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UNI 104 Understanding Nature and Knowledge Eleventh Week Indicators and Performance for Science and Technology Instructor: Ahmet Ademoglu, Spring 2011 PhD Science and Technology Indicators GDP Per Capita vs Money Spent for Science Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D current PPP $) GERD as a percentage of GDP GERD (million R&D Intensity GERD per capita population (current PPP $) R&D Personnel (FTE): Total researchers (FTE) Total researchers (FTE) per thousand total employment Total R&D personnel (FTE) Total Science and Engineering Graduates per 1000 people. Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators GERD by source of funds: Industry-nanced percent GERD Government-nanced percent GERD Business enterprise sector performed percent GERD Higher education sector performed percent GERD Government sector performed percent GERD Business Enterprise: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D BERD (million current PPP $) Industry-nanced BERD BERD as a percentage of GDP Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE) Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators Other Indicators Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D GOVERD (million current PPP $) International trade in R&D-intensive industries: Areospace, Electronic, Oce machinery and computers, pharmaceutical, instruments Number of triadic patent Number of patent applications to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the ICT and biotechnology sector Science and Technology Indicators 20 Largest Economies in the world Science and Technology Indicators Trends in GERD in G8 Science and Technology Indicators Trends in GERD The world devoted 1.7% of its GDP to R&D in 2007. Researchers vs RD Intensity Science and Technology Indicators Trends in GERD The world devoted 1.7% of its GDP to R&D in 2007. Researchers vs RD Intensity Science and Technology Indicators China's share of world GERD is approaching its world share of GDP, unlike Brazil or India. Korea's world share of GERD is even double its world share of GDP (Aim : 5% in 2012). From 1990 to 2007, the R&D share in the developed world dropped from 95% to 76%. By BERD/GDP, the Republic of Korea challenges Japan, Singapore catches up to the USA and China to the EU. Science and Technology Indicators China's share of world GERD is approaching its world share of GDP, unlike Brazil or India. Korea's world share of GERD is even double its world share of GDP (Aim : 5% in 2012). From 1990 to 2007, the R&D share in the developed world dropped from 95% to 76%. By BERD/GDP, the Republic of Korea challenges Japan, Singapore catches up to the USA and China to the EU. Science and Technology Indicators China's share of world GERD is approaching its world share of GDP, unlike Brazil or India. Korea's world share of GERD is even double its world share of GDP (Aim : 5% in 2012). From 1990 to 2007, the R&D share in the developed world dropped from 95% to 76%. By BERD/GDP, the Republic of Korea challenges Japan, Singapore catches up to the USA and China to the EU. Science and Technology Indicators China's share of world GERD is approaching its world share of GDP, unlike Brazil or India. Korea's world share of GERD is even double its world share of GDP (Aim : 5% in 2012). From 1990 to 2007, the R&D share in the developed world dropped from 95% to 76%. By BERD/GDP, the Republic of Korea challenges Japan, Singapore catches up to the USA and China to the EU. Science and Technology Indicators China's share of world GERD is approaching its world share of GDP, unlike Brazil or India. Korea's world share of GERD is even double its world share of GDP (Aim : 5% in 2012). From 1990 to 2007, the R&D share in the developed world dropped from 95% to 76%. By BERD/GDP, the Republic of Korea challenges Japan, Singapore catches up to the USA and China to the EU. Science and Technology Indicators Science and Technology Indicators Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Trends in human capital USA : 1,426,600 Researchers EU : 1,448,300 Researchers China : 1,423,400 Researchers Japan : 710,000 Researchers Germany : 290,000 Researchers UK : 254,000 Researchers France : 215,800 Researchers R. of Korea : 221,900 Researchers Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications in Science Citation Index (SCI) USA : 272,879 EU : 359,991 China : 104,968 Japan : 74,618 Germany : 76,368 UK : 71,302 France : 57,133 R. of Korea : 32,781 In 2002-2007, Publications from China and Turkey increased (200%), and those from USA (28%) and EU (37%) decreased. Science and Technology Indicators Publications by Area Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Science and Technology Indicators Triadic Patents USA : 19,883 ( 41.8%) EU : 12,540 (26%) China : 256 (0.5%) Japan : 13,264 (24,9%) Germany : 4,947 (10.4%) UK : 2033 (4.3%) France : 2208 (4.6%) R. of Korea : 1037 (2.2%) Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in the Middle East A new era: Investment in Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has received a US$ 20Billion for research. The campus is co-educational. In a 2500 acre campus in Doha, 7 US Universities opened up campuses including Carnegie Mellon, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Texas A&M. Qatar science and technology park, has Shell, Rolls Royce an Imperial College among its tenants. US$8 Billion Sidra Medical and Research Center will open in 2012. In Abu Dhabi, Siemens and Credit Suisse oer US$ 250 Million to Masdar Clean Tech Fund with 6 research institutions like Imperial College and Columbia University. Research in Middle East Arabic, Persian and Turkish Middle East (TP&EME) Arabic Persian and Turkish Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Research in Middle East Arabic, Persian and Turkish Middle East (TP&EME) Arabic Persian and Turkish Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Research in Middle East Publication output (2005-2009) with GDP per capita population Research in Middle East Publication output (2000-2009) Research in Middle East Citation Impact Relative to Worl Average (1.00)
