Download katalog - Javna agencija za civilno letalstvo

JAVNA AGENCIJA ZA CIVILNO LETALSTVO
REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE
KATALOG
Izpitnih vprašanj
(Angleška verzija)
PILOT JADRALNEGA PADALA
LJUBLJANA, 2009
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
A-01.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers least drag?
Round plate
Sphere
Modern airfoil
Forward facing hollow hemisphere
A-02.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers most drag?
Forward facing hemisphere
Round plate
Sphere
Aerodynamic body
A-03.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We describe laminar airflow as :
Air particles are moving almost parallel
Air particles are moving turbulent
Air particles are moving in the way of air stream
Air particles are moving against the way of airstream
A-04.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the profile of a paraglider get shape ?
As a consequence of negative pressure above the wing
As a consequence of positive pressure under the wing
As a consequence of positive pressure in the wing
As a consequence of negative pressure in the wing
A-05.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where does the force of gravity pull?
On the centre of gravity
On the stall point
On the differential point
In the middle
A-06.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The drag is pulling in the direction of:
Mass
Lift
Relative air stream
Force of gravity
A-07.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which force is pulling against the force of gravity during the glide?
drag
Lift
Resultant of aerodynamic forces
Mass
A-08.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the glide angle ?
Angle between the profile chord and relative air stream
Angle between horisontal and vertical speed
Angle between the profile chord and horisontal surface - ground
Angle between direction of the flying speed and horisontal surface - ground
A-09.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of the resultant of the lifting power and the drag?
Mass
RAF (resultant of the aerodynamic forces)
Force of gravity
Weight
A-10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The lift is pulling :
Opposite of the force of gravity
Opposite of the drag
Perpendiculary to the drag
Opposite of the centripetal force
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
2
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At what angle, regarding to the airstream, the lift is pulling?
180 degrees
45 degrees
90 degrees
135 degrees
A-12.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?
Air speed
Wind speed
Wing surface
Air density
A-13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?
Cruising speed
Air speed
Angle of attack
Wing surface
A-14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which factors are important for the lift force?
Profile, speed, surface
speed, weight, thermals
surface, speed, drag
speed, front cross section, stall pressure
A-15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How the lift is distributed over the wing?
The biggest part is on the first third of the wing
The biggest part is on the last third of the wing
It is evenly distributed over the whole wing
It is unevenly distributed over the whole wing
A-16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
With asymmetric airfoil:
Airstream way over upper surface is shorter than lower surface
Airstream way over lower surface is longer than upper surface
Airstream way over upper surface is same as the lower surface
Airstream way over upper surface is longer than lower surface
A-17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
With Every lift producing airfoil the airstream over the upper surface is:
faster
slower
same speed
faster is only the boundary layer
A-18.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The lift is result of :
Negative pressure and presure on the upper surface of the wing
Negative pressure and pressure around the wing
Negative pressure on the upper surface and pressure on the bottom surface of the wing
The boundary layer
A-19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which statement is correct?
The lift is produced only on the upper surface of the wing
The lift is the result of the inner pressure of the canopy
The lift is evenly distributed over the whole wing
The lift is a sum of 55% on the upper and 45% on the bottom side of the wing
A-20.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the correct distribution of lift on a bent asymetric airfoil?
1/3 pressure on upper surface, 2/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface
2/3 negative pressure on the upper surface, 1/3 pressure on the bottom surface
2/3 pressure on the upper surface, 1/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface
2/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface, 1/3 pressure on the upper surface
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
3
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where on the paraglider do we find mostly negative pressure?
Under the wing
Nowhere on paraglider
Upper surface of the wing
Inside of the wing
A-22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The leading edge of the airfoil during the glide is facing:
Slightly up
Slightly down
Vodoravno
Closed down
A-23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Thick and strongly bent airfoil provides:
Little lift at high speeds
Strong lift at small speeds
Good glide angle at small speeds and at landing
High surface load of the wing due to the big volume
A-24.
a)
b)
c)
What do we achieve with shortening of the A lines?
Angle of attack gets smaller, glider flies faster
Angle of attack changes, glider flies slower
Landing is easier, No more overshooting tendency during the take off
A-25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):
Speed and range get higher, pressure in the canopy gets smaller
Air speed increasses, roll stability increasses
Angle of attack increasses, ground speed increasses
Horisontal speed increasses, sink increasses, tendency to collapse increasses
A-26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):
Glider is more stabile due to the increased speed
Glider is more sensitive to collapses
Higher risk of deep stall
To level the wing we must start braking
A-27.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Trimmers on the paraglider:
Improve glide angle in no wind condition
Are fixed to the rear risers
Are fixed to the A lines
Can be changed thoughtless on every glider
A-28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
If the rear lines of the glider are shortened:
The angle of attack is increased, possibility of stall
Take off is easier
Glider flies faster
Raising the glider (at the takeoff) is more difficult
A-29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can happen if A and B lines are streched?
