Download H 113 Western Civilization to 1648

H 114 Western Civilization since 1555
January 24, 2015
Dr. Thomas A. Mason
Review Sheet 3: for Final Examination, May 6.
Location of the final examination is our usual room, Cavanaugh Hall 215.
Section 8121: 3:30–5:30 PM: Please note that the time (set by the University
Registrar) of the exam starts an hour earlier than our normal
class schedule. We normally meet 4:30–5:45 PM.
Section 10323: 6:00–8:00 PM: Please note that day and time (set by the
University Registrar) of the exam are the same as our normal
class schedule.
The final exam will take the form of an essay (75%) and matching (25%). For the essay,
you will write on one out of eighteen available topic options. Instructions will ask you to
support generalizations with detailed and well-defined evidence and to organize
carefully your thoughts and argument. As with the quiz and the mid-semester exam, you
will be expected to develop your answer with details on the what, who, where, when
(dates), how, and why of your topic. The essay on the final exam is the same length as
the mid-semester exam and longer—several (more than three) substantial paragraphs—
than the single-paragraph responses requested on the quiz.
Essay questions will be in the general format of the “Questions for Review” at the end of
each chapter in your textbook (Mark Kishlansky et al., Civilization in the West). Take a
look at those “Questions for Review” to get an idea of what to expect on the essay. Also
take a look at the “Key Terms” in the left column below to get an idea of what to expect
on matching items; some are listed under more than one chapter when significant
discussion appears in more than one chapter; the glossary—pages G-1–G-13 at the back
of your textbook—provides short definitions of many (but not all) of those key terms. All
twenty-five matching items on the exam are drawn from the eighty-nine
“Key Terms” in the left column below, but not all “Key Terms” will be
matching items. “Background” items in the right column below are for your
information only, for use in developing your essay, but will not be potential matching
items on the exam.
Please note:
 You are welcome to take the quiz and examinations early (give me
advance notice so I can have the quiz or examination made up early).
 No more than one late assignment (book review / essay) or makeup quiz
/ examination will be allowed to any student.
The final exam will cover chapters 24–30 in your textbook.
Potential general essay topics (all will be on the exam, from which you will choose one):
1. Causes, course of events, and results of the new imperialism / colonialism during the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (including, but not limited to, the British Raj
in India, the scramble for Africa, the Boer war, China during the colonial era, and
Japan during the colonial era)
2. Causes, course of events, and results of feminism during the nineteenth century and
the new feminism during the twentieth and twenty-first century (including
significant authors and titles of their works)
January 24, 2015 ● page 2 of 26
3. In The Strange Death of Liberal England (1935), George Dangerfield discussed
several trends and issues that almost tore the United Kingdom apart. In an essay on
the internal dynamics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (from
1801) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (from 1922),
discuss the issues of parliamentary reform, liberalism, laborism, conservatism, Irish
home rule, free trade, protectionism, feminism, and Scottish nationalism.
4. As a journalist in France, Theodor Herzl covered the Dreyfus Affair. How and why
did that experience lead him to advocate Zionism?
5. Causes, course of events, and results of the First World War
6. Causes, course of events, and results of the Russian Revolution
7. John Maynard Keynes, in The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), and
others predicted that the “Carthaginian Peace” imposed by the Versailles Conference
would lead to disaster. Discuss, including such matters as reparations.
8. Fascism, Nazism (National Socialism), and Communism built on cultural and
political trends that began during the nineteenth century. Discuss how these
ideologies developed, flourished, and ultimately collapsed during the twentieth
century.
9. Causes, course of events, and results of the Second World War
10. Causes, course of events, and results of the Cold War
11. Postwar economic recovery (Morgenthau Plan; Marshall Plan; Douglas MacArthur’s
polices for Japanese recovery)
12. Causes, course of events, and results of decolonization
13. Causes, course of events, and results of the Iranian Revolution
14. European Union and its predecessor entities since World War II
15. Causes, course of events, and results of the fall of Communism in eastern and central
Europe
16. Causes, course of events, and results of the welfare state
17. Causes, course of events, and results of the new terrorism and counterterrorism
18. Causes, course of events, and results of globalization and anti-globalization
d.: died
ca.: circa: Latin: about / approximately
Definitions within quotation marks are from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,
11th ed. (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 2003). A date following a word or term
is the date of the earliest recorded use of that word or term in English.
Chapter 24: The Crisis of European Culture, 1871–1914
Key terms
Background
free enterprise (the term was coined in
1890): “freedom of private business to
organize and operate for profit in a
competitive system without interference
by government beyond regulation
necessary to protect public interest and
keep the national economy in balance”
holding company (1906): “a company
whose primary business is holding a
controlling interest in the securities of
other companies”
Key terms
David Lloyd George, 1863–1945, British
chancellor of the Exchequer,
1908–1915, prime minister,
1916–1922 (Liberal)
Otto von Bismarck, 1815–1898,
minister-president of Prussia
(1862–1890), chancellor of Germany,
(1871–1890) (see also discussion in
chapters 23 and 25)
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 3 of 26
investment company (ca. 1917): “a company
whose primary business is holding
securities of other companies purely for
investment purposes”
cartels / trusts
consortium / consortia of banks
robber baron (the term was revived / coined
in 1878): “an American capitalist in the
latter part of the 19th century who
became wealthy through exploitation (as
of natural resources, governmental
influence, or low wage scales)”
conspicuous consumption (Thorstein
Veblen coined the term in The Theory of
the Leisure Class: An Economic Study
in the Evolution of Institutions [1899]):
“lavish or wasteful spending thought to
enhance social prestige”
United Kingdom
Labour Party, founded 1900
James Keir Hardie, 1856–1915
National Insurance Act, 1911
Parliament Bill of 1911
Trade Unions Act of 1913
Irish Home Rule
In the Liberal government of Herbert Henry
Asquith, Winston Churchill served as
president of the Board of Trade, 1908–
1910; home secretary, 1910–1911; and
first lord of the Admiralty, 1911–1915.
