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Computers Are Your Future
Tenth Edition
Chapter 12: Databases &
Information Systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
2
What You Will Learn
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Recognize the potential uses of
database programs.
Describe the basic components of a
database.
Distinguish between file management
programs and relational database
management systems, and explain the
advantages and disadvantages of each.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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What You Will Learn


Understand advanced database
programs and applications, such as data
warehouses, data mining, client/server
database systems, and Web-database
integration.
Describe the basic qualities of a good
database.
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4
What You Will Learn



List the components and main functions
of an information system.
Recognize the functional divisions of an
organization.
List the major types of information
systems used in today’s organizations.
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5
What You Will Learn

Describe how the retail sector is taking
advantage of computer databases to
increase sales and gain a competitive
edge.
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6
Databases & Information
Systems
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The Levels of Data
in a Database

A database is a group of data that can
be entered, selected, sorted, grouped,
reviewed, and produced as output.
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The Levels of Data
in a Database

Database units
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Bit
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The smallest unit of data stored by a computer
Contains either a 1 or a 0
Character
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A letter, number, or symbol
Made of bytes, which are groups of 8 bits
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The Levels of Data
in a Database

Database terms
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Field
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Record
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Composed of one or more characters
Identified by its field name
Group of related fields
Is contained in tables or data files
Primary key or key field

Unique identifier for each record
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The Levels of Data
in a Database
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Types of Database Programs

Two types of database programs,
software used to create databases and
use their data
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File management programs
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Manage only one table or file
Known as a flat file
Database management systems (DBMS)

Manage multiple tables or files
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Types of Database Programs

File management systems are:
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Useful for personal or small business needs
Used to develop an uncomplicated
computerized system for information
storage and retrieval
Inexpensive and easy to use
Unable to link to data stored in other files
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Types of Database Programs

Database management systems
(DBMS) are:
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Able to access, store, and edit data
Available in a variety of forms
Not usually tied to one particular platform
Able to present information in various formats
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Types of Database Programs

Database management systems (DBMS)
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Types of Database Programs

Database management system classifications
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Based on how information is organized and
retrieved
Four main DBMS classifications
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Flat
Hierarchical
Network
Relational database management system (RDBMS)
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Types of Database Programs

Relational database management
systems (RDBMS)
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Most widely used class of DBMS
Link data found in several tables or files
Compared with file management programs:
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More expensive
Harder to learn
Better in controlling data redundancy
Better in preventing potential data errors
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Types of Database Programs

Data warehouses
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Combine all the data of an organization
into one large database
Help executives make decisions
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Examine data through the drill-down method
View performance data for whole company
Search through individual department data
Data marts are similar but support a
department or division
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Types of Database Programs

Data mining
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Method used for
data review and
investigation
Can be used to
determine unknown
data patterns
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Types of Database Programs

Client/server database systems
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Use database server software that
reacts to the information requests of
remote users
Also use database client software to
provide an interface with the user
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Use queries to request information from the
database server
Examples: ATMs and online banking
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Types of Database Programs

Web-database
integration
involves taking
database
information and
making it accessible
over the Internet.
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Advantages of Database
Management Systems

Characteristics of a good database:
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Data integrity
Data independence
Avoiding data redundancy
Data security
Data maintenance
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Advantages of Database
Management Systems
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Data within a database
is considered to have
data integrity if that
data is considered
valid.
Data validation
techniques are used as
an attempt to prevent
data integrity errors.
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Advantages of Database
Management Systems

Data independence
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Data that controls applications and data
stored in the database are kept separate.
Avoiding data redundancy
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Enter data only once.
Multiple entry of the same data is a sign of
an inadequately developed system.
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Advantages of Database
Management Systems
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Data security: Prevents a database’s
contents from being accessed by
unauthorized users.
Data maintenance: Required to
permit the proper care and protection
of data.
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Information Systems: Tools
for Global Competitiveness
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A skillfully created information system:
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Integrates data, computer hardware, software,
procedures, and users
Main functions include:
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Accepting data
Converting data into information
Storing data
Distributing the information
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Information Systems: Tools
for Global Competitiveness

Methods for controlling
information include:
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Only routing information to
appropriate users
Summarizing information
Ensuring information
selectivity
Getting rid of needless
information that wastes time
and resources
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Information Systems: Tools
for Global Competitiveness

Each of the core
functions of an
organization is
managed by the
appropriate
functional division
(functional unit,
functional area).
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Information Systems: Tools
for Global Competitiveness

Functional divisions of an organization:
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Accounting and finance
Marketing and sales
Human resources
Management
Manufacturing
Information systems
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Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
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For retailers, computers and
databases are no longer used
solely for traditional
applications.
Point of sales (POS) cash
registers are computers that
integrate credit card
authorization and inventory
systems and are used as
marketing devices.
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Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
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Other systems that retailers use include:
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Check-screening systems, which determine
if a check is written on a delinquent account
Signature capture systems, which obtain
digital customer signatures
Photo checkout systems, which show the
photo of a customer at the time a credit card
is used
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What You’ve Learned
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Database programs convert data into
information and can be used for both
personal and business information
management and organization.
Database files, which are the foundation
of databases, are made up of individual
units of data called fields. When grouped
together, these fields are called records.
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What You’ve Learned


File management programs, which work
with a single flat file, are easy to use and
inexpensive but cannot control data
redundancy.
Relational database management systems
(RDBMS), which work with multiple tables
at a time, are more complicated to use
and more expensive but have the ability
to reduce data redundancy.
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What You’ve Learned


Through a data warehouse, many small
databases throughout an organization
are combined into one large database
to provide decision-making information.
Data mining is used to explore data and
expose patterns.
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What You’ve Learned


Client/server database systems enable
multiple users to access information
simultaneously.
Data integrity, data independence, the
lack of data redundancy, data security,
and data management procedures are
features of a good database.
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What You’ve Learned


An information system integrates data,
hardware, software, people, and
procedures.
The information system works by
accepting, processing, storing, and
distributing the resultant information.
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What You’ve Learned


The functional divisions of an organization
include the departments of a company.
Information systems include transaction
processing systems, management
information systems, decision support
systems, executive information systems,
knowledge systems, and expert systems.
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What You’ve Learned

The retail sector’s use of point-of-sale
terminals, when linked with inventory
databases and other systems such as
check-screening systems, provides
businesses with the ability to perform
many business tasks effectively.
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