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Therapeutic modality employing
bee venom acupuncture for
controlling of chronic low back
pain
Aliaa El Gendy, PhD
Researcher at the National research Center
Cairo - Egypt
• Low
back
pain
or
lumbago (/lʌmˈbeɪɡoʊ/) is
a
common
disorder
involving the muscles and
bones of the back. It affects
about 40% of people at
some point in their lives.
Low back pain (often
abbreviated as LBP) may
be classified by duration as
acute (pain lasting less than
6 weeks), sub-chronic (6 to
12 weeks), or chronic
(more than 12 weeks).
History
• Low back pain has been
with humans since at least
the Bronze Age. Edwin
Smith Papyrus, dating to
about
1500
BCE
–
describes a diagnostic test
and treatment for a
vertebral sprain.
• Hippocrates (c. 460 BCE
History
– c. 370 BCE) was the
first to use a term for
sciatic pain and low back
pain . Physicians through
the end of the first
millennium
did
not
attempt back surgery and
recommended
watchful
waiting.
Harvey Williams Cushing
In the early 20th century,
American neurosurgeon
Harvey Williams Cushing
increased the acceptance
of surgical treatments for
low back pain.
Incidence Rate
• It is not clear whether
men or women have
higher rates of low back
pain. A 2012 review
reported a rate of 9.6%
among males and 8.7%
among females.
• However, another 2012
review found a higher rate in
females which the reviewers
felt was possibly due to
osteoporosis, menstruation,
and
pregnancy
among
women, or possibly because
women were more willing to
report pain than men.
What is the magnitude of the
problem?
• Low back pain results in
large economic costs. In the
United States, it is the most
common type of pain in
adults, responsible for a
large number of missed
work days. It was estimated
to be responsible for $90
billion in annual health care
costs .
Causes of LBP
Causes of LBP
• Musculoskeletal - mechanical (including
muscle strain, muscle spasm, or osteoarthritis);
herniated nucleus pulposus, herniated disk;
spinal stenosis; or compression fracture
• Inflammatory - HLA-B27 associated arthritis
including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory
bowel disease
• Malignancy - bone metastasis from lung,
breast, prostate, thyroid, among others
• Infectious - osteomyelitis; abscess
• Sprains and strains account
for most acute back pain.
Sprains
are
caused
by
overstretching or tearing
ligaments, and strains are
tears in tendon or muscle.
• Intervertebral
degeneration
most
common
disc
is one of the
mechanical
causes of low back pain, and
it occurs when the usually
rubbery discs lose integrity as
a normal process of aging.
• Herniated or ruptured
Herniated Discs
discs can occur when the
intervertebral discs become
compressed
outward
rupture .
and
(herniation)
bulge
or
• Sciatica
is
radiculopathy
a
form
caused
of
by
compression of the sciatic
nerve .
• Spondylolisthesis is
a condition in which
a
vertebra
of
the
lower spine slips out
of place, pinching the
nerves
exiting
spinal column.
the
• Spinal stenosis is a
narrowing of the spinal
column
that
puts
pressure on the spinal
cord and nerves .
• Skeletal irregularities
include scoliosis, a
curvature of the spine
that does not usually
cause pain until
middle age .
• Lordosis,
an abnormally
accentuated arch in
the lower back of
the spine.
Other underlying conditions that
predispose people to low back pain include:
• Inflammatory diseases of the joints such as
arthritis, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthritis as well as spondylitis, an inflammation of
the vertebrae, can also cause low back pain.
Spondylitis is also called spondyloarthritis or
spondyloarthropathy.
• Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease marked
by a progressive decrease in bone density and
strength, which can lead to painful fractures of the
vertebrae.
• Endometriosis is the buildup of uterine tissue in
places outside the uterus.
• Fibromyalgia, a chronic pain syndrome involving
widespread muscle pain and fatigue.
Prevention
• Effective
methods
to
prevent low back pain have
not been well developed.
Exercise
effective
is
in
probably
preventing
recurrences in those with
pain that has lasted more
than six weeks.
Medium-firm mattresses are more beneficial
for chronic pain than firm mattresses.
• education about
proper lifting
techniques..
Treatment
• The
medication
typically
recommended
first
is
acetaminophen (paracetamol)
or NSAIDs (though not
aspirin), and these are enough
for most people. Standard doses
of acetaminophen are very safe;
however, high doses may cause
liver problems, and very high
doses can be fatal. A 2015
review, however, did not find
benefits with acetaminophen.
Muscle relaxants may be
beneficial.
NSAIDs are more effective
for
acute
episodes
acetaminophen;
than
however,
they carry a greater risk of
side
effects
kidney
failure,
including:
stomach
ulcers and possibly heart
problems.
• If the pain is still not managed
adequately, short term use of
opioids such as morphine may
be useful. These medications
carry a risk of addiction, may
have negative interactions with
other drugs, and have a greater
risk of side effects, including
dizziness,
constipation.
nausea,
and
• Antidepressants may be
effective
for
treating
chronic
pain
associated
with
symptoms
of
depression, but they have a
risk of side effects.