Germany
Reichstag
Kulturkampf (1879): German: struggle for
civilization / culture war
Leo XIII, 1810–1903, pope (1878–1903)
Social Democratic Party
social democracy (1850): “a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful
transition from capitalism to socialism
by democratic means; a democratic
welfare state that incorporates both
capitalist and socialist practices.”
Anti-Socialist Law, 1878
revisionism (1903): “a movement in
revolutionary Marxian socialism
favoring an evolutionary rather than a
revolutionary spirit”
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 4 of 26
state socialism (1879): “an economic system
with limited socialist characteristics that
is effected by gradual state action and
typically includes state ownership of
major industries and remedial measures
to benefit the working class”
Frederick III, 1831–1888, emperor of
Germany and king of Prussia (1888)
(Hohenzollern)
William II, 1859–1941, emperor of
Germany and king of Prussia
(1888–1918) (Hohenzollern)
apropos of Bismarck:
You got to know when to hold 'em, know when to fold 'em,
Know when to walk away and know when to run.
You never count your money when you're sittin' at the table.
There'll be time enough for countin' when the dealin's done.
--Kenny Rogers, “The Gambler” (1978)
(songwriter, Don Schlitz)
Dreyfus Affair, 1894–1906
feminism (the word, coined in France,
1830s, entered the English language
in 1895): “the theory of the political,
economic, and social equality of the
sexes; . . . organized activity on behalf
of women’s rights and interests”
Zionism (1896)
France
Third Republic, 1871–1940
Boulanger Affair, 1889
Georges Ernest Boulanger, 1837–1891,
French minister of war (1886–1887)
Alfred Dreyfus, 1859–1935
Emile Zola, “J’accuse!” (1898): French: “I
Accuse!”
Hubertine Auclert, 1848–1914
Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858–1928
Women’s Social and Political Union
(WSPU), 1903
Woman suffrage: limited in the U.K.,
February 12, 1918; full, 1928; Germany,
November 12, 1918; U.S. federal, 1920
(earlier in western states); France, 1945
Margaret Sanger, 1871–1966
birth control (1914)
anti-Semitism (the word, coined in 1879,
entered the English language in 1882)
pogrom (1903): Yiddish, from Russian:
devastation
Georg von Schönerer, 1842–1921
Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat: Versuch
einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage
(German, Leipzig, 1896; English
translation: A Jewish State: An Attempt
at a Modern Solution of the Jewish
Question, London: 1896)
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 5 of 26
First Zionist Congress (Basel, Switzerland),
1897
Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot (New York,
1909)
anarchism (1642) (from Greek: anarchos:
having no ruler, from an- = not;
without + archos = ruler): “a political
theory holding all forms of government
authority to be unnecessary and
undesirable and advocating a society
based on voluntary cooperation and
free association of individuals and
groups,” most prominent in less
industrialized European countries
Mikhail Bakunin, 1814–1876
François Claudius Koeningstein
(revolutionary name / nom de guerre:
Ravachol), 1859–1892
Pyotr Kropotkin, 1842–1921 (“From each
according to his ability, to each
according to his needs,” a phrase that
Kropotkin appropriated from Louis
Blanc [1839] and Karl Marx [1875])
anarchist assassinations:
Sadi Carnot, president of France, 1894
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo,
prime minister of Spain, 1897
Elizabeth, empress of Austria, 1898
Umberto I, king of Italy, 1900
William McKinley,
president of the United States, 1900
José Canalejas y Méndez,
prime minister of Spain, 1912
Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (1907)
syndicalism (1907) (French: syndicalisme,
from chambre syndicale: trade union):
revolutionary doctrine that flourished
mostly in Latin countries, particularly in
France and Spain (in the United States:
Industrial Workers of the World) “by
which workers seize control of the
economy and the government by direct
means (as a general strike); system of
economic organization in which
industries are owned and managed by
the workers”
anarcho-syndicalism (ca. 1928):
combination of local trade unionism
with anarchist principles, mostly in
Latin countries, particularly in France
and Spain
scientific discoveries of the late
nineteenth / early twentieth centuries
James Clerk Maxwell, 1831–1879:
electromagnetism
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 6 of 26
Max Planck, 1858–1947: quantum theory of
energy, for which he won the 1918 Nobel
Prize in Physics
Albert Einstein, 1879–1955:
special theory of relativity, 1905
(E = mc2)
general theory of relativity, 1916
won the 1922 Nobel Prize in physics “for
his services to Theoretical Physics,
and especially for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect.”
