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in rm Te id al s e in rm Te β id al s e α Vertex Initial Side Counterclockwise rotation Positive Angle Vertex Initial Side Terminal side Initial side Terminal side Vertex Vertex 90D angle; Initial side 1 revolution 4 Theorem Arc Length r r 1 radian if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial side coincides with with positive x - axis. y Terminal side θ Clockwise rotation Negative Angle The angle formed by rotating the initial side exactly once in the counterclockwise direction until it coincides with itself (1 revolution) is said to measure 360 degrees, D abbreviated 360 . An angle θ is said to be in standard position For a circle of radius r, a central angle of θ radians subtends an arc whose length s is s = rθ Vertex Initial side x Consider a circle of radius r. Construct an angle whose vertex is at the center of this circle, called the central angle, and whose rays subtend an arc on the circle whose length is r. The measure of such an angle is 1 radian. A triangle in which one angle is a right angle is called a right triangle. The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse, and the remaining two sides are called the legs of the triangle. c b 90D a 1 a min Ter l si de c θ θ a Initial side a = Adjacent = 5 b = Opposite = 12 Find the value of each of the six trigonometric functions of the angle θ . 12 13 θ Adjacent b c = Hypotenuse = 13 b = Opposite = 12 2 2 a +b = c a 2 = 169 − 144 = 25 a =5 b 2 + a 2 = c2 c = Hypotenuse = 13 sinθ = 2 a 2 + 122 = 132 The six ratios of a right triangle are called trigonometric functions of acute angles and are defined as follows: Function name Abbreviation Value sin θ b/c sine of θ a/c cosθ cosine of θ b/a tan θ tangent of θ c/b csc θ cosecant of θ c/a secant of θ sec θ a /b cotangent of θ cot θ Opposite 12 cscθ = Hypotenuse = 13 = Opposite 12 Hypotenuse 13 Hypotenuse 13 Adjacent 5 secθ = = = Adacent 5 Hypotenuse 13 Adjacent 5 Opposite 12 cot θ = = tanθ = = Opposite 12 Adjacent 5 cosθ = c b b2 a 2 c2 + = c2 c2 c2 2 90D a 2 b + a = 1 c c sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 Theorem Complementary Angles Theorem Cofunctions of complementary angles are equal. 2