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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION
1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS:
DR. NIKHIL BIRADAR,
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS,
P.M.N.M. DENTAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, BAGALKOT-587101
KARNATAKA.
2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION:
P.M.N.M. DENTAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, BAGALKOT-587101
KARNATAKA
3. COURSE OF STUDY AND
SUBJECT:
MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY
(M.D.S.) IN ORTHODONTICS AND
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS.
4. DATE OF ADMISSION:
30th MAY 2012
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5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC:
BOVINE TEETH - A POSSIBLE SUBSTITUTE FOR SHEAR BOND STRENGTH TESTING
A Comparative study of human and bovine teeth.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
An ideal tooth for bonding studies is the human maxillary central incisor. However, with a
continual increase in dental health, more conservative dentistry, it is increasingly difficult to get
noncarious, sound human incisors for studies.1,2,3 Most studies have used more easily obtainable
premolars, extracted for orthodontic treatment.2
Bovine lower incisors are an easily obtainable, inexpensive, similar to human enamel on a histochemical and anatomic basis and a viable substitute for human incisors can be used repeatedly for bond
studies without affecting strength.2 However some differences have been noted too; they have larger
crystal grains structures,4 lower critical surface tension.5 Besides the morphology of the bovine tooth is
close to the human incisor but is curved like a premolar too, hence, the curved or flat based bracket
attachment would not be relevant, is our premise. To the best of our knowledge no such study has been
carried out in India.
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6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Iwaku NM, Fusayama T1 compared adhesive strength of bovine teeth with human teeth, in order to
find a substitute for human teeth in the adhesion test, using five dental cements and two composite
resins.
The adhesion to enamel and the superficial layer of dentin showed no statistically significant
difference between bovine and human teeth, although the mean values were always slightly lower with
bovine teeth. Adhesion to bovine dentin decreased considerably with the depth of dentin. Bovine teeth
were useful in the adhesion test as substitutes for human teeth by using enamel and the superficial layer
of dentin.
Oesterle LJ, Shellhart WC and Belanger GK2 compared enamel bond strength using an orthodontic
adhesive between deciduous bovine, permanent bovine and human enamel as well as, the effect on
bond strength of multiple rebonding to bovine enamel using deciduous and permanent bovine lower
incisor and permanent human maxillary central incisor.
This study found that the bond strength to bovine enamel was 21% to 44% weaker than human
enamel, and the bond strength to deciduous bovine enamel was significantly greater than that to
permanent bovine enamel. Bovine enamel rebounded five times without significantly affecting bond
strength, thus, bovine enamel can be reused in bonding studies without significantly affecting the
results.
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Schilke R, Baub O, Lisson AJ, Schuckar M and Geurtsen W3 evaluated the suitability of bovine
coronal and root dentine as substitutes for human primary and permanent dentin in shear bond strength
test for dentin adhesives.
30 bovine permanent central incisors, 30 human primary and 30 human third molars were cut
mesiodistally. The pulpal and buccal dentin surfaces of the buccal cuts were milled with a bur to a
thickness of 1.0 mm and shear bond strength was determined after 24 hours of storage in aqueous
solution.
Results showed that no different in shear bond strengths between human permanent dentin and
bovine coronal dentin and between each pulpal and buccal aspect. Significant differences were found
between bovine root dentin and human primary dentin. Significant differences were also found between
bovine root dentin and human permanent dentin and bovine root and coronal dentin and also between
human primary and human permanent dentin and bovine coronal dentin.
Lopes MB, Sinhoreti MAC, Sobrinho LC and Consani S6 compared shear bond strength of human
enamel and dentin with bovine teeth using two adhesive systems with different actions.
Forty human tooth half-crowns and forty bovine tooth crowns were flattened to a minimum
plain area of 5 mm in diameter. The samples were divided in four groups of 20 specimens each: 1)
human enamel; 2) bovine enamel; 3) human dentin; 4) bovine dentin. The samples of each group were
divided in 2 subgroups of 10 samples each, according to the adhesive system used: 1) Scotchbond
Multi-Purpose (SBMP); and 2) Clearfil Liner Bond 2V (CLB2V). Shear bond testing was done using
an Instron universal testing machine.
Results showed there was no statistical difference between bovine and human teeth for SBMP,
nor for CLB2V. In dentin, SBMP showed a statistically lower mean on human dentin than on bovine
dentin. For CLB2V, there was no statistical difference between human and bovine substrates.
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Saleh F, Taymour N7 compared shear and tensile bond strengths between human and bovine teeth.
Teeth were randomly assigned into 2 groups, one bonded with light cure composite resin and
another one with light cured resin reinforced glass ionomer cement and then was subdivided for shear
and tensile bond strength tests, which were conducted on universal testing machine.
The study concluded that shear and tensile bond strength to enamel showed statistically
significant difference between human and bovine teeth with the two types of orthodontic adhesive
material used; however, regression prediction equations used in this study support the use of bovine
teeth as substitutes for human teeth in both shear and tensile bond strength tests for direct bonding
procedures.
Reis AF, Giannini M, Kavaguchi A, Soares CJ, and Line SRP8 determined the bond strengths
promoted by an adhesive system to human, bovine, and porcine enamel and dentin, and compare their
etched micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy.
Thirty sound freshly extracted teeth were used in this study: ten human third molars, ten bovine
incisors, and ten porcine molars which were ground with 600-grit SiC paper to expose either enamel or
mid-depth dentin surfaces. After application of the adhesive resin, composite crowns approximately 8
mm high were built up with TPH Spectrum composite. After 24 hours of water storage, specimens
were serially sectioned in the buccal-lingual direction to obtain 0.8 mm slabs, which were trimmed to
an hourglass shape of approximately 0.8 mm2 at the bonded interface. Specimens were tested in tension
in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min).
