (π/2  )
Quotient Identities
tan  = sin  /cos 
cos  = sin(90  )
cos  = sin (π/2  )
cot  = tan(90  )
cot  = tan (π/2  )
csc  = sec(90  )
csc  = sec (π/2  )
cot  = cos  /sin 
Pythagorean Identities
sin2  + cos2  = 1
tan2  + 1 = sec2 
cot2  + 1 = csc2 19
Example: Given sec  = 4, find the values of the
other five trigonometric functions of  .
Draw a right triangle with an angle  such
4
4
hyp
that 4 = sec  =
= .
adj 1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve
for the third side of the triangle.
sin  =
15
4
cos  = 1
4
tan  = 15 = 15
1
15
θ
1
1 = 4
sin 
15
1
sec  =
=4
cos 
1
cot  =
15
csc  =
20
Applications Involving Right
Triangles
The angle you are given is
the angle of elevation,
which represents the
angle from the horizontal
upward to an object.
For objects that lie below
the horizontal, it is
common to use the term
angle of depression.
Using Trigonometry to Solve a Right
Triangle
A surveyor is standing 115 feet from the base of the
Washington Monument. The surveyor measures the
angle of elevation to the top of the monument as 78.3.
How tall is the Washington Monument?
Figure 4.33
Solution
where x = 115 and y is the height of the
monument. So, the height of the Washington
Monument is
y = x tan 78.3
 115(4.82882)  555 feet.
How DMS (degrees, minutes
and seconds) work
3600
24
Convert 27 15' 32.4" to decimal
degrees
15 32.4
27  
 27.259
60 3600
25
Or you can use a calculator
Convert 27 15' 32.4" to decimal
degrees


Hit 2nd apps (angle) to find your homepage
for DMS
Use Alpha/Plus (Quote) for the seconds
symbol
Convert 27.259 to DMS
26
H Dub

4-3 Page 308 #9-25odd, 29-42all, 43-57odd, 63,
66-68
27

Find x and y
28

Find x and y
29
What if the hypotenuse was 1?

Find x and y
30
Stuff we went over in 4.2
31
Some old geometry favorites…
Let’s look at the trigonometric functions of a few
familiar triangles…
32
Geometry of the 45-45-90 triangle
Consider an isosceles right triangle with two sides of
length 1.
45
2
1
12  12  2
45
1
The Pythagorean Theorem implies that the hypotenuse
is of length 2 .
33
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 45 angle.
2
1
45
1
sin 45 =
opp
1
2
=
=
hyp
2
2
adj 1
cot 45 =
= = 1
opp 1
opp 1
tan 45 =
= = 1
1
adj
sec 45 =
2
hyp
=
=
1
adj
1
2
adj
cos 45 =
=
=
2
hyp
2
2
csc 45 =
2
hyp
=
= 2
opp
1
34
Geometry of the 30-60-90 triangle
Consider an equilateral triangle with
each side of length 2.
30○ 30○
The three sides are equal, so the
angles are equal; each is 60.
2
The perpendicular bisector
of the base bisects the
opposite angle.
60○
2
3
1
60○
2
1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find the length of the altitude, 3 .
35
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 30 angle.
2
1
30
3
opp 1
sin 30 =
=
hyp
2
cos 30 =
3
1
opp
tan 30 =
=
=
adj
3
3
3
adj
cot 30 =
=
= 3
1
opp
2
2 3
hyp
sec 30 =
=
=
3
3
adj
hyp 2
csc 30 =
=
= 2
opp
1
3
adj
=
2
hyp
36
Note sin  = cos(90  ), for 0 <  < 90
Note that  and 90  are complementary
angles.
Side a is opposite θ and also
adjacent to 90○– θ .
sin  = a and cos (90  ) = a .
b
b
So, sin  = cos (90  ).
hyp
90○– θ a
θ
b
Note : These functions of the complements are called cofunctions.
37
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 60 angle.
2
3
60○
1
sin 60 =
opp
3
=
hyp
2
cos 60 =
tan 60 =
3
opp
=
= 3
1
adj
3
1
cot 60 = adj =
=
opp
3
3
hyp 2
sec 60 =
= = 2
adj 1
1
adj
=
2
hyp
2
2 3
hyp
csc 60 =
=
=
opp
3
3
38