Louis Pasteur, 1822–1895: microorganisms
Sigmund Freud, 1859–1939: psychoanalysis
Chapter 25: Europe and the World, 1870–1914
European alliance system, 1870–1914
balance of power (1701): an alliance system
intended to prevent any one state from
dominating others
geopolitics (1904): the politics of geography
Otto von Bismarck, 1815–1898, ministerpresident of Prussia (1862–1890),
chancellor of Germany, (1871–1890)
(see also discussion in chapters 23 and
24)
Three Emperors’ League, 1873; renewed
1881: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Russia
Congress of Berlin, 1878: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Russia, Great Britain
Dual Alliance, 1879: Germany, AustriaHungary
Triple Alliance, 1882: Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty, 1887: Germany, Russia
Double Entente, 1894: France, Russia
Triple Entente, 1907: France, Russia, Great
Britain
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 1908
“Nations have no permanent friends and no
permanent enemies, only permanent
interests.” —Lord Palmerston, British
foreign minister, 1830–1841, 1846–
1851, and prime minister, 1855–1858,
1859–1865
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 7 of 26
new imperialism
imperialism (1828): “the policy, practice, or
advocacy of extending the power and
dominion of a nation especially by direct
territorial acquisitions or by gaining
indirect control over the political or
economic life of other areas”
colonialism (1853): “control by one power
over a dependent area or people”
Ferdinand de Lesseps, 1805–1894
Suez Canal, completed 1869
Panama Canal, completed 1914
telegraph / electronic communication
quinine
geopolitics (1904): the politics of
geography; as it relates to colonialism:
1. strategic value of certain lands
2. protect sea-lanes
3. protect access to markets
4. provide coaling stations (later oil
supply) for merchant and naval ships
neo-mercantilism
public opinion / newspapers
jingoism (1878)
J. A. Hobson, Psychology of Jingoism
(1901)
J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (1902)
Vladimir Ilyich Ulanov (Lenin),
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of
Capitalism (1916)
ethnocentrism (1901): “the attitude that
one’s own group is superior”
scramble for Africa, ca. 1875–ca. 1912
Leopold II, 1819–1909, king of the Belgians
(1865–1909)
International African Association,
1876–1908
Joseph Conrad, The Heart of Darkness
(1902)
Berlin Conference, 1884–1885
Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim:
Maxim Gun, 1884
Menelik II, 1844–1913, emperor of Ethiopia
(1889–1913)
Battle of Adowa, 1896
Winston Churchill, 1874–1965:
in Sudan, 1898
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 8 of 26
Battle of Omdurman, 1898
Fashoda Incident, 1898
Boer War, 1899–1902
Afrikaners
Great Trek, 1837–1844
gold discovered in Transvaal Republic, 1886
Cecil Rhodes, 1853–1902
Jameson Raid, 1895–1896
concentration camps (1901)
free-fire zones
British Raj in India
Appointment of a British viceroy, 1861
Victoria, 1819–1901, Queen of Great Britain
and Ireland (1837–1901), empress of
India (1877–1901)
(Hanover / Saxe-Coburg-Gotha)
Great Game (in 1829 Arthur Conolly,
British intelligence officer, coined the
term, which Rudyard Kipling
popularized in his novel Kim [1901]):
competition between Great Britain and
Russia for supremacy in Central Asia,
1813–1907
British East India Company
caste system
collapse of Indian cotton exports
China during the colonial era
Opium War, 1839–1842
sphere of influence (1885): “a territorial
area within which the political influence
or the interests of one nation are held to
be more or less paramount”
treaty port (1863): “any of numerous ports
and inland cities in China, Japan, and
Korea formerly open by treaty to foreign
commerce”
extraterritoriality (1836): “exemption from
the application or jurisdiction of local
law or tribunals”
consuls
Boxer Rebellion (Society of Harmonious
Fists), 1900
Japan during the colonial era
Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895
Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
Key terms
Background
January 24, 2015 ● page 9 of 26
Portsmouth (New Hampshire) Peace
Conference, 1905 (Theodore Roosevelt
presided, for which he won the Nobel
Peace Prize, 1906)
Chapter 26: War and Revolution, 1914–1920
Schlieffen Plan, 1905
Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, 1914,
in Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina)
Paul von Hindenburg, 1847–1934, German
commander on the Eastern Front (1914–
1916), chief of the general staff (1916–
1918) (see also discussion in chapter 27)
Winston Churchill, 1874–1965, British first
lord of the admiralty (1911–1915, 1939–
1940) (see also discussion in chapters 25
and 28)
First World War, 1914–1918
Alfred von Schlieffen, 1833–1913, chief of
the German General Staff (1891–1905)
French Plan XVII
Gavrilo Princip, 1895–1918
Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy,
Japan, United States)
Central Powers (Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire)
First Battle of the Marne, 1914
Gallipoli Campaign, 1915
Battle of Verdun, 1916
total war
Balfour Declaration, 1917
Arthur Balfour, 1848–1930,
British foreign secretary (1916–1919)
Russian Revolution, 1917
Nicholas II, 1868–1918,
emperor and tsar of Russia (1894–1917)
social democracy (1850): “a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful
transition from capitalism to socialism
by democratic means; a democratic
welfare state that incorporates both
capitalist and socialist practices.”
