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Populations • Population – a group of organisms of one species living in a given area at the same time Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – how fast a population is able to increase in number Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – how fast a population is able to increase in number o Birth rate – total number of live births per 1,000 per year Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – how fast a population is able to increase in number o Birth rate – total number of live births per 1,000 people per year o Death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people per year Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – how fast a population is able to increase in number o Birth rate – total number of live births per 1,000 people per year o Death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people per year o Immigration – migration INTO a population Factors Affecting Population • Geographical Distribution – range inhabited by a species • Density – number of individuals per unit area • Growth Rate – how fast a population is able to increase in number o Birth rate – total number of live births per 1,000 people per year o Death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people per year o Immigration – migration INTO a population o Emigration – migration OUT OF a population • Limiting Factor – • Limiting Factor – something that causes a population to decrease or prevents it from growing limitlessly • Limiting Factor – something that causes a population to decrease or prevents it from growing limitlessly • Carrying Capacity (K) – • Limiting Factor – something that causes a population to decrease or prevents it from growing limitlessly • Carrying Capacity (K) – the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain without detrimental effects • Limiting Factor – something that causes a population to decrease or prevents it from growing limitlessly • Carrying Capacity (K) – the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain without detrimental effects 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high • Effects are intensified as the population density increases 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high • Effects are intensified as the population density increases o Density-independent – 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high • Effects are intensified as the population density increases o Density-independent – factors that do not depend on the size of the population 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high • Effects are intensified as the population density increases o Density-independent – factors that do not depend on the size of the population • Are limiting regardless of the size of the population 2 Types of Limiting Factors o Density-dependent – factors that depend on the size of the population • Only become limiting when the population density becomes very high • Effects are intensified as the population density increases o Density-independent – factors that do not depend on the size of the population • Are limiting regardless of the size of the population • Affect all populations in similar ways Density Dependent Factors Density Dependent Factors • Predation Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit • Parasitism Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit • Parasitism o High densities make it easier for parasites to find hosts, and spread diseases Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit • Parasitism o High densities make it easier for parasites to find hosts, and spread diseases • Competition Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit • Parasitism o High densities make it easier for parasites to find hosts, and spread diseases • Competition o More members of a population = Less Available resources = More competition Density Dependent Factors • Predation o The effect of predation intensifies as the population density of predators increases • Disease o High population densities make the spread of disease easier to transmit • Parasitism o High densities make it easier for parasites to find hosts, and spread diseases • Competition o More members of a population = Less Available resources = More competition o Less members of a population = More available resources = Less competition Density-Independent Factors Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities o Deforestation o Over-hunting/fishing Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities o Deforestation o Over-hunting/fishing • Natural Disasters Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities o Deforestation o Over-hunting/fishing • Natural Disasters o Hurricane, tornado, flood, severe drought o Equally devastating to populations regardless of size Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities o Deforestation o Over-hunting/fishing • Natural Disasters o Hurricane, tornado, flood, severe drought o Equally devastating to populations regardless of size • Weather Density-Independent Factors • Human Activities o Deforestation o Over-hunting/fishing • Natural Disasters o Hurricane, tornado, flood, severe drought o Equally devastating to populations regardless of size • Weather o Extremely hot/cold temperatures; frost o Adversely effects all populations regardless of their size Types of Growth • Logistic Growth – population growth ↑ as resources ↑, and population growth ↓ as resources ↓ • Population reaches a carrying capacity Types of Growth • Exponential Growth – individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate • Appears to be unlimited growth