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Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
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Energy Conversion and Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman
Current status of wind energy and wind energy policy in Turkey
B. Yaniktepe a,⇑, M.M. Savrun a, T. Koroglu b
a
b
Energy Systems Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Available online 15 April 2013
Keywords:
Policy
Renewable energy
Turkey
Wind energy
a b s t r a c t
Over the past decades, the importance of renewable and sustainable energy resources has increased in
the world due to both the rapid increase in energy demand and disadvantages of the fossil fuels. Many
countries, such as Turkey, aim to increase the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources with different incentive mechanisms. In parallel with these incentive methods being implemented, wind energy
capacity in Turkey has a remarkable increase in the growing rates of renewable energy sources according
to installed wind power. Up to now, several wind power projects have been developed at different
regions of Turkey.
This paper aims to analyze the potential and development of wind energy systems in Turkey. Besides,
the current usage and development of wind power installations have been explored for the World and
Turkey in detail at the end of the 2011. Furthermore, this study also presents tax exemption, support,
and incentive mechanisms to develop new wind energy investments in Turkey.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Over the past several years, energy has become the keyword in
the national and international economical development and sustainability of all countries as in Turkey. Energy is essential to most
economic activities. Industrialized economies rely on commercial
energy to transport goods and people, to heat homes and offices,
to power engines and appliances, and to run shops and factories
[1]. Nowadays, particularly renewable energy sources have been
becoming important for the World due to both energy dependency
and disadvantages of the fossil fuels. Advancing renewable energy
development is the effective approach to address energy security
and climate change. Currently, the US, Japan, Brazil and other some
countries have listed development of renewable energy as an
important strategy for the future [2]. Renewable energy which
stems from natural sources such as sun light, wind, wave, water
and geothermal heat sustains itself. Renewable energy is derived
from resources which, for all practical purposes, cannot be depleted and also produce fewer pollutants. Renewable energy
sources offer a lot of environmental and economical benefits in
contrast to conventional energy sources. Therefore, this makes
renewable energy fundamentally different from fossil fuels and it
has prompted many countries, including Turkey, to promote its
use through incentive and subsidy schemes. In addition, fuelled
by preparations for joining the European Union and the approval
of the Kyoto Protocol as an Annex I country, policy makers increas⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 3288251818/3550; fax: +90 3288250097.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Yaniktepe).
0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.08.028
ingly recognize the potential role of wind power as part of the
country’s future energy. Thus, the investment of wind energy as
a renewable energy source has been carried out rapidly in the
World and Turkey. Growing concern about emissions from fossil
fuel generation has increased government support, and higher
costs for fossil fuels have helped wind power capacity in the Turkey to grow substantially over the last decade [3–5].
Wind power is available from the kinetic energy of the mass of
moving air. A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of
the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use. Wind electricity generation systems convert wind energy into electricity by means of wind turbines.
Furthermore, it can also be used for many other purposes such as
pumping, grinding grain, sawing, pushing a sailboat and the like.
Wind electric turbines generate electricity for homes and businesses and for sale to utilities [6].
Wind energy has many advantages, such as low cost, cleanliness, and abundance in everywhere in the world. All forms of energy production have an environmental impact; however, the
impacts of wind energy are low, local, and manageable. These environmental impacts are negligible when compared with conventional energy sources. Wind energy is also known as a renewable
and environmentally friendly energy source [3]. Moreover, it is
the cheapest form of renewable energy, which encourages investment. It also creates benefits in terms of employment, investment,
research, economic activity, and energy independence in the electricity sector [7].
Recently, the electric energy consumption in Turkey has been
increasing very fast due to the development of industry and
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B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
increment of the population. Although Turkey has a wide range of
energy resources such as coal, natural gas, petroleum and the like,
they are limited. Therefore, Turkey has started to investigate the
alternative energy resources. As a consequence, the investigation
of wind energy has been carried out rapidly in Turkey over the last
two decades.
