Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Articulated Pectoral Girdle PLAY Shoulder Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 Figure 8.1a Clavicles • • • • • • Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Sternal end articulates with the manubrium Acromial end articulates with scapula Provide attachment for muscles Hold the scapulae and arms laterally Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) • Clavicle – – Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially – Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally • Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 Scapulae: triangular, paired, but don’t connect in back (adds thoracic flexibility) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5 Scapulae • Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage • Located between ribs 2 – 7 • Have three borders – Superior – Medial (vertebral) – Lateral (axillary) • Have three angles – Lateral, superior, and inferior Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 • Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus • Acromium articulates with clavicle • Coracoid process projects anteriorly Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula 7 Upper extremity • Arm or Brachium = upper arm – Between shoulder and elbow (humerus) • Forearm or Antebrachium – Radius & ulna • Hand includes: – Wrist (carpus) – Palm (metacarpus) – Fingers (phalanges) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8 Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.3a,9b Forearm • Formed from the radius and ulna • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus • Distal ends articulate with carpals PLAY Elbow Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10 Forearm • Radius and ulna articulate with each other – At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints • The interosseous membrane – Interconnects radius and ulna • In anatomical position – The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 11 Radius and Ulna Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 12b Figure 8.4a, Details of Arm and Forearm Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 13 Figure 8.5a Ulna • Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus • Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm • Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage • Plays little to no role in hand movement Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 14 Proximal Part of the Ulna Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15 Figure 8.5b Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 16 Figure 8.5c Hand • Includes the following bones – Carpus – wrist – Metacarpals – palm – Phalanges – fingers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 17 Carpus • Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand • Gliding movements occur between carpals • Composed of eight marble-sized bones Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 18 Carpus • Carpal bones – Are arranged in two irregular rows – Proximal row from lateral to medial • Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform – Distal row from lateral to medial • Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate – A mnemonic to help remember carpals • Sally left the party to take Carmen home Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Bones of the Hand Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20b Figure 8.7a, Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 21 Pelvic Girdle • Attaches lower limbs to the spine • Supports visceral organs • Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments • Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur – Lower limbs have less freedom of movement • Are more stable than the arm Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 22 Pelvic Girdle • Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) • Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other • Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum PLAY Hip Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23 Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse Ilium Ischium Pubis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 24 Bony Pelvis PLAY Pelvis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 25 Figure 8.8a Coxal Bones • Consist of three separate bones in childhood – Ilium, ischium, and pubis • Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones • Acetabulum – A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26 Ilium Ilium ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Forms part of “acetabulum” (hip socket) which receives ball-shaped head of femur Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ilium 27 Ischium Ischium • • • • • Body Ramus Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Part of socket Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ischium ischium 28 Pubis Joins medially in pubic symphysis Forms “obturator foramen” (large hole) with ischium Part of socket Pubis pubis pubis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 29 Pelvic Structures and Childbearing • Major differences between male and female pelves – Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing • Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male • Provides more room in the true pelvis Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 30 Comparing Male and Female Pelves Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 31 The Lower Limb • Carries the entire weight of the erect body • Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb • Divided into three segments – Thigh, leg, and foot Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 32 Thigh • The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee • Femur – the single bone of the thigh – Longest and strongest bone of the body – Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 33 Structures of the Femur Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34 Figure 8.10b Patella • Triangular sesamoid bone • Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles • Protects the knee anteriorly • Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35 Patella Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 36 Leg • Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle • Composed of the tibia and fibula – Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg • Receives weight of the body from the femur – Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg • Interosseous membrane – Connects the tibia and fibula PLAY Knee Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37 Leg • Tibia articulates with femur at superior end – Forms the knee joint • Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end – Forms the ankle joint • Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint – Stabilizes the ankle joint Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 38 Tibia and Fibula Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 39b Figure 8.11a, The Foot • Foot is composed of – Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges • Important functions – Supports body weight – Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking – Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 40 Tarsus • Makes up the posterior half of the foot • Contains seven bones called tarsals • Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 41 Metatarsus • Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals • Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe) • First metatarsal supports body weight Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 42 Phalanges of the Toes • 14 phalanges of the toes – Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers – Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers – Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges • Proximal, middle, and distal Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 43 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 44 Figure 8.12a Bones of the Foot Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 45 Figure 8.12b Bones of the Foot PLAY Bones of the Foot Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 46 Figure 8.12c Arches of the Foot • Foot has three important arches – Medial and lateral longitudinal arch – Transverse arch • Arches are maintained by – Interlocking shapes of tarsals – Ligaments and tendons Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 47 Arches of the Foot Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 48 Figure 8.13 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 49 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Edtion, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 50