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Benjamin Cummings
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Articulated Pectoral Girdle
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Shoulder
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Figure 8.1a
Clavicles
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with scapula
Provide attachment for muscles
Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
Transmit compression forces from the upper
limbs to the axial skeleton
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Pectoral
Girdle
(Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicle –
– Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially
– Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally
• Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
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Scapulae: triangular, paired, but don’t connect
in back (adds thoracic flexibility)
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Scapulae
• Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
• Located between ribs 2 – 7
• Have three borders
– Superior
– Medial (vertebral)
– Lateral (axillary)
• Have three angles
– Lateral, superior, and inferior
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• Glenoid cavity
articulates with
the humerus
• Acromium
articulates with
clavicle
• Coracoid
process projects
anteriorly
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Scapula
7
Upper extremity
• Arm or Brachium =
upper arm
– Between shoulder
and elbow (humerus)
• Forearm or
Antebrachium
– Radius & ulna
• Hand includes:
– Wrist (carpus)
– Palm (metacarpus)
– Fingers (phalanges)
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Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
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Figure 8.3a,9b
Forearm
• Formed from the radius and ulna
• Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
• Distal ends articulate with carpals
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Elbow
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Forearm
• Radius and ulna articulate with each other
– At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• The interosseous membrane
– Interconnects radius and ulna
• In anatomical position
– The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
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Radius and Ulna
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Figure 8.4a,
Details of Arm and Forearm
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Figure 8.5a
Ulna
• Main bone responsible for forming the elbow
joint with the humerus
• Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
• Distal end is separated from carpals by
fibrocartilage
• Plays little to no role in hand movement
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Proximal Part of the Ulna
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Figure 8.5b
Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
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Figure 8.5c
Hand
• Includes the following bones
– Carpus – wrist
– Metacarpals – palm
– Phalanges – fingers
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Carpus
• Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of
the hand
• Gliding movements occur between carpals
• Composed of eight marble-sized bones
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Carpus
• Carpal bones
– Are arranged in two irregular rows
– Proximal row from lateral to medial
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
– Distal row from lateral to medial
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
– A mnemonic to help remember carpals
• Sally left the party to take Carmen home
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Bones of the Hand
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Figure 8.7a,
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Pelvic Girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the spine
• Supports visceral organs
• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong
ligaments
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head
of the femur
– Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm
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Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
PLAY
Hip
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Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate bones in
childhood which fuse
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
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Bony Pelvis
PLAY
Pelvis
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Figure 8.8a
Coxal Bones
• Consist of three separate bones in childhood
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions
of the coxal bones
• Acetabulum
– A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic
surface
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Ilium
Ilium
ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic
notch
Forms part of
“acetabulum”
(hip socket)
which receives
ball-shaped head
of femur
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ilium
27
Ischium
Ischium
•
•
•
•
•
Body
Ramus
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Part of socket
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ischium
ischium
28
Pubis
Joins medially
in pubic
symphysis
Forms
“obturator
foramen”
(large hole)
with ischium
Part of socket
Pubis
pubis
pubis
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Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
• Major differences between male and female
pelves
– Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
• Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
• Provides more room in the true pelvis
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Comparing Male and Female Pelves
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The Lower Limb
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body
• Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger
than those of upper limb
• Divided into three segments
– Thigh, leg, and foot
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Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip
and the knee
• Femur – the single bone of the thigh
– Longest and strongest bone of the body
– Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum
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Structures of
the Femur
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Figure 8.10b
Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone
• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles
• Protects the knee anteriorly
• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across
the knee
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Patella
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Leg
• Refers to the region of the lower limb
between the knee and the ankle
• Composed of the tibia and fibula
– Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg
• Receives weight of the body from the femur
– Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg
• Interosseous membrane
– Connects the tibia and fibula
PLAY
Knee
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Leg
• Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
– Forms the knee joint
• Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
– Forms the ankle joint
• Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
– Stabilizes the ankle joint
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Tibia and
Fibula
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Figure 8.11a,
The Foot
• Foot is composed of
– Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions
– Supports body weight
– Acts as a lever to propel body forward when
walking
– Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground
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Tarsus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot
• Contains seven bones called tarsals
• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus
and calcaneus
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Metatarsus
• Consists of five small long bones called
metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight
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Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes
– Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
– Structure and arrangement are similar to
phalanges of fingers
– Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal
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Figure 8.12a
Bones of the Foot
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Figure 8.12b
Bones of the Foot
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Bones of the Foot
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Figure 8.12c
Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three important arches
– Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
– Transverse arch
• Arches are maintained by
– Interlocking shapes of tarsals
– Ligaments and tendons
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Arches of the Foot
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Figure 8.13
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