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วิชา 104 107 Man and Environment 4 (4-0-8)
ภาคการศึกษาที่ 1 ปี การศึกษา 2549
Environment of Human Population:
The Biotic Environments:
Flora & Fauna
- Biomes of the World โดย อ.มงคล ผจงธนสฤษฏ์
วันที่ 29 มิถุนายน 2549 เวลา 15.00-17.00 น.
ณ อาคารเรี ยนรวม ห้อง B3103
FLORA
• รุ กขชาติในท้องถิ่น หรื อในช่วงระยะเวลาใดๆ
(list of the plants of an area or period)
FAUNA
• บรรดาสัตว์ในท้องถิ่น ในช่วงเวลา หรื อใน
สภาวะแวดล้อมพิเศษใดๆ
(the animals characteristic of a region,
period, or special environment)
BIOME
• Large ecosystem characterized by
similar plant/vegetation, animal, and
climate
– There are various terrestrial biomes
– and two aquatic (freshwater and salt-water)
biomes
Some of the Biomes on Earth (1)
- Terrestrial • Desert
– very dry, either hot or cold
• Tropical Rain Forest
– warm and very wet
• Grassland
– Windy, grass with few trees
Some of the Biomes on Earth (2)
- Terrestrial • Deciduous Forest
– cool and rainy, with deciduous trees
• Tundra
– cool, treeless, and dry
• Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
– cool and dry, with coniferous trees
Some of the Biomes on Earth (3)
- Aquatic • Wetlands - many types, including swamps,
marshes, bogs, fens, sloughs, etc.
• Marine
– benthic biomes (bottom)
– coral reef (warm shallow salt-water environments)
– pelagic biomes (open seas near the surface)
– estuarine biomes (where rivers meet oceans)
DESERT
DESERT
• Deserts cover about 18-20% of the Earth's land area
• Insects, reptiles (especially lizards), birds and small
mammals reside in the desert, many active only at
night
DESERT
•
•
•
•
Temperature: Average of 38 OC (day), -3.9 OC (night)
Precipitation: About 250 mm of rain per year
Vegetation: Cacti, small bushes, short grasses
Location: Between 15 O and 35 O latitude (North and South of the equator);
examples are Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin (North America); Sahara
(Africa); Negev (Middle East); and Gobi (Asia)
• Other: Perennials survive for several years by becoming dormant and
flourishing when water is available. Annuals are referred to as ephemerals
because some can complete an entire life cycle in weeks.
• Example: El-Oasr el-Akhdar, Egypt
นำ้ และสิ่ งมีชีวติ ในทะเลทรำย
• ในทะเลทรายที่แห้งแล้งบางแห่งอาจไม่มีฝนตกเลยเป็ น
ระยะเวลาหลายปี เช่น ในชิลีไม่ได้รับน้ าฝนมากกว่า 20 ปี
ดังนั้นจึงไม่มีสิ่งมีชีวติ ในบริ เวณนั้น
• ในทะเลทรายอื่น ๆ บางครั้งอาจพบแหล่งน้ าฝนที่ขงั อยูบ่ า้ ง
บางครั้งก็เป็ นน้ าใต้ดิน ในบริ เวณนั้นจะมีสิ่งมีชีวิตหลายชนิด
ที่อาศัยแหล่งน้ าพวกนี้ในการดารงชีวติ
พืชทีอ่ ยู่ในทะเลทรำย
• มีลาต้นอ่อนนิ่ม ฉ่ าไปด้วยน้ า มีข้ ีผ้ งึ ฉาบอยูร่ อบใบและลาต้น
– ได้แก่ พวกกระบองเพชร หรื อไม้พมุ่ ผลัดใบ
• ฤดูที่พืชพวกนี้เจริ ญเติบโตมีเวลาสั้น
• ช่วงที่มีดอกเกิดขึ้นอย่างสวยงามคือเมื่อมีฝนตก
Desert Plant Adaptations
• Some flowering desert plants are ephemeral;
– They live for a few days. Their seeds lie dormant in the soil,
sometimes for years, until a soaking rain enables them to
germinate and quickly bloom
• Desert plants usually have small leaves.