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party,
founded 1898
Bolsheviks: Russian: “majority,”
but in reality the minority
Mensheviks: Russian: “minority,”
but in reality the majority
Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 10 of 26
Revolution of 1905
Duma
soviets (1917): Russian: elected workers’
councils
February Revolution, 1917
(March in the Western Calendar)
Nicholas II abdicated
Provisional Government
Aleksandr Kerenski, 1881–1970, Russian
justice minister, war minister,
prime minister (1917)
Petrograd Soviet
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (revolutionary
name / nom de guerre: Lenin),
1870– 1924, Soviet chairman of the
Council of People’s Commissars
(1917–1924) (see also discussion in
chapters 25 and 27)
What Is To Be Done? (1902)
April Theses (1917): peace, land, and
bread
October Revolution, 1917
(November in the Western Calendar)
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (revolutionary
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918
name / nom de guerre: Leon Trotsky),
1879–1940, Soviet people’s commissar
for foreign affairs (1917–1926) and
people’s commissar of war (1918–1925)
(see also discussion in chapter 27)
The American Role in War and Peace
Woodrow Wilson, 1856–1924, president
sinking of the Lusitania, 1915
of the United States, 1913–1921; won
Zimmermann Telegram, 1917
the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his work Arthur Zimmermann, 1864–1940, German
on the League of Nations
foreign minister, 1916–1917
Fourteen Points
Armistice, November 11, 1918
League of Nations
(see also discussion in chapter 27)
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946
(see discussion in chapters 27 and 29)
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
(1919) contrasted the economic
nationalism inherent in the treaty
unfavorably with the relatively free
(liberal) prewar economy based on a
gold monetary standard and low tariffs:
“The future life of Europe was not their
concern; its means of livelihood was not
their anxiety. Their preoccupations,
good and bad alike, related to frontiers
and nationalities, to the balance of
power, to imperial aggrandizements, to
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 11 of 26
the future enfeeblement of a strong and
dangerous enemy, to revenge, and to the
shifting by the victors of their
unbearable financial burdens on to the
shoulders of the defeated.”
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
statism (1919): “concentration of economic
controls and planning in the hands of a
highly centralized government often
extending to government ownership of
industry”
United States became a net creditor nation
(balance of payments turned positive),
1920
hyperinflation (1930) in Germany, 1922
reparations
Charles G. Dawes, Dawes Plan, 1924 (for
which he won the Nobel Peace Prize,
1925)
Owen D. Young, Young Plan, 1929
Maginot Line
protectionism
Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930
Locarno Pact, 1925
Aristide Briand, French prime minister ten
times (1909–1921), foreign minister
(1925–1932), won the Nobel Peace
Prize, 1926
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928: renounced war
Frank B. Kellogg, 1856–1937, U.S. secretary
of state (1925–1929), won the Nobel
Peace Prize, 1929
Great Depression, 1929–1949
business cycle (1919): “a cycle of economic
activity usually consisting of recession,
recovery, growth, and decline”
twentieth-century secular bull markets:
1921–1929, 1949–1965, 1982–2000
twentieth-century secular bear markets:
1901–1921, 1929–1949, 1965–1982
secular (in this sense): “of or relating to a
long term of indefinite duration”
“The long run is a misleading guide to
current affairs. In the long run we are all
dead.” --John Maynard Keynes, A Tract
on Monetary Reform (1923)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 12 of 26
dead-cat bounce (1985) (“from the facetious
notion that even a dead cat would
bounce slightly if dropped from a
sufficient height): a brief and
insignificant recovery (as of stock prices)
after a steep decline”
United Kingdom abandoned the gold
standard, 1931.
United States raised, to $35 an ounce, the
official price of gold and thereby
substantially raised the equilibrium
price level, 1933–1934.
U.S. Congress made private ownership of
gold in the United States (except for
coins in collections or jewelry) illegal,
required owners of gold bullion to trade
it for other forms of money, and
transferred it to the U.S. Bullion
Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, 1937
(the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
now holds more gold than Fort Knox).
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946
(see also discussion
in chapters 26 and 29)
The General Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Money (1936) advocated a
program of government spending on
public works to promote employment
League of Nations
(see also discussion in chapter 26)
Soviet Union
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (revolutionary
name / nom de guerre: Lenin),
1870–1924, Soviet chairman of the
Council of People’s Commissars
(1917–1924) (see also discussion
in chapters 25 and 26)
Nikolai Bukharin, 1888–1938,
editor of Pravda [truth] (1917–1929)
Comintern: Communist International, 1919
New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921–1927
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (revolutionary
Trotskyism (1925): “the theory and practice
name / nom de guerre: Leon Trotsky),
of communism developed by . . . Trotsky
1879–1940, Soviet people’s commissar
. . . including adherence to the concept
for foreign affairs (1917–1926) and
of worldwide revolution as opposed to
people’s commissar of war (1918–1925)
socialism in one country”
(see also discussion in chapter 26)
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
(revolutionary name / nom de guerre:
Joseph Stalin: Russian: Man of Steel),
1879–1953, Soviet people’s commissar
Stalinism (1927): “the theory and practice of
communism developed by Stalin from
Marxism-Leninism and marked
especially by rigid authoritarianism,
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 13 of 26
for nationalities (1920–1923), general
widespread use of terror, and often
secretary of the Central Committee of
emphasis on Russian nationalism”
the Communist Party (1922–1953) (see New Socialist Offensive, 1928–1941
also discussion in chapters 28 and 29) Five Year Plans, 1929–1932, 1933–1937
collectivization
“You can’t make an omelet without
breaking an egg” —Russian proverb,
often attributed to Lenin or Stalin
Soviet famine of 1932–1933: in the Soviet
Union 6–8 million people, about 4–5
million of whom were Ukrainian, died
from hunger (Holodomor: Ukrainian:
murder by hunger).