Glider can fall in the deep stall and stay stalled
Bad take off
The use of speed bar is not effective
It's hard to perform full stall
A-30. How does the center of pressure move as we increase the angle of attack?
a) Center of pressure stays on the same point regardless to angle of attack
b) Center of pressure moves towards the trailing edge of the airfoil, reaching maximum distance at
the critical angle of attack
c) Center of pressure is moving towards the leading edge of the airfoil, reaching maximum distance
at the critical angle of attack
d) Center of pressure is moving towards the leading edge at small angle of attack and is moving
towards the trailing edge at bigger angles of attack
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
4
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-31.
a)
b)
c)
d)
While flying slow we increase angle of attack, so:
The drag is getting smaller
The drag increases
The drag stays the same
Aerodynamic forces get smaller
A-32.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Danger of loosing the lift is especially serious:
When we brake hard at big angles of attack
When we loosen up the brake lines
When flying fast
When pushing speed bar
A-33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When pulling brakes for too long it is dangerous:
That during landing glider will not be slowed down enough
That the glider will be too fast
That the air flow can separate from the airfoil
That we'll be too long at the landing
A-34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
During Full stall:
There is no lift
There is only drag
Inner pressure is decreased
A and C are correct
A-35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can increase the gliders tendency to stall?
wet wing
increased porosity
streched A and B lines
A , B and C is correct
A-36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can happen if the brake lines are set 40 cm too short?
Takeoff is impossible
Glider flies too slow, angle of attack is increased, possibility of loosing the lift
Takeoff is possible, speed is to high
The glider can not be stopped during the takeoff
A-37.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What happens if brake lines are set 15 cm too long?
Deeper pulling of the brake lines are necessary
Air speed is too small
Take off is impossible
It has no effect
A-38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
From wings polar curve we can see :
Maksimum bank in turns
Speed at the best glide angle
Maksimum allowed speed
Wind speed
A-39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In the polar curve the highest sink is at point (enclosure nr. 2) :
A
B
C
D
A-40.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which is the point ob the best glide (enclosure nr. 2) ?
A
B
C
D
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
5
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true about the best glide speed?
We reach it with pushing 50% of the speed bar
It is slightly smaller than the speed of min. sink
It is slightly bigger than the speed of min. sink
We reach it with 50% braking
A-42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Usually the glider has the best glide or the best sink while flying as follows:
Slightly accelerated for the best glide, slightly braked for min. sink
Trim speed for the best glide, 20 – 40 cm braked for the min. sink
20% brake for the best glide, 30% brake for min. sink
50% brake for the best glide, trim speed for min. sink
A-43.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When glider is flying at the best glide speed:
The lift is bigger than the drag
The lift is equal to the drag
Brake lines are 50% pulled
The stall pressure is the biggest
A-44.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glide angle number tells:
How immune the glider is to friction
How the lift changes with angles of attack
What is the ratio between horisontal distance flown and alltitude lost
The ratio between construction angle and angle of attack
A-45.
What is the glide ratio of the glider, which in calm conditions flies 4.2 km distance from 600 m
relative altitude?
6
7
1:4
5
a)
b)
c)
d)
A-46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
A-47.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glider flies in calm conditions 900m distance from 300m relative altitude. How far can it fly from
2100 m of relative altitude?
2,5 km
4,8 km
5,3 km
6,3 km
How does the glide ratio of a glider (4 in no wind at 30 km/h air speed) change, when flying at the
same settings and tail wind of 30 km/h?
Glide ratio is 8
Glide ratio is 6
Glide ratio is 10
Glide ratio doesn't change
A-48.
a)
b)
c)
d)
If the air speed is 34 km/h and there is a17 km/h of head wind:
Glide ratio doubles
Glide ratio divides into halfs
Glide angle doubles
B and C is correct
A-49.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The speed range of the paraglider is:
From wind speed to flight speed
From flight speed to max. Allowed speed
From min. To max. speed
From stall speed to best glide speed
A-50.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is air speed?
Speed relative to surrounding air
Speed relative to the ground
Wind speed
Head wind speed
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
6
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-51.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which is the most important speed for flying?
Ground speed
Speed relative to the surrounding air
Wind speed
Sink speed
A-52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Does during glide flying forward necessarily mean flying down too (relative to the surrounding air)?
No, in good conditions we can also climb relative to the surrounding air
There is no connection
Yes
Yes, except when drag equals lift
A-53.
a)
b)
c)
d)
If pilot flies without braking :
Is more sensitive to collapses in turbulent air
There is a danger of glider pass by the pilot
Is less sensitive to collapses in turbulent air
Is less sensitive to collapses in calm air
A-54.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What speed should a pilot fly at in a thermal to reach max. Climb?
With min. speed
Max. speed
Speed of best glide
Speed of min. sink
A-55.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How should a pilot fly in wide, weak thermals?