There are many investigations in the literature about Turkey’s
wind characteristics that are mainly focused on regions which
are highly suitable for wind energy applications. There are also
some investigations about the wind energy policy and strategy issue in Turkey. But there are no any studies on tax exemption
assessment of Turkey on renewable energy. This provided prima
motivation behind doing the present study. Related scientific and
industrial communities may be attracted by this investigation. Erdogdu [8] not only presents a review of the potential and utilization of the wind power in Turkey but also provides some
guidelines for policy makers. Current status of bioenergy and wind
energy economics are focused on this article. Wind electricity status in Turkey is also investigated according to the recent developments on wind utilization in the world by Gokcek [9]. Kaygusuz
and Sari [10] have analyzed those sustainable energy policies in
Turkey. They reviewed the present energy situation and the role
of renewable energy for future directions in the Turkish energy
sector. Sevim [11] has examined the current electricity market of
Turkey and economic parameters of wind energy investments.
Hepbasli and Ozgener [12] have reviewed the development of
wind energy in Turkey at the end of the October 2010. Kurban
and Hocaoglu [13] have also examined briefly wind energy status
in Turkey and especially investigated wind energy potential of
Anadolu University campus area. Furthermore, Bilgili and Simsek
[14], Kaygusuz [15], Hepbasli and Ozgener [16], Ilkilic [3], Ilkilic,
and Turkbay [17] have also studied the potential and the development of wind energy systems in Turkey, installed capacity of Turkey and policy issue and strategies.
This study focuses on the current state, potential, and development of wind energy systems in Turkey. The paper is organized in
the following manner: The status of energy applications in the
world is presented in Section 2. Section 3 provides installations
of wind power in the world. Section 4 explains the current wind
energy status in Turkey. Section 5 discusses the wind energy status
and support/incentive mechanisms in Turkey, and Section 6 concludes and offers recommendations for the policy makers.
2. The status of energy applications in the world
The demand for energy is increasing at an exponential rate due
to the exponential growth of world population, industrial developments, and the world economy [12]. In addition to energy demand
of the increasing population, the major activities which consume
the majority of the energy generated in the world in industry are
construction, textiles and cloth manufacturing, vehicle manufacturing, food processing, etc. [18]. Recently, World’s energy demand
has increased gradually in parallel with the developments. The
projections made by The International Energy Agency indicate that
in case of continuation of the preferences of current energy policies
and energy supply, world’s primary energy demand will increase
by 40% between the years of 2007 and 2030 [19].
Electricity is one of the vital sources for human life and civilization. Nowadays, global electricity demand is also increasing with
developing civilization and industrial levels [11]. The electrical energy production of the world in 2010 was 21,365 TW h, and it
reached 22,018 TW h in 2011. Increasing rate in electricity demand
between the years of 2010 and 2011 was calculated as 3.1% [20]. In
meeting this huge energy demand of the world, mostly fossil fuels
have been used up to now. As it can be seen from Fig. 1,
Fig. 1. Primary energy consumption rates of World 2011.
consumption rate of fossil fuels has a large proportion by 92%
and energy consumption rate from the renewable energy and
hydroelectricity energy are, respectively, 2% and 6% in 2011 [20].
Turkey, which is in the category of developing countries with
respect to population, industrialization and the economy, is growing rapidly. While the population of Turkey was 70,586,256 as of
2007, it reached the value of 73,722,988 in 2010. Growing rate of
the population of Turkey is approximately 4.44%. Furthermore,
Turkey’s economy has shown a big increase in the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd quarters of 2011, with the values of 12.0, 8.8, and 8.2, respectively [21]. Turkey has left many countries behind with these
growing rates of the economy. According to these developments,
the increase in the amount of per capita energy consumption reveals the importance of energy.
The growing rate of primary energy demand in Turkey stood at
4.3% annually on average in the period of 1990–2008 [19]. The value of primary energy consumption in Turkey was 108.8 Mtoe as of
2010, and it reached the value of 118.8 Mtoe in 2011 with the
growing rate of 9.2% [20]. The World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WEC-TNC) states that the electricity demand
of Turkey will be 353,690 GW h by 2020. On the other hand, demand scenario which was organized by the Turkish Electricity
Transmission Company (TEIAS) also implies that the annual growing rate of electricity demand will be between 6.3% and 8.4% from
2009 to 2016 [11,22,23]. Besides, the electrical energy production
of the Turkey was 211.2 GW h in 2010 and it reached
228.4 GW h in 2011. Increasing rate in electricity production between the years of 2010 and 2011 was determined as 8.1% [20].