Great Purge, 1934–1938
Italy
Fascism (1921) (Italian: fascismo, from
authoritarianism (1879): “a concentration
fascio: bundle, from Latin fascis, fasces:
of power in a leader or an elite not con“a bundle of rods and among them an
stitutionally responsible to the people”
ax with projecting blade borne before
corporatism (1890): “the organization of
ancient Roman magistrates as a badge
a society into industrial and professional
of authority”): “a political philosophy,
corporations serving as organs of
movement, or regime (as that of the
political representation and exercising
Fascisti) that exalts nation and often
some power over persons and activities
race above the individual and that
within their jurisdiction”
stands for a centralized autocratic
futurism (1909): “a movement in art, music,
government headed by a dictatorial
and literature begun in Italy about 1909
leader, severe economic and social
and marked especially by an effort to
regimentation, and forcible suppression
give formal expression to the dynamic
of opposition”
energy and movement of mechanical
processes” (see chapter 24)
totalitarianism (1926) (Italian: totalitario,
from totalità: totality): “a political
regime based on subordination of the
individual to the state and strict control
of all aspects of life and productive
capacity of the nation especially by
coercive measures (as censorship and
terrorism)”
Benito Mussolini, 1883–1945,
prime minister of Italy (1922–1943)
March on Rome, 1922
Lateran Treaty, 1929 (Italy, Vatican)
Pius XI, 1857–1939, pope (1922–1939)
Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935
Pact of Steel, 1939 (Italy, Germany)
(see also discussion in chapter 28)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 14 of 26
Germany
Weimar Republic, 1918–1933
Paul von Hindenburg, 1847–1934,
German commander on the Eastern
Front (1914–1916), chief of the general
staff (1916–1918), president of Germany
(1925–1934)
(see also discussion in chapter 26)
Nazism (National Socialism) (1934):
Adolf Hitler, 1889–1945,
“the body of political and economic
chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
doctrines held and put into effect by
stab-in-the-back legend
the Nazis in Germany from 1933 to
Beer Hall Putsch, 1923
1945 including the totalitarian
Mein Kampf, 2 vols. (1925–1926, German;
principle of government predominance
English translation: My Struggle,
of especially Germanic groups assumed
1929–1938)
to be racially superior, and the
Third Reich, 1933–1945
supremacy of the führer” (leader)
racism (1933): “a belief that race is the
primary determinant of human traits
and capacities and that racial differences
produce an inherent superiority of a
particular race”
Sturmabteilung:
German: storm troopers; SA
Schutzstaffel: German: protection squad; SS
Lebensraum: German: living space
German remilitarization of the Rhineland,
1936
Kristallnacht, 1938: German: night of
broken glass
Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
Spain
Popular Front (1936): coalition of leftist
political parties in Spain and France
Falange española: Spanish Phalanx /
Falangist (1936)
Francisco Franco, 1892–1975,
caudillo (leader) of Spain (1937–1975)
fifth column (1936): “name applied to rebel
[Falangist] sympathizers in Madrid . . .
when four rebel columns were
advancing on the city; a group of secret
sympathizers or supporters of an enemy
that engage in espionage or sabotage
within defense lines or national borders”
Portugal
António de Oliveira Salazar, 1888–1970,
prime minister of Portugal (1932–1968)
Estado Novo: Portuguese: New State
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 15 of 26
Chapter 28: Global Conflagration: World War II, 1939–1945
Japanese occupation of Manchukuo
(Manchuria), 1931–1932
Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945
Anschluss: German: link-up
(annexation of Austria, 1938)
Munich Pact, 1938
appeasement
Nonaggression Pact, 1939 (Germany,
Soviet Union)
Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
Neville Chamberlain, 1869–1940, British
prime minister (1937–1940)
Germany and the Soviet Union attacked
Poland, September 1939
Katyn Forest Massacre, 1940
Axis Powers
Pact of Steel, 1939 (Germany, Italy)
(see also discussion in chapter 27)
Tripartite Pact, 1940 (Germany, Italy,
Japan)
Allies
after the German invasion of Poland, 1939:
Poland, British Empire, France; after the
Phony War, 1940: nine countries attacked
by the Axis joined the Allies; after the
invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941:
Soviet Union; after the attack on Pearl
Harbor, December 7, 1941: United States,
Philippines, Republic of China, nine Central
American and South American countries;
the Allies adopted the name United Nations
(Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term in
1941) after the Declaration of United
Nations (signed by 26 states, January 1,
1942)
Winter War, 1939–1940
(Finland, Soviet Union)
Phony War, 1939–1940
blitzkrieg (1939): German: lightning war
Winston Churchill, 1874–1965, British first
lord of the admiralty (1911–1915, 1939–
1940), prime minister (1940–1945,
1951–1955) (see also discussion in
chapters 25 and 26)
Charles de Gaulle, 1890–1970,
author, Vers l’armée de métier (1934,
leader of Free French forces
French; German translation:
(1940–1945), president of the
Frankreichs Stossarmee: das
Fifth French Republic (1959–1969)
Berufsheer—die Lösung von morgen,
(see also discussion in chapter 29)
1935; English translation: The Army of
the Future, 1940)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 16 of 26
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882–1945,
president of the United States
(1933–1945)
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
(revolutionary name / nom de guerre:
Joseph Stalin: Russian: Man of Steel),
1879–1953, general secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
(see also discussion in chapters 27 and
29)
Holocaust (Greek: holokauston: burnt