– This conserves water by reducing surface area from which
transpiration can take place
Desert Plant Adaptations
• Other plants drop their leaves during the dry period
• Woody desert plants either:
– have long root systems that reach deep water sources or
– have spreading shallow roots that are able to take up surface
moisture quickly from heavy dews and occasional rains
Desert Plant Adaptations
• Desert plants are succulents, storing water in
leaves, stems, and roots
• Thorns, modified leaves, guard the water from
animal invaders
• These plants may take in and store carbon
dioxide only at night; during the day their
stomata, or pores, are closed to prevent
evaporation.
สั ตว์ ต่ำงๆ ในทะเลทรำย
• พบในบริ เวณที่มีพืชเกิดขึ้น
• ขุดรู อยูใ่ ต้ดินในตอนกลางวันและออกหากินในเวลากลางคืน
– เช่น กระรอก สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน แมลง แมงมุม แมงป่ อง
Desert Animal Adaptations
• Amphibian species mature rapidly, mate, and lay eggs
• Many birds and rodents reproduce only periods of
winter rain that stimulate the growth of vegetation
• Some desert rodents are extremely efficient at
conserving and recycling water, their urine is highly
concentrated
Desert Animal Adaptations
• Most desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal,
remaining in cool underground burrows or in the
shade by day
• Some desert reptiles can control their metabolic heat
production by varying their rate of heartbeat and the
rate of body metabolism
TROPICAL
RAIN FOREST
TROPICAL
RAINFORESTS
• Located near the equator
• Cover less than 10% of the Earth's surface, but
provide a habitat for 50 to 90% of the world's plant
and animal species
TROPICAL
RAIN FOREST
• Temperature: 20 OC to 25 OC,
must remain warm and frost-free
• Precipitation: 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of rain per year
• Vegetation: Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns
• Location: Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
• Other: There are two types of rainforests, tropical and temperate. Tropical
rainforests are found closer to the equator and temperate rainforests are
found farther north near coastal areas. The majority of common houseplants
come from the rainforest.
• Example: Campa Pita, Belize
Characteristics
• Greatest diversity of species
• Near the equator, within the area bounded by
latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S
• Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only
two seasons are present (rainy and dry)
• Daylight is 12 hours and varies little.
• Characterized by rapid plant growth, thick forest
canopy, and a huge diversity of animal species
• A multitude of insects and other invertebrates thrive
along with birds, monkey, snakes and lizard
• Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may
contain as many as 100 different tree species.
– Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and
shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green
leaves.
– Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses,
and palms are present in tropical forests.
• Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals,
and insects.
• EMERGENTS: Giant trees - houses
many birds and insects.
• CANOPY: The upper parts - full of
life in a tropical rainforest and
includes: insects, birds, reptiles,
mammals, and more.
• UNDERSTORY: A dark, cool
environment under the leaves but over
the ground.
• FOREST FLOOR: Teeming with
animal life, especially insects. The
largest animals in the rainforest
generally live here.
Rain Forest Plants
• Large leaves are commonly found especially where light
is low and transpiration reduced due to the high humidity
• Many trees have thin, smooth bark because there is little
need to conserve water, while others are armed with
spikes or thorns for protection.