Consequently, Turkey has the most rapid increase in energy
Fig. 2. Primary energy consumption rates of Turkey 2010.
B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
105
Fig. 4. Wind power capacity by region.
Fig. 3. Fossil fuel reserves 2011.
demand in OECD countries over the last decade. As it is apparent in
Fig. 2, fossil fuels are mostly used in order to meet the huge energy
demand of the Turkey with the rate of 90% in 2010 [24]. Sekercioglu and Yilmaz have also stated that biggest share in total primary
energy consumption is natural gas, oil, and coal [25].
Fossil fuels used for meeting the energy demand everywhere in
the world with the largest percentage have many disadvantages.
Most important drawback is quick exhaustion. It is estimated that
fossil fuel reserves can handle approximately 100 years more.
Remaining reserves of fossil fuels are mostly coal reserves. The
largest rate of coal reserves is clearly seen in Former Soviet Union
as shown in Fig. 3 [20]. This figure also displays that fossil fuel reserves of European Union have the lowest value. The combined effect of the widespread depletion of fossil fuels and the gradually
emerging consciousness about environmental degradation has attracted institutions, organizations, and governments to find technologies and has given priority to the use of conventional, clean,
and renewable alternative energy sources such as geothermal energy, hydraulic energy, wind energy, wave energy, biomass energy,
and solar energy [12].
3. Installations of wind power in the world
From past to present, the basic needs of social and industrial life
of the electrical energy can be obtained from renewable energies
by using them in different applications. Over the years, renewable
energy sources have shown different growing rates. The installed
capacity of geothermal energy, which is a renewable energy,
reached the value of 11.014 GW as of 2011. The installed capacity
of solar energy also reached the value of 69.371 GW in 2011. In
addition, the value of 239.485 GW in the installed capacity of wind
energy was achieved at the end of 2011 [20]. Wind energy as a
renewable energy source is now the leader in terms of installed
capacity. Wind energy has the fastest growing rate of the renewable energy sources in the world with a 92% learning curve value.
From 1997 to 2008, global installed wind power capacity increased
by 35% per year [11]. In 1996, the installed wind power capacity
was 6070 MW. Wind power capacity has grown by 20 times since
1996, and it reached the value of 122.158 MW at the beginning of
2009.
The growth of wind energy is not evenly distributed around the
world and is manifested in Figs. 4 and 5. By the end of 2011, installed wind energy capacity in the World reached 239.485 GW
as in Fig. 6, around 40.4% (96.835 GW) of the worldwide wind energy capacity in Europe and Eurasia, a further 35.6% (85.156 GW)
in Asia and the Pacific, and 22.3% (53.485 GW) in North America.
As it is obvious from Figs. 4 and 5, the world leader according to
the wind energy installed capacity is the European and Eurasia region, with almost half of the capacity world-wide [20]. Europe’s
leading countries in wind energy are Germany, Spain, France, Italy,
and United Kingdom.
Increasing rate in wind power installed capacity in the world
between the years of 2010 and 2011 was calculated as 20.5%.
The majority of installed power has concentrated on the top 10
countries. According to the installed capacities, top 10 countries
are China (62.412 GW), USA (56.144 GW), Germany (29.075 GW),
Spain (21.726 GW), India (16.078 GW), France (6.836 GW), Italy
(6.743 GW), England (6.470 GW), Portugal (4.214 GW), and Denmark (3.926 GW), respectively. Fig. 6 shows that China and USA
have higher installed capacities than others [20]. However, Turkey
is located in the back row in the ranking of wind power installed
capacity with the value of 1.729 GW [26].