Results showed that significant differences between bond strengths obtained on enamel and
dentin. However, there were no statistically significant differences in μTBS between human, bovine,
and porcine teeth. SEM observations revealed a similar dentinal morphology for the three species. The
study concluded that Bovine teeth proved to be possible substitutes for human teeth in either dentin or
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enamel bond testing. However, even though porcine teeth provided enamel and dentin bond strengths
similar to human and bovine teeth, enamel morphology presented a very different configuration.
Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Kasim A, Ismail NH, Ismail NA and Zamzan N9 compared the shear bond
strength of an adhesive bonded to different tooth surfaces (human premolar, Bovine incisor and
rebonded human premolar).
Two groups of thirty premolar teeth and one group of bovine incisors had brackets attached
using Transbond XT. The debonding force was measured using Instron universal testing machine.
The study revealed that bovine teeth produced higher bond strength compare to both fresh and
rebonded human premolar. Therefore, findings in any bond strength studies using bovine teeth should
be interpreted with caution.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
To determine
1) If bovine teeth are comparable to human teeth when used in bond strength studies
2) If bovine incisors closely relate to human incisors or human premolars with regard
to bond strength of enamel
3) If multiple bonding of bovine enamel alters the bond strength
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7. MATERIALS & METHODS:
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA:
a) 40 Bovine incisors obtained from mandibles gathered from licensed slaughter houses. The age
of the slaughtered animal will be ascertained to maintain uniformity of teeth collected.
b) 40 Human Incisor and premolar teeth will be collected
c) Transbond XT Primer (3M -Unitek)
d) Transbond XT light cure adhesive (3M- Unitek)
e) Premolar brackets (3M-Unitek)
7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA:
Forty bovine teeth and 40 extracted premolars will be collected, cleaned thoroughly
and placed in saline for a period not more than 6 months prior. Teeth will be cleaned with non-fluoride
pumice and thoroughly washed. The procedure of etching and priming will be carried out according to
manufacturer’s instructions. Metal premolar brackets will be bonded using TRANSBOND XT light
cure adhesive. Excess bonding material will be removed.
The samples will be tested for bond strength by using an Instron universal testing
machine. Shear bond strength obtained will be tabulated, compared and subjected to appropriate
statistical evaluation. The adhesive remnant on the teeth will also be ascertained and the Adhesive
Remnant Index will be obtained.
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INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR COLLECTION OF DATA:
Teeth with intact crowns that are showing no attrition and are free of hypoplastic areas,
cracks, gross irregularities, decays and fractures will be collected.
7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR
INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR OTHER HUMAN
OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.
No, to the best of our knowledge as the sample of bovine teeth will be obtained from
licensed slaughter houses having the requisite permissions for slaughtering the cattle.
7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR
INSTITUTION?
Yes
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8. LIST OF REFERENCES:
1) Iwaku NM and Fusayama T. Bovine teeth as possible substitutes in the adhesion test. J Dent res
1983;62(10):1076-1081.
2) Oesterle LJ, Shellhart WC and Belanger GK. The use of bovine enamel in bonding studies. Am
J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:514-519.
3) Schilke R, Baub O, Lisson JA, Schuckar M, Geurtsen W. Bovine dentine as a substitute for
human dentin in shear bond strength measurements. Am J Dent 1999;12;92-96.
4) Moriwaki Y, Kani T, Kozatani T, Tsutusumi S, Shimode N, Yamaha R. The crystallinity
change of bovine enamel during maturation. Jpn J Dent Mat 1968;9:78-85 as cited in Oesterle LJ,
Shellhart WC and Belanger GK.
The use of bovine enamel in bonding studies. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:514-519.
5) Yu KC and Chang R. Adhesive restorative dental materials, approaches to achieve adhesion,
National Institute of dental research, Washington: U.S.Department of Health, Education, and
welfare.1966.p.103-31 as cited in Oesterle LJ, Shellhart WC and Belanger GK. The use of bovine
enamel in bonding studies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:514-519.
6) Lopes MB, Sinhoreti MAC, Sobrinho LC and Consani S. Comparative study of the dental
substrate used in shear bond strength tests. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2003;17(2):171-5.
7) Saleh F and Taymour N. Validity of using bovine teeth as a substitute for human counterparts in
adhesive tests. Easterm Mediterranean health 2003;9:201-207.
8) Reis FA, Giannini M, Kavaguchi A, Soares CJ and Line SRP. Comparison of Microtensile
Bond Strength to Enamel and Dentin of Human, Bovine, and Porcine Teeth. J Adhes Dent 2004; 6:
117–121.
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9) Radzi Z, Yahya NH, Kasim A, Ismail NH, Ismail NA and Zamzan N. shear bond strength of
orthodontic adhesives on different tooth types: an in vitro study. Annal Dent Univ Malaya 2006;
13: 18–23.
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9. SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE:
10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE: SATISFACTORY AND ACCEPTED
11. NAME & DESIGNATION OF GUIDE; DR. ANNA C. VAZ
PROF. AND HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEADICS
P.M.N.M DENTAL COLLEGE
BAGALKOT
12. SIGNATURE OF GUIDE:
12.1 SIGNATURE OF HOD:
12.2 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL:
12.3 SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL:
DR.SREENIVAS.S.VANAKI
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