Download Declarative Memory - Windsor C

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• Describe capacity and length of LTM
• Describe the 4 types of LTM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Stores material
organized
according to
meaning, also
called LTM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Third Stage:
Long-Term Memory
Capacity and Duration:
• Largest capacity and duration
• Capacity is unlimited
• Lasts a lifetime unless damaged/dementia
• Unknown why it has unlimited capacity
• Stores information according to meaning
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Parts of the Brain Associated with Long Term
Memory
Amygdala and Hypothalamus
Strengthens memories that have strong emotional
associations…. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Visual Cortex
Generating visual images
Hippocampus
• Deterioration of the hippocampus the cause of
•
Alzheimer’s Disease
Long term memories make a stop here before going into long
term storage
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Third Stage:
Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory
Division of LTM that
stores memories for
how things are done
Example: How to tie a
shoe
Declarative Memory
Division of LTM that
stores explicit
information
(also known as fact memory)
Requires some conscious
mental effort
Example: The capital of
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Boston
Yes…this was intentional

Subdivisions of Declarative
Memory
Episodic Memory
Memory that stores
personal events, or
“episodes”
Semantic Memory
Memory that stores
general knowledge,
including meanings of
words and concepts
Google-able Memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Please read the following story, and be prepared to have your
memory tested for one of its sentences.
This is an interesting story about the telescope. In Holland, a
man named Lippershey was an eyeglass maker. One day his
children were playing with some lenses. They discovered that
things seemed very close if two lenses were held about a foot
apart. Lippershey began experimenting, and his “spyglass”
attracted much attention. He sent a letter about it to Galileo,
the great Italian scientist. Galileo at once realized the
importance of the discovery and set about to build an
instrument of his own. He used an old organ pipe with one
lens curved out and the other in. On the first clear night he
pointed the glass toward the sky. He was amazed to find the
empty dark spaces filled with brightly gleaming stars! Night
after night Galileo climbed to a high tower sweeping the sky
with his telescope. One night he saw Jupiter, and to his great
surprise discovered near it three bright stars, two to the east
and one to the west.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Now decide which one of the following
sentences was in the story
A. He sent Galileo, the great Italian
scientist, a letter about it.
B. A letter about it was sent to Galileo, the
great Italian scientist.
C. Galileo, the great Italian scientist, sent
him a letter about it.
D. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the
great Italian scientist.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Long-term memory
Declarative memory Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Includes memory
for:
language, facts
general knowledge
Includes memory
for:
events, personal
experiences
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Includes memory
for:
motor skills,
operant and
classical
conditioning
Eidetic Memory
• The so-called “photographic” memory
• An "unfounded myth?????"
• Evidence of it is found more often in children
than adults
Eidetic memory as observed in children is typified by
the ability of an individual to study an image for
approximately 30 seconds, and maintain a nearly
perfect photographic memory of that image for a
short time once it has been removed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Biological Basis
of Long-Term Memory
• Engram or Memory Trace
Physical change in the brain associated with
memory
Where are memories held????…Probably
anywhere
• Long-term Potentiation
(po-TEN-she-a-shun)
The long-lasting improvement in
communication between two neurons that
results from stimulating them simultaneously
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Biological Basis
of Long-Term Memory
Consolidation
The process by which short-term memories
are changed to long-term memories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form
memories for new
information
(Anterograde=Acquire
new)
Retrograde Amnesia –
Inability to remember
information previously
stored in memory
(Retrograde=Rememb
er old)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Amnesia
50 First Dates Trailer
Watch 50 First DatesCopyright
trailer © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8I
Flashbulb Memories
Clear, vivid long term memory of an
especially meaningful and emotional event
Usually accurate for at least the first year
after the event
Information can be lost, but not destroyed
or deleted
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
9/11 Flashbulb Memories
•
•
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Watch 9/11 Flashbulb Memories on Youtube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0eCdd8
Forgetting
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Input
¼ of a second
Encoding
Working or
Long-term
Short-term
memory
Memory Retrieval
20 seconds
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Forever?
Ways to use deep processing
•
•
•
•
•
Actively question new info
Relate info to things you already know
Generate own examples of concepts
Think about its implications
Don’t highlight passages as you read
• Focus on the ideas in the text
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Which level is more effective in
recalling words?
Type of Processing
Deep
Semantic
(type of…)
Shallow - Acoustic
Acoustic
(rhymes with...)
Shallow - Visual
Visual
(written in capitals?)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percent of words recalled
Deep processing leads
to better
recall
than
Copyright
© Allyn
& Bacon
2007 shallow processing
CAN I?
• Describe capacity and length of LTM
• Describe the 4 types of LTM
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007