4. The current wind energy status in Turkey
Turkey is located between Europe and Asia like a bridge and
surrounded by seas around three sides. The large part of the land
of Turkey is in Asia, and the small part called as Thrace is in Europe
[27]. Turkey has 81 cities and seven geographical regions, and its
size is 785,347 km2 [28]. Turkey’s economy has a dynamical structure, and the economy is growing every year with applying different government policies [29]. Turkey is the most important
country in their region due to her strategic place as an energy
bridge between Asia and Europe. Turkey is an energy importing
country; more than half of her energy requirement has been supplied by imports [30]. Because domestic fossil fuels are limited, almost all of the petroleum and natural gas needed is imported.
Especially, hydro power plants and thermal power plants consuming fossil fuels have been used to meet the energy demand in Turkey. Fig. 7 presents the breakdown of electricity production rates in
Turkey. According to Fig. 7, coal, natural gas, and hydro based energy are produced with the percentage of 33.14, 30.22, and 23.28,
respectively [19]. However, renewable energy production rates
have very low percentages. Moreover, only wind energy production rate is 3.11% (1.729 GW). It shows that wind power installed
capacity is very low with respect to technical wind energy potential (80 GW) in Turkey.
Renewable energy resources seem to be one of the most efficient and effective solution to prevent the environmental pollution,
to decrease energy importing rate and to get sustainable energy in
Turkey. Turkey is under the influence of different air masses because of its geographical location. These air masses of different
areas cause potential wind energy generation possibilities. Hepbasli and Ozgener [16] specified that wind energy seems to be the
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Fig. 5. Share of total installed wind power in the World.
most interesting domestic and clean energy source for Turkey owing to the important potential for the use of wind energy.
Turkey’s wind energy potential has been determined as approximately 48,000 MW in a height of 50 m above from ground level
and in areas where wind speeds are more than 7.5 m/s (Table 1).
More than 98% of the wind energy potential is concentrated on regions of Aegean, Marmara, and the East Mediterranean. It is also
estimated that Turkey has an economical wind power potential
of about 10 GW [12]. Table 1 presents that Turkey has a rich wind
energy potential [31].
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B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
Table 1
Wind speed, power density, and capacity of Turkey.
Annual mean
wind speed
50 m (m/s)
Power density
50 m (W/m2)
Capacity
(MW)
7.0–7.5
7.5–8.0
8.0–9.0
>9
400–500
500–600
600–800
>800
29,259.36
12,994.32
5,399.92
195.84
Total
47,849
Fig. 6. Installed wind power in top 10 countries and Turkey.
Fig. 8. Development of wind energy in Turkey.
Fig. 7. Electricity production rates in Turkey.
According to the Turkey Wind Map, prepared by the General
Manager of Renewable Energy (EIE), wind speed at 50 m height
and outside the residential areas, at Marmara, West Black sea,
and the East Mediterranean coasts and inner parts of these regions
are 6.0–7.0 and 4.5–5.0 m/s, respectively. The northwest Aegean
coasts are also 7.0–8.5 m/s and in the inner parts are 6.5–7.0 m/s.
All regions of Turkey are not suitable for the installation of wind
turbines due to a topographic structure and a low level of wind energy potential [14].
Recently, wind energy investments have started a serious trend
in Turkey in parallel with the ninth development plan and Renewable Energy Law which was published in 2005. As it is evident in
Fig. 8, although wind power plant (WPP) investments have been
Fig. 9. Installed wind farms in Turkey.
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B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
Table 2
Under construction and licensed wind farms in Turkey.