Braking with both brakes, weight shifting to the back
Easy braking and weight shifting to the inner side of the turn
Strong braking on the inner side, no weight shifting
Braking on both sides, weight shifting to the outer side
A-56.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Basic setting of the construction angle of attack should provide:
That Glider is flying stable in a straight line with right speed and good manouvrability
That the glider flies at the best glide speed when 50 % braked
That the glider flies wit min. Sink speed
No answer is correct
A-57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Increased wing load causes:
Increased collapse stability, increased trim speed and sink rate, better responding of the wing
Better penetration and glide angle
Safer big ears, smaller angle of attack
Increased stability and collapse resistance, better ratio between Vx and Vy
A-58.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the higher wing load affect the speed?
It decreases
It increases
Doesn't affect
Only the polar curve changes
A-59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the higher wing load affect the min. Speed?
Min. Speed decreases
Min. Speed increases
Min. Speed stays the same
No affect
A-60.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Heavier pilots fly relative to the lighter pilots (with the same glider):
Slower
Same
Slower with head wind
Faster
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
7
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-61.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which drag affects the glider during the flight?
friction
geometrical
Induced
A, B and C is correct
A-62.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Equalizing of pressures on the wing tips causes:
Friction drag
Surface drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
A-63.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How can we reduce the induced drag?
With higher weight of the pilot
With smaller aspect ratio of the wing
With higher aspect ratio of the wing
With smoother upper surface of the wing
A-64.
a)
b)
c)
d)
With increasing aspect ratio we induce:
Reduction of the induced drag
Increase of the induced drag
No affect on the induced drag
Reduction of the interference drag
A-65.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Swing stability means:
Stability of the glider around horizontal axis
Stability of the glider while stalling
Stability of the glider around longitudinal axis
A and C are correct
A-66.
At sudden gusts of wind or when entering a strong thermal, the resulting torque swings the glider
around:
Longitudinal axis
Horizontal axis
Transversal axis
Vertical axis
a)
b)
c)
d)
A-67.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Very tight (too short) chest strap of the harness:
Increases possibility of rotation around vertical axis
Makes steering with weight shifting difficult
Increases tendency to lock in spiral
A, B and C is correct
A-68.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Advantages of low hook in points on the harness are:
Better flying performances
Better agility of the wing
Higher stability
There is no advantage
A-69.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Consequences of low hook in points on the harness are:
Reduced roll stabilita, increased possibility of twist after collapse
Landing is difficult
Impossible to make sharp turns
Less responding wing while in the turn
A-70.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solidity of an airfoil depends on:
speed
number of cells
hardiness of the canopy fabric
Size of cell openings
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
8
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-71.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The drag of the body, at the same angle of attack, is increasing with speed:
Linear
With the square of the speed
Three times faster then speed
Stays approximately the same
A-72.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How is the drag changing as the speed doubles?
The drag doesn't change
It doubles
It is six times bigger
It is four times bigger
A-73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Does the drag coefficient change, if the speed doubles, and if it does, how much?
Doesn't change
It doubles
It's four times bigger
It's six times bigger
A-74.
a)
b)
c)
d)
the drag, caused by the airflow, changes with surface of the wing (at the same speed):
with the square
half way
Linear
Arithmetical
A-75.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the drag change with double surface of the body and at the same air speed?
It doubles
It quadruplicates
It doesnt change
It halves
A-76.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Flying in turn automatically means:
Less sink
Same sink
Better climb
More sink
A-77.
a)
b)
c)
d)
which is the additional force, working in the turn, compared to the straight level flight?
Centrifugal force
Alltogether weight
Turn drag
Brake line pull
A-78.
a)
b)
c)
d)
what is happening with wing load in the turn (compared to the straight flight)?
Wing load in the turn is allways increasing slowly
Wing load stays the same
Wing load in the turn allways increases, depending on bank and intensity of the turn
Wing load in the turn is allways reduced
A-79.
a)
b)
c)
d)
when does the flight preparation beggin?
At the takeoff
In the flight area
At home
In the air
A-80.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What does the flight preparation include?
Overview of weather situation and definition of possible turbulent areas
Definition of tekeoff time
Pilot decides, according to his experience, whether to fly or not
A, B and C is correct
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
9
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-81.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Take off place must be chosen so that:
Is protected from wind
It still enables us to start when sudden back wind occurs
It is big enough for safe abortion of takeoff
Has a vertical cliff at the and, enabling us to take off at least there
A-82.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When do we execute five control points procedure?
When the glider is spread and the lines are disentangled
Moment before takeoff, when the pilot is ready to go
During control check of the canopy
Before putting on the harness
A-83.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When do we check A and brake lines?
Only when preparing lines before the take-off
Only during 5 control points procedure
Only during canopy check a moment before take-off
At line preparation before take-off, and during 5 control points procedure
A-84.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Your glider has appo. 40 cm long crack in the third cell. Can you take-off anyway?
Yes
No
Only with enough front wind
Only on the flat terrain
A-85.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we abort take-off?
With strong pull on one brake line
We throw ourselves and lay down