sacrifice): “the mass slaughter of
European civilians and especially Jews
by the Nazis during World War II”
genocide (1944): “the deliberate and
systematic destruction of a racial,
political, or cultural group”
Final Solution (the term entered the English
language in 1947)
Shoah (Modern Hebrew: catastrophe: the
word entered the English language in
1967)
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor(December
7, 1941), Hong Kong (December 25),
Manila (January 2, 1942), and
Singapore (February 15)
Battle of Midway, June 4–7, 1942
Dwight David Eisenhower, 1890–1969,
commander of Allied Expeditionary
Force in Europe (1943–1945), president
of the United States (1953–1961)
wartime planning meetings of the Allies
Big Three
Tehran Conference, 1943
Bretton Woods Conference (New
Hampshire) (United Nations Monetary
and Financial Conference), 1944
Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944
Yalta Conference, 1945
San Francisco Conference, 1945
United Nations Charter, 1945
Potsdam Conference, 1945
Wendell L. Willkie, 1892–1944, Republican
candidate for president, 1940; author,
One World (1943) and An American
Program (1944)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 17 of 26
United States dropped atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945
Chapter 29: The Cold War and Postwar Economic Recovery, 1945–1970
Cold War (1945): “a conflict over
ideological differences carried on by
methods short of sustained overt
military action and usually without
breaking off diplomatic relations”
Morgenthau Plan, 1944
containment / deterrence
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 1949
iron curtain (“From Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain
has descended across the continent.”
—Winston Churchill, speech at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, 1946)
Henry Morgenthau Jr., 1891–1967, U.S.
secretary of the treasury (1934–1945);
author, Germany is Our Problem (1945)
Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949
West Germany (Federal Republic of
Germany; FRG)
Konrad Adenauer, 1876–1967, chancellor of
West Germany (1949–1963)
East Germany (German Democratic
Republic; GDR)
Walter Ulbricht, 1893–1973, first secretary
of the Socialist Unity Party (1950–1971)
George F. Kennan, 1904–2005, U.S. deputy
chief of mission to the Soviet Union
(1944–1946); author, Long Telegram
(1946), later published as “The Sources
of Soviet Conduct” (the “X Article”) in
Foreign Affairs magazine (1947)
North Atlantic Treaty: United States,
Belgium, United Kingdom, Canada,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal; France
withdrew from NATO’s Military
Committee, 1966–2009
free world (1949): “the part of the world
where democracy and capitalism or
moderate socialism rather than
totalitarian or Communist political and
economic systems prevail”
“The trouble with free elections is that
you never know how they are going to
turn out.” —Vyacheslav Molotov,
1890–1986, Soviet people’s commissar
for foreign affairs (1939–1956); remark
at the Berlin Conference (1954)
according to an eyewitness writing in
International Affairs (1960)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 18 of 26
Manila Pact, 1954: Australia, France, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines,
Thailand, United Kingdom, United
States, South Vietnam, South Korea
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO), 1954–1977
Baghdad Pact, 1955: United Kingdom, Iraq,
Turkey, Pakistan, Iran; United States
joined CENTO’s Military Committee in
1958.
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO),
1955–1979
Major non-NATO allies (MNNA), 1989– .
Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991
Albania, Bulgaria, Romania,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, East
Germany, Soviet Union
Charles de Gaulle, 1890–1970, president of Fourth French Republic, 1946–1958
the Fifth French Republic (1959–1969) Fifth French Republic, 1958–
(see also discussion in chapter 28)
Algerian War, 1954–1962; Algeria won
independence from France, 1962
nuclear club: United States (1945), Soviet
Union (1949), United Kingdom (1952),
France (1960: force de frappe: French:
strike force, for deterrence), China
(1964), India (1974), Israel (1979),
Pakistan (1998), and North Korea
(2006).
The United States (1952) and the Soviet
Union (1953) produced hydrogen
bombs.
South Africa developed nuclear weapons
but dismantled them before signing the
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in
1994.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 1968
decolonization (1963)
third world (1963)
India and Pakistan won independence
from the British Empire, 1947
Mohandas Gandhi, 1869–1948
civil disobedience (the term was coined in
1849)
Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience
(1849)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 19 of 26
Mao Zedong, 1893–1976, chairman of the Chinese Civil War, 1927–1950
Communist Party of China (1945–1976) Great Leap Forward, 1958–1960
Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976
capitalist running dog (1927): lackey
state capitalism (1903): “an economic
system in which private capitalism is
modified by a varying degree of
government ownership and control”
Korean War, 1950–1953
Kim Il-sung, 1912–1994, prime minister
(1948–1972) and president (1972–1994)
of North Korea
Kim Jong-il, 1941–2011, supreme leader of
North Korea (1994–2011)
Kim Jong-un, 1983– , supreme leader of
North Korea (2011– )
Indochina War, 1946–1954
Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954: Viet Minh
under General Vo Nguyen Giap defeated
the French under Colonel (later General)
Christian de Castries
Ho Chi Minh, 1890–1969, president of
North Vietnam (1945–1969)
domino theory (1965)
Vietnam War, 1961–1973
“Vietnam was an extremely painful
reminder that when it comes to
intervention, time and patience are not
American virtues in abundant supply.”