Table 2 (continued)
Under construction WPP
Under construction WPP
Project name
Installed capacity (MW)
Soke-Catalbuk WPP
AkRES
Susurluk WPP
Korkmaz WPP
Mordogan WPP
AyRES
Banguc WPP
Balikesir WPP
Metristepe WPP
Seyitali WPP
Dagpazari WPP
Senkoy WPP
SahRES
Karadag WPP
Bozkaya WPP
Madranbaba WPP
Tokat WPP
Soma II WPP
30
45
45
24
30.75
5.4
15
142.5
40
30
39
26
93
10
12.5
19.5
40
60.9
Project name
Installed capacity (MW)
Cerit WPP
Petkim WPP
Poyraz WPP
Demirciler WPP
Saritepe WPP
Aloren WPP
Meryem WPP
Kandira WPP
Saray WPP
Zonguldak WPP
Usak WPP
Amasya WPP
Incesu WPP
Sincik WPP
Seferihisar WPP
Yalova WPP
Zeytineli-2 WPP
Yalakoy WPP
Eber WPP
90
25
54.9
60
50
45
30
49
4
120
54
42
10
25
14
54
49.5
15
36
Licensed WPP
Project name
Installed capacity
Alibeyhuyugu WPP
Cesme WPP
Turkeli WPP
Atik WPP
Aksu WPP
Seferihisar WPP
Kiblekayasi WPP
Kiyikoy WPP
Sarikayalar WPP
Yurttepe WPP
Geycek WPP
Gazi WPP
Sakarbayir WPP
Aydos WPP
Amasya WPP
Balabanli WPP
Alibey Adasi WPP
Ovacik WPP
Balikesir WPP
Bereketli WPP
Demircilik WPP
Sarpincik WPP
Çayonu WPP
Kozbeyli WPP
Samurlu WPP
Alacati WPP
Germiyan WPP
Mordogan WPP
Urla WPP
Ardicli WPP
Baglar WPP
Gol Marmara WPP
Golkaya WPP
Sandikli WPP
Urla WPP
Subasi WPP
Inebolu WPP
Afyon 2 WPP
Kahta WPP
Dilek WPP
Kapidag WPP
Karacaoren WPP
Uluborlu WPP
Karakapi WPP
Suloglu WPP
Karaburun WPP
Hamzabeyli WPP
Mutlu WPP
Hereke WPP
Karadag WPP
Dinar WPP
3
16
30
30
72
16
15
27
12
13.5
150
5
3
14
39
50
30
18
60
30
40
32
35
30
30
16
10.8
13.8
13
50
100
45
15
15
15
48
30
88
42.75
27.5
34.85
35
60
40
60
120
3
44
2
16.25
50
applied, it can be seen very low now on the European basis. Wind
energy investments have increased seriously, and increasing ratio
between 2010 and 2011 is 30.9%. Therefore, Turkey ranks fourth
with this increasing ratio between European countries [20].
Turkey’s first wind farm connected to the network was established in 1998 and has a capacity of 1.5 MWs. The installed capacity of wind power was 9 MWs at the end of the 1998. Between the
years of 1998 and 2005, wind power installed capacity grows very
slowly and wind power installed capacity was also achieved as
20 MWs in 2005. However, wind power installed capacity begins
to increase seriously after the Renewable Energy Law was put into
force in May 2005. Thus, wind power installed capacity in Turkey
reached 1.729 GW by the year of 2012.
Fig. 9 indicates the map of installed wind farms in Turkey [26].
According to this map, installed wind farm investments have been
applied to the regions of especially the coast of Marmara region,
Aegean coast region, and Mediterranean coast region.
Turkey has a lot of new investments as under construction and
licensed wind power plants, as well. These investments are detailed in Table 2 [26]. The capacity of WPP in under construction
is 708.55 MW. Besides, the licensed capacity of wind power plant
is 2.572 GW. Results indicate that there is going to be remarkable
wind energy investments in Turkey in the near future. Incentives
coming from the Renewable Energy Law accelerate the wind energy investments.
5. Institutional framework and support/incentive mechanisms
in Turkey
Some of the institutions of wind energy in Turkey are as follows: the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) is
responsible for the preparation and implementation of energy policies, plans, and programs in co-ordination with its affiliated institutions and other public and private entities. The General
Directorate of Energy Affairs (EIGM) conducts studies and develops
policies on renewable energy Within MENR. EIGM is responsible
for the co-ordination of the electricity and natural gas reform programs. It also deals with the consequences of the past efforts to
bring private investments into the electricity sector. The Electrical
Power Resources Survey and Development Administration which
changed its name as The General Manager of Renewable Energy
(EIE) in 2011 is responsible for surveys and research on renewable
B. Yaniktepe et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 72 (2013) 103–110
energy source and energy efficiency. The Energy Market Regulatory
Authority (EMRA) regulates and supervises the electricity market
and monitors the progress in the renewable energy segment of
the market, as well.
