Download HCC Learning Web

Chapter 02
FlexArt
Labels and leader lines are editable on every image in this
PowerPoint.
To get started, select an image from within the PowerPoint file and
simply click on any of the labels and edit or delete to your preference.
PowerPoint Tips: Refer to the Microsoft Help feature for specific
questions about PowerPoint.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Co 2
Table 2.1
Fig. 2.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
First
energy
level
Carbon (C)
6p+, 6e–, 6n0
Atomic number = 6
Atomic mass
= 12
Second
energy
level
Nitrogen (N)
7p+, 7e–, 7n0
Atomic number = 7
Atomic mass
= 14
Third
energy
level
Sodium (Na)
11p+, 11e–, 12n0
Atomic number = 11
Atomic mass
= 23
Fig. 2.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hydrogen (1H)
(1p+, 0n0, 1e–)
Deuterium (2H)
(1p+, 1n0, 1e–)
Key
= Proton (p+)
= Neutron (n0)
= Electron (e–)
Tritium (3H)
(1p+, 2n0, 1e–)
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11 protons
12 neutrons
11 electrons
Sodium
atom (Na)
17 protons
18 neutrons
17 electrons
Chlorine
atom (Cl)
1
Transfer of an electron from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom
+
–
11 protons
12 neutrons
10 electrons
Sodium
ion (Na+)
17 protons
18 neutrons
18 electrons
Chloride
ion (Cl–)
Sodium chloride
2 The charged sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl–) that result
Table 2.2
Fig. 2.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Structural
formulae
Ethanol
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
Ethyl ether
H
C
H
OH
Condensed
structural
formulae
Molecular
formulae
CH3CH2OH
C2H6O
CH3OCH3
C2H6O
H
O
C
H
H
Table 2.3
Fig. 2.6
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
+
Hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom
H
H
Hydrogen molecule (H2)
(a)
Oxygen atom
Carbon atom
Oxygen atom
C
O
O
Carbon dioxide molecule (CO2)
(b)
Fig. 2.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nonpolar covalent
C
C bond
(a)
Polar covalent
O
H bond
δ–
(b)
δ+
Fig. 2.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
δ–
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ–
δ–
δ–
δ+
δ+
δ+
Covalent bond
δ+
Hydrogen bond
δ–
δ+
Water molecule
δ+
Fig. 2.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
δ–
δ+
(a)
Oxygen
δ+
105°
Hydrogen
(b)
Fig. 2.10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
Solution
Colloid
(c)
©Ken Saladin
(d)
Suspension
Table 2.4
Fig. 2.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5% glucose (w/v)
(50 g/L)
5% sucrose (w/v)
(50 g/L)
(a) Solutions of equal percentage concentration
0.1 M glucose
(18 g/L)
(b) Solutions of equal molar concentration
0.1 M sucrose
(34 g/L)
Fig. 2.12
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gastric juice
(0.9–3.0) Lemon
1M
hydrochloric
acid (0)
Wine,
vinegar
(2.4–3.5)
Milk,
Pure water
Egg white
saliva
(7.0)
(8.0)
(6.3–6.6)
Bread,
black
coffee
(5.0)
Bananas,
tomatoes
(4.7)
Household
bleach
(9.5)
Household
ammonia
(10.5–11.0)
Oven cleaner, lye
(13.4)
juice
(2.3)
1 M sodium
hydroxide
(14)
4
5
6
7
3
2
1
0
8
9
10
11
Neutral
12
13
14
Fig. 2.13
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
AB + CD
Amino acids
Starch molecule
AC
+
BD
Glucose molecules
(a) Decomposition reaction
Protein molecule
(b) Synthesis reaction
(c) Exchange reaction
Table 2.5
Fig. 2.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Name and
Symbol
Hydroxyl
(—OH)
Structure
O
Occurs in
H
Sugars, alcohols
H
Fats, oils,
steroids,
amino acids
H
Methyl
(—CH3)
C
H
O
Carboxyl
(—COOH)
Amino acids,
sugars, proteins
C
O
H
H
Amino
(—NH2)
Amino acids,
proteins
N
H
H
O
Phosphate
(—H2PO4)
O
P
O
O
H
Nucleic acids, ATP
Fig. 2.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dimer
Monomer 1
Monomer 2
OH
O
HO
H+ + OH–
H2O
(a) Dehydration synthesis
Dimer
Monomer 1
O
(b) Hydrolysis
Monomer 2
OH
H2O
H+ + OH–
HO
Fig. 2.16
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glucose
CH2OH
O
H
HO
Galactose
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
HO
H
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
Fructose
O
HOCH2
H
OH
H
OH
HO
H
CH2OH
Fig. 2.17
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sucrose
CH2OH
O
H
CH2OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