Alternative medicine
• CAM is a term used to describe a diverse group
of healing systems that are not presently
considered to be part of mainstream medicine.
There has been a rise in the use of CAM as a
health care option in recent years globally.
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), more than three-quarters of the
world'population rely upon CAM
• Acupuncture
is
moderately
effective for chronic low back
pain. It involves the insertion of
thin needles into precise points
throughout the body. Some
practitioners
process
helps
believe
this
clear
away
blockages in the body’s life
force known as Qi .
• When the needles are
inserted and then stimulated
(by twisting or passing a
low-voltage
electrical
current
through
them)
naturally
occurring
painkilling chemicals such
as endorphins, serotonin,
and
acetylcholine
are
released.
• Bee Venom Therapy (BVT)
is an ancient therapy that
works well in a variety of
medical conditions.
With
this therapy, bee venom in
bee-sized doses is put into
acupuncture sites or other
critical spots in the skin. The
resulting
sting
works
wonders
with
arthritis,
multiple sclerosis, fractures,
sciatica, and many other
conditions.
Now why would a naturopathic doctor use
this odd therapy?
• Because it is safe, effective,
and less expensive than other
therapies
for
these
problems. One obstacle is fear
of the pain from a sting, but
when
people
realize
the
benefits gained in pain relief,
the sting becomes unimportant.
• Bee
venom
acupuncture
(BVA), as a kind of herbal
acupuncture, exerts not only
pharmacological actions from
the
bioactive
compounds
isolated from bee venom but
also a mechanical function
from acupuncture stimulation.
• Several studies suggested that
the effects of bee venom were
intensified by acupuncture
stimulations, which may help
in reaching therapeutic goals.
The anti-nociceptive property
of BVA may be explained by
the
process
irritation
of
counter
Intelukien 1
• Also known as IL-1; IL1F2; IL1-BETA .The protein
encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1
cytokine family. This cytokine is produced by activated
macrophages as a proprotein . This cytokine is an
important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is
involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell
proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Nuclear factor kappa-B
• NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of
activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls
transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell
survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types
and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as
stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation,
oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens
Cont.
• NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune
response to infection (κ light chains are critical
components of immunoglobulins). Incorrect regulation
of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory, and
autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and
improper immune development.
Aim of the work
• The aim of this work is to:
1) Compare
the efficiency of bee venom
acupuncture versus convention therapy as
complementary modalities in the treatment of
chronic back pain.
2) Correlation with serum level of nuclear factor
kappa B(NFKB) and Interleukin 1(IL1) factor
pre- and post treatment.
Patients and Methods
Patients and Methods (Cont.)
• Forty female patients with chronic back pain were
recruited
from
the
attendants
at
the
complementary clinic of the medical service unit
of NRC in Egypt in a randomized parallel pattern
(March 2015-Aug 2015) with written consents
after approval of the Medical Ethical Committee.
Patients and Methods (Cont.)
Inclusion criteria were:
• Age 30-65 years
•Painful restriction of lumbar spine mobility >6
months
• On no treatment for 2 weeks prior the study
•Verified by lumbar X-ray to diagnose and detect
the degenerative changes,
Patients and Methods (Cont.)
Exclusion criteria:
Diabetes mellitus
Neurological deficits
rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
organ failure, Cancer, Epilepsy, Pregnancy,
clotting disorders or anticoagulant therapy.
 Previous history of surgery in the back or
dislocation or fracture
Patients and Methods (Cont.)
They were allocated to 2 equal groups;
• A. Bee venoum acupuncture group
• B. Convention drug group
On a one to one sequential basis by order of
applying for the study.
Patients and Methods (Cont.)
• Group A was subjected to bees sting at
standard acupoints according to Traditional
Chinese. where each patient received 2
sessions weekly for 6 weeks.
•
GB30
B25
BL40
B37
B57
GB34
LIV3
VAS ,Oswestry Disability Index ,
serum NFKB and IL1 were assessed
at baseline and after 6 weeks of the end
of the study .
The Oswestry Disability Index
• (also known as the Oswestry Low Back
Pain
Disability
Questionnaire)
is
an
extremely important tool that researchers
and disability evaluators use to measure a
patient's permanent functional disability.
The test is considered the ‘gold standard’ of
low back functional outcome tool
Age and duration
Weight, height and body mass
index
Visual analogue scale
ESR
Pain intensity
Personal care
Lifiting
Walking
Standing
Sleeping
Social
Traveling
NFkβ concentration
IL1 β concentration
IL1 β concentration
Conclusion
Both modes of treatment for LBP show
improvement as regard pain intensity,
disability and quality of life being more
evident in the bee venom group with no
side effects .
Recommendations
Recommendations
• Encouraging patients with chronic
LBP
to
use
complementary
modalities to overcome the serious
side effects of analgesic (NSAI) and
steroid treatment.
.
Recommendations (Cont.)
• Encouraging medical personnel to gain
more knowledge about complementary
modalities, and to have good practice
before aiming to use it.
Thank You