The main objective of Turkey’s energy policy is to supply the
reliable and sufficient energy together with measures for environmental protection by supporting the economical growing and social development. Some of the main elements of Turkey’s energy
policy according to MENR are the following:
To increase in the variety of resources and energy security.
To continue the reform studies needed for the sector.
To consider the environmental impacts, supplying of increase
for the investments in the all areas of the energy sector.
To get an active role in the recognition and trade of hydrocarbons within the framework of ‘‘Energy Corridor and Terminal’’.
Furthermore, utilization and development of new and renewable sources will be given priority, with particular emphasis on
domestic sources to reduce dependence on imported, compatible
with the environment, industry structure and the establishment
of an energy system is targeted according to the ninth development plan [32].
In accordance with these policies applied by Turkey, installed
wind capacity is expected to 10 GW by 2015. Besides, the objective
of wind energy capacity in Turkey is also 20 GW by 2023, helping
the country to source 30% of its electricity generation from renewable sources by 2023.
In order to boost the use of renewable energy, in May 2005, the
Turkish government published the first Renewable Energy Law
(REL), which introduced tariff support for electricity produced by
renewable sources. In May 2007, a revision of the law increased
the tariff slightly to 5–5.5 Euro ct/kW h for a period of 10 years
and in a reformation of 2010, tariff is also converted to USD
7.3 cent/kW h for wind energy. By this Renewable Energy Law,
not only wind energy is encouraged, but also other renewable
energies are promoted in a similar origin as it can be seen from
Table 3 [33].
According to revised law in 2010, incentives cover the facilities
that enter into operation at the end of 2013, with the reformation
this time being extended until the end of 2015.
In 2010, a local content element has introduced the Renewable
Energy Law, which envisages an addition to the feed-in tariff of a
maximum of USD 3.7 cent/kW h depending on how much locally
produced content was used. Currently, local manufacturing of
wind farm components are limited to blades and towers [34].
In the installed capacity of 500 kW or less, renewable energy
source of energy production is exempted for licensing and company obligations considering the Renewable Energy Law. The excess energy produced from an investor’s own requirement, for a
period of 10 years, can be sent to the Distribution Company in that
region.
While the level of support in Turkey is low in comparison with
other European countries, wind power producers are free to sell to
the national power pool or engage directly with eligible customers
in bilateral agreements where prices are generally higher than the
guaranteed price [34].
Table 3
Electricity production costs of renewable energy sources according to the REL.
The type of facility based on energy source
ABD Dollar cent/kW h
Hydroelectric power production facility
Wind power production facility
Geothermal-based production facility
Biomass-based production facility
Solar energy-based production facility
7.3
7.3
10.5
13.3
13.3
109
Countries have developed support and incentive mechanisms to
apply new wind power projects like Turkey. As a result, Turkey
wind energy policy supports particularly domestic productions
and new wind power projects.
6. Conclusion
This study concluded that Turkey has a significantly high potential of wind energy. This potential can be utilized to satisfy a part of
the total energy demand in the country. Turkey has about 48 GW
wind energy potential. Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean coast
regions are seen higher wind energy potential values compared
with other regions. This investigation indicates that wind energy
has the higher increasing rate than the other forms of renewable
energy source in Turkey during the last 6 years. By the end of
2011, installed capacity of the wind power plants reached
1.729 GW in Turkey. Furthermore, wind energy installed capacity
will be achieved as 20 GW in 2023 according to the Turkey’s general wind energy policy.
The recommendations to Government of Turkey can be summarized as follows:
To develop new financial mechanisms for investing wind
energy projects.
To encourage new investors for wind energy investments.
To realize the production of wind turbine and instruments in
Turkey rapidly.
To develop new program for high quality human resources in
the wind energy sector and to increase Research and Development on wind energy.
To monitor and evaluate the wind energy policies and cost and
effectiveness of Renewable Energy Law.
To improve coordination among government agencies in wind
energy sector.
To reinforce the incentive mechanisms like developed
countries.
To regulate new tax exemption with respect to installed capacity and employment to attract new investors.
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