Rain Forest Plants
• Some trees have large fleshy fruits to attract the birds
and animals that disperse the seeds
• Epiphytes (กาฝาก) are plants that root on the trees
• Climbers are woody vines (เถาวัลย์) that grow high
into the canopy
Rain Forest Animals
•
•
•
•
Many endemic species are found in rainforests
Sometimes living on only one type of food plant
Being active at certain times of the day
Adaptations for living in the high canopy include
flying, gliding, and prehensile tails
Rain Forest Animals
• Ground-dwelling forest mammals include large cats, such as
tigers and jaguars, pigs, and many species of rodent
• Bird and reptile species occur in each of the forest layers bright colouring and distinctive calls patterning
• Many species have effective camouflage behaviours
• The deforestation technique of slash and
burn causes environmental damage:
– carbon dioxide adds to the greenhouse effect
– destroys animal habitats
– accelerates erosion
– adding to the sediment loads of rivers
– making seasonal flooding much more severe
GRASSLAND
GRASSLAND
• Large parts of grasslands are now planted with
wheat, barley, and maize
• Most famous animal are the large grazers and
browsers of the savannah,
– lion, cheetah, elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, buffalo, zebra and
numerous species of antelopes
GRASSLAND
• Temperature: Dependent on latitude, yearly range
can be between -20 OC to 30 OC
• Precipitation: About 500 to 900 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation: Grasses (prairie clover, salvia, oats, wheat, barley, coneflowers)
• Location: The prairies of the Great Plains of North America, the pampas of
South America, the veldt of South Africa, the steppes of Central Eurasia,
and surrounding the deserts in Australia
• Other: Found on every continent except Antarctica
• Example: Ingeniera White, Argentina
สิ่ งมีชีวติ ในชุมชนทีเ่ ป็ นทุ่งหญ้ ำ
• สัตว์ที่อาศัยอยูต่ ามทุ่งหญ้ามีมากและอุดมสมบูรณ์แตกต่างกันไป
เช่น พวกสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม สัตว์กีบ และสัตว์แทะ
เช่น กวาง สุ นขั กระรอก สุ นขั ป่ า ไก่ป่า นกกระจอก แมลงต่าง ๆ
• ทุ่งหญ้าในประเทศไทยไม่ได้เป็ นทุ่งโล่งอย่างในบางประเทศ แต่ใน
ประเทศไทยจะมีทุ่งหญ้าแถบภาคกลางและภาค
ตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือซึ่งเหมาะกับการเลี้ยงสัตว์ควบคู่ไปกับการ
เพาะปลูก
There are 2 main divisions of grasslands:
1. tropical grassland, called savanna
2. temperate grassland
Savanna
• Grassland with scattered individual trees
• Cover almost half the surface of Africa (about five
million square miles, generally central Africa) and large areas
of Australia, South America, and India
• Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses
• Steppes are grasslands with short grasses
DECIDUOUS
FOREST
DECIDUOUS FOREST
• deciduous trees (shed their leaves annually)
• winters are long, but not as harsh as Taiga
• animal life is varied and includes ground squirrels,
foxes, bears, mice, snakes, rabbits, lizards, and deers
DECIDUOUS
FOREST
• Temperature: -30 OC to 30 OC,
yearly average is 10 OC, hot summers, cold winters
• Precipitation: 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation: Broadleaf trees (oaks, maples, beeches), shrubs, perennial
herbs, and mosses
• Location: Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China, and Japan
• Other: Temperate deciduous forests are most notable because they go
through four seasons. Leaves change color in autumn, fall off in the winter,
and grow back in the spring; this adaptation allows plants to survive cold
winters.
• Example: Staunton, Virginia, United States
Fall Colors
• In the Fall, the number of hours of daylight decreases
• This causes deciduous trees to stop producing
chlorophyll and eventually lose their leaves
• During this time, these leaves turn brilliant colors,
ranging from red to orange to yellow to brown
TUNDRA
TUNDRA
• Long, severe winters and cool, brief summers
• At its warmest, the ground only thaws about 1m
(3 ft); below this is permanently frozen ground,
called permafrost
TUNDRA
• Temperature: -40 OC to 18 OC
• Precipitation: 150 to 250 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation: Almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost;
lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs
• Location: Regions south of the ice caps of the Arctic and extending across
North America, Europe, and Siberia (high mountain tops)
• Other: Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning "treeless
plain"; it is the coldest of the biomes
• Example: Yakutsk, Russia
Characteristics of Tundra
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Extremely cold climate