—David H. Petraeus, “The American
Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A
Study of Military Influence and the Use
of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era”
(Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton
University, 1987).
African independence movements
Patrice Lumumba, 1925–1961, prime
minister of the Republic of the Congo
(Zaire) (1960)
Kwame Nkrumah, 1909–1972, president of
Ghana (1960–1966)
Jomo Kenyatta, ca. 1894–1978, president of
Kenya (1964–1978)
Mau Mau: anti-European secret society in
colonial Kenya
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 1942–
1945
National Security Act of 1947: created the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 20 of 26
“In the councils of government, we must
guard against the acquisition of
unwarranted influence, whether sought
or unsought, by the military-industrial
complex.” —Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Farewell address, January 17, 1961.
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004 created the
office of director of national intelligence
(currently James R. Clapper) to
coordinate the sixteen intelligence
services (including the CIA) in an effort
to address the intelligence failures that
failed to warn against the September 11,
2001, terrorist attacks.
Iranian Revolution
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1919–
1980, shah of Iran (1941–1979; in exile,
1953, 1979–1980)
Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr., 1895–
1958, trained the Iranian army (1942–
1945)
Mohammad Mosaddeq, 1882–1967,
prime minister of Iran (1951–1953)
Kermit “Kim” Roosevelt Jr., 1916–2000,
chief of the CIA’s Near East and Africa
Division, rode a CIA tank into Tehran,
1953
Operation Ajax
blowback (Donald N. Wilber, in the CIA’s
Clandestine Service History—
Overthrow of Premier Mosaddeq of
Iran, coined the word in 1954): “an
unforeseen and unwanted effect, result,
or set of repercussions”
Ruhollah Khomeini, 1902–1989, marja /
grand ayatollah (1963–1989), supreme
leader of Iran (1979–1989)
Iran hostage crisis, 1979–1981:
revolutionaries held 52 Americans at the
U.S. embassy in Tehran
theocracy (1622) (Greek: theokratia, from
theos = god + kratia = strength; power;
form of government): “government of a
state by immediate divine guidance or
by officials who are regarded as divinely
guided”
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 21 of 26
Suez Crisis, 1956
Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1918–1970,
president of Egypt (1956–1970)
Aswan High Dam, under construction
1954–1976
Fidel Castro, 1926– , prime minister
(1959–1976) and president (1976–
2008) of Cuba
Raúl Castro, 1931– , president of Cuba,
2008–
Ernesto “Che” Guevara, 1928–1967, Cuban
(born Argentina) revolutionist
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Marshall Plan, 1947
European Recovery Act, 1947
George Catlett Marshall, 1880–1959, U.S.
Army chief of staff (1939–1945),
ambassador to China (1945–1947),
secretary of state (1947–1949),
secretary of defense (1950–1951); for the
Marshall Plan he received the 1953
Nobel Peace Prize
Harry S. Truman, 1884–1972, president of
the United States (1945–1953)
Truman Doctrine
Bretton Woods Conference (New
Hampshire) (United Nations Monetary
and Financial Conference), 1944
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946, English
economist, led the British delegation to
the Bretton Woods Conference and
chaired the World Bank commission; his
The General Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Money (1936) advocated
spending programs to maintain a high
level of national income
(see also discussion in chapter 27)
Harry Dexter White, 1892–1948, Special
Assistant to the U.S. Secretary of the
Treasury (1942–1945)
International Monetary Fund, 1945
World Bank (International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development), 1945
Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance), 1949: Soviet Union, Poland,
East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom
(1944). In 1974 Hayek shared the Nobel
Prize in Economics for “pioneering work
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 22 of 26
in the theory of money and economic
fluctuations and for . . . penetrating
analysis of the interdependence of
economic, social and institutional
phenomena.”
United States abandoned the gold standard,
1971 (“I am now a Keynesian in
economics.” —Richard M. Nixon)
“In one sense, we are all Keynesians now;
in another, nobody is any longer a
Keynesian.” —Milton Friedman, letter
to Time magazine, 1966.)
“Nixon has got to be clean as a hound's
tooth.” —Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1952
Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act
(1978) added full employment to the
charge of the Federal Reserve.
United States became a debtor nation
(balance of payments turned negative),
1988
Japanese recovery
Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964,
commander of U.S. armed forces in the
Far East (1941–1942), commander of
Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific
(1942–1945), commander of Allied
forces in Japan (1945–1950),
commander of United Nations forces in
South Korea (1950–1951)
W. Edwards Deming, 1900–1993; author,
Out of the Crisis (1982–1986) and The
New Economics for Industry,
Government, Education (1993), which
includes his System of Profound
Knowledge and the 14 Points for
Management.