H
O
HO
HO
CH2OH
OH
OH
H
Lactose
CH2OH
H
OH
OH
H
O
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
O
H
OH
O
H
CH2OH
Maltose
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
HO
H
O
H
OH
O
OH
H
H
H
OH
Fig. 2.18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH2OH
O
O
CH2OH
O
O
(a)
(b)
O
CH2OH
O
O
O
CH2OH
O
CH2
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
O
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Fig. 2.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
H
HO
Palmitic acid (saturated)
CH3(CH2)14COOH
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
+
C
H
HO
H
OH
C
H
Stearic acid (saturated)
CH3(CH2)16COOH
Glycerol
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
HO
H
H
Linoleic acid (unsaturated)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
H
H
3 H2O
+
H
H
C
C
C
H
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
Unsaturated fat
H
H
H
H
Fig. 2.20
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O
OH
(a) A trans-fatty acid (elaidic acid)
O
(b) A cis-fatty acid (oleic acid)
OH
Fig. 2.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH3
CH3 N+
CH3
CH2
CH2
Nitrogencontaining
group
(choline)
Hydrophilic region (head)
O
–O
P
O
Phosphate
group
O
O
CH2
CH
O
O
C
C
CH2
O
(CH2)5 (CH2)12
CH
CH3
Glycerol
Fatty acid
tails
(c)
CH
(CH2)5
Hydrophobic region (tails)
CH3
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2.22
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O
COOH
OH
OH
Fig. 2.23
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
Fig. 2.24
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Some nonpolar amino acids
Some polar amino acids
Cysteine
Methionine
H
H
H
H
N
N
CH2
C
H
CH2
CH3
S
H
C
C
C
O
O
OH
Tyrosine
H
OH
Arginine
H
H
H
N
N
H
SH
CH2
CH2
C
C
H
OH
NH2+
(CH2)3
NH
C
NH2
C
C
O
O
OH
OH
(a)
H
H
N
H
+
C
C
N
OH
R1
H
H
O
C
O
C
H
OH
R2
Amino acid 1
Amino acid 2
A dipeptide
H
N
H
(b)
H
O
C
C
R1
H
N
C
H
R2
Peptide bond
O
+
C
OH
H2O
Table 2.8
Fig. 2.25
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Amino acids
Primary structure
Peptide bonds
Sequence of amino acids
joined by peptide bonds
C
C
Alpha
helix
C O
Beta
sheet
C
C
C
C
C
Secondary structure
C
C
C
C
Alpha helix or beta sheet
formed by hydrogen bonding
C
Chain 1
Chain 2
Tertiary structure
Folding and coiling due to
interactions among R groups
and between R groups and
surrounding water
Beta chain
Alpha chain
Quaternary structure
Association of two or
more polypeptide chains
with each other
Heme
groups
Alpha
chain
Beta chain
Fig. 2.26
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cys
Fig. 2.27
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Activation
energy
Free energy content
Activation
energy
Net
energy
released
by
reaction
Energy level
of reactants
Net
energy
released
by
reaction
Energy level
of products
Time
(a) Reaction occurring without a catalyst
Time
(b) Reaction occuring with a catalyst
Fig. 2.28
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sucrose (substrate)
1
Enzyme and
substrate
O
Active site
Sucrase (enzyme)
2
Enzyme–substrate
complex
O
Glucose
3
Enzyme
and reaction
products
Fructose
Fig. 2.29
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
Aerobic respiration
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
ADP
e–
NAD+
+
e–
ATP
Pyruvic acid
CO2 + H2O
Pi
Fig. 2.30
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Adenine
Adenine
NH2
NH2
C
C
N
N
C
N
C
N
CH
CH
HC
C
C
HC
N
N
N
N
Adenosine
Ribose
Ribose
Triphosphate
O
–O
P
–O
O
O
O
P O
P
–O
Monophosphate
O
O
CH2
–O
HO
H
H
H
OH
OH
(a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
O
CH2
O
O
H
H
O
H
H
H
OH
(b) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Fig. 2.31
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glucose + 6 O2
are converted to
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Which releases
energy
Which is used for
ADP + Pi
ATP
Which is then available for
Muscle contraction
Ciliary beating
Active transport
Synthesis reactions
etc.
Fig. 2.32
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP
Pyruvic acid
Anaerobic
fermentation
Uses no
oxygen
O2
Lactic acid
Aerobic
respiration
Requires
oxygen
CO2 + H2O
Mitochondrion
36 ADP + 36 Pi
36
ATP