Low biotic diversity
Simple vegetation structure
Limitation of drainage
Short season of growth and reproduction
Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material
Large population oscillations
TUNDRA
• Most typical plants are mosses, lichens, and other
small plants that can survive the extreme cold
• Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic
hares, all inhabit the northern tundra
TUNDRA
• While the fringes of Antarctica support various
species of seal and penguin
Arctic Tundra
• Located in the northern hemisphere, encircling
the north pole and extending south to the
coniferous forests of the taiga
Alpine Tundra
• Located on mountains throughout the world at high
altitude where trees cannot grow
• The growing season is approximately 180 days
Tundra Animals
• Caribou migrate in large herds to feed on the
plants flowering and setting seed during the short
summer
• Predatory wolves track the herds on their
migration, while foxes clean up carrion (ซากสัตว์)
and the sickly
Tundra Animals
• Arctic foxes have the thickest pelts (skin) and
tiny ears
• Foxes evolved a method of preventing heat
escaping from their paws into the snow
Tundra Animals
• Caribou have similar heat-exchangers and a special
type of fat in their lower legs
• Musk oxen insulating themselves with thick layers of
fur and fat, they huddle together in groups for
warmth and, when threatened by predators, will often form a
protective circle with the young calves at the center
TAIGA
(Coniferous Forest)
TAIGA
• Taiga (northern coniferous forest or boreal forest)
• The largest land biome, covering about 17% of the Earth's
land area or about 1/3 of its total forested area
• Lengthy, snowy, cold winters and short, mild summers
• Cone-bearing trees and spongy bogs dominate the landscape
• Various types of large deer, particularly elk and wapiti, and
wolves, hares, bears
TAIGA
• Temperature: -40 OC to 20 OC, average summer temperature is 10 OC
• Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year
• Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones and
needles; some needles remain on the trees all year long)
• Location: Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States
• Other: Coniferous forest regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm,
humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months
• Example: Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada
• ป่ าสนในแถบเหนือ เป็ นป่ าที่อยูใ่ นแถบขั้วโลกลงมาในบริ เวณอลาสกา
แคนาดา สแกนดิเนเวีย และไซบีเรี ย ระหว่างเส้นรุ ้ง 50-60 องศาเหนือ
• การใช้ประโยชน์จากป่ าสน ถ้าทาอย่างไม่เหมาะสมจะทาให้ลดผลผลิต
และเป็ นการทาลายทิวทัศน์ อาจจะเกิดอันตรายจากไฟไหม้ป่า หรื ออาจ
ใช้ประโยชน์เป็ นที่พกั ผ่อนหย่อนใจของมนุษย์ได้นอ้ ยลง รวมทั้งชีวิต
สัตว์ป่าต่าง ๆ และคุณภาพลุ่มน้ าลาธารลดลง
Coniferous (Boreal) Forest
• The largest terrestial biome
• Occuring between 50 and 60 degrees N latitudes
• Seasons are divided into short, moist, and
moderately warm summers and long, cold, and
dry winters
• The length of the growing season in boreal
forests is 130 days
Coniferous (Boreal) Forest
• มีพืชพวกสนเป็ นส่ วนใหญ่
• ต้นไม้เตี้ยที่เป็ นพืชปกคลุม คือ พวก
มอส หญ้า และไม้พมุ่ ในแถบหนาว
• บางแห่งมีตน้ ไม้ใหญ่และสู งมาก เช่น
เรดวูด ป่ าไม้พวกนี้เป็ นแหล่งน้ าจืด
ของโลก เช่น
– ทะเลสาบซุพีเรี ยในอเมริ กาเหนือ
– ทะเลสาบไบคาลในเอเซีย
• Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen
conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine, fir, and
spruce.
• Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear,
weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks,
shrews, and bats.
Taiga
Cone-bearing Tree
• Their conical shape allows snow to fall off easily
• The small surface area of their needle-shaped leaves reduces
water loss
• A thick, waxy cuticle protects the leaf stomata from the drying
winds and prevents water loss
• Dark-colored leaves throughout the year, the evergreen trees
are ready to photosynthesize as soon as temperatures rise
above 6° C (43° F) in spring
Taiga Animal Adaptations
• Thick coats of fur or feathers for insulation
• Large body size, relative to similar species, is another
strategy that prevents heat loss, i.e. elk is the largest
member of the deer family
• Several species have developed the ability to live
beneath the snow-covered ground in winter
Taiga Animal Adaptations
• Others, such as the brown-bear and squirrel, overwinter by hibernation
• Some animals do not hibernate, but hoard or store
food to enable them to survive the winter period
Taiga Animal Adaptations
• Migratory behaviour; caribou migrate south in
winter, other birds and mammals only spend the
summer months in the taiga