de-Stalinization
(the term was coined in 1951)
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
(revolutionary name / nom de guerre:
Joseph Stalin: Russian: Man of Steel),
1879–1953, general secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
(see also discussion in chapters 27 and
28)
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 23 of 26
Nikita Khrushchev, 1894–1971, first
secretary of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (1953–1964)
peaceful coexistence
Wladislaw Gomulka, 1905–1982, first
secretary of the Polish United Workers’
Party (1956–1970)
Hungarian uprising, 1956
Imre Nagy, 1896–1968, prime minister of
Hungary (1953–1955)
brinkmanship (1956): “the art or practice of
pushing a dangerous situation or
confrontation to the limit of safety,
especially to force a desired outcome”
Berlin Wall, 1961–1989
Erich Honecker, 1912–1994, general
secretary of the East German
Communist Party (1971–1989)
Prague Spring, 1968
Alexander Dubcek, 1921–1992, first
secretary of the Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), speaker of
the federal Czechoslovak parliament
(1989–1992)
welfare state (the term was coined in
1941): “a social system based on the
assumption by a political state of
primary responsibility for the
individual and social welfare of its
citizens”
transfer payment (ca. 1945): “a public
expenditure made for a purpose (as
unemployment compensation) other
than procuring goods or services”
redistributionist (1961): “one who believes
in or advocates a welfare state”
consumer economy
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent
Society (1958)
Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of
Economic Growth: A Non-communist
Manifesto (1960)
pronatalism
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 24 of 26
new feminism
(see also chapter 30)
Simone de Beauvoir, Le deuxième sexe
(1949, French; English translation:
The Second Sex, 1953)
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
(1963)
sexism (1968): “prejudice or discrimination
based on sex, especially against women;
. . . behavior, conditions, or attitudes
that foster stereotypes of social roles
based on sex”
generation gap
New Left (1960): “a political movement
originating especially among students in
the 1960s, favoring confrontational
tactics, often breaking with older leftist
ideologies, and concerned especially
with antiwar, antinuclear, feminist, and
ecological issues”
May 1968 riots in France; Charles de Gaulle
fell as president of France, 1969
Chapter 30: The End of the Cold War and New Global Challenges, 1970 to
the Present
Brezhnev Doctrine
Leonid Brezhnev, 1906–1982, first
secretary of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (1964–1982), president of
the Soviet Union, (1960–1964, 1977–
1982)
détente: French: relaxation of tensions
Soviet War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
jihad: Arabic: holy war / spiritual struggle
moujahedeen: Arabic: person who wages
jihad
Mikhail Gorbachev, 1931– , first secretary glasnost: Russian: openness
of the Communist Party (1985–1991), perestroika: Russian: political and
president of the Soviet Union (1990–
economic restructuring
1991); won the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize
Boris Yeltsin, 1931–2007,
president of Russia (1991–1999)
Solidarity
Lech Walesa, 1943– , president of Poland
(1990–1995); won the 1983 Nobel Peace
Prize
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 25 of 26
Václav Havel, 1936–2011, Czech
velvet revolution, 1989
playwright and politician, president of velvet divorce: separation of the Czech
Czechoslovakia (1989–1992), president
Republic and Slovakia, 1992
of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
Nicolae Ceauşescu, 1918–1989, president of
Romania (1967–1989)
nationalities problem
ethnic cleansing
(the term was coined in 1991)
Bosnian War, 1992–1995
Kosovo War, 1996–1999
European Union (EU), 1992
European Economic Community (EEC;
Economic and political combination of
Common Market), 1957: Netherlands,
European countries; 17 of the 28
Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Italy,
member states use the euro as their
West Germany
currency since 2002.
European Community (EC), 1967
foreign workers /gastarbeiters:
German: guest workers
secularism versus free exercise of religion
new feminism (see also chapter 29)
globalization (1951): “the development of an
increasingly integrated global economy
marked especially by free trade, free
flow of capital, and the tapping of
cheaper foreign labor markets”
anti-globalization
new terrorism
Israel won independence from British
mandate, 1948
(see also discussion in chapter 29)
asymmetrical warfare
low-intensity warfare
trophy targets
Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Robert
Kennedy, 1968
media event (1972): “a publicity event
staged for coverage by the news media”
Black September kidnapped and killed
eleven Israeli athletes at Olympic Games
in Munich on live television, 1972
spin control (1984): “the act or practice of
attempting to manipulate the way an
event is interpreted by others”
Key terms
Background January 24, 2015 ● page 26 of 26
spin doctor (1984): “a person (as a political
aide) responsible for ensuring that
others interpret an event from a
particular point of view”
Gulf War, 1990–1991
first bombing of the World Trade Center,
New York, 1993
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
bombed the Federal Building in
Oklahoma City, 1995
suicide bombers attacked the U.S.S. Cole in
Aden, 2000
counterterrorism
Osama bin Laden organized attacks on the
World Trade Center, New York, and the
Pentagon, Washington, D.C.,
September 11, 2001
War in Afghanistan, 2001–
Iraq War, 2003–2011
A little light relief: The following will not be on the final exam, which in no way
diminishes the validity of:
Mason’s Iron Laws of Politics:
(Definition of an iron law: an immutable rule, from which no known exception has ever
been observed; hence, a rule that politicians ignore at their peril):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
There is no such thing as a permanent majority.
There is no such thing as a confidential memo.
There is no such thing as “off the record.”
There are those who divide and rule, and then there are those who unite to rule.
Never, ever, personalize an argument.
(Currently a hypothesis, awaiting clinical trials): Feudalism is alive and well in
American universities.
If anyone can report exceptions, corollaries, provisos, or additions to the above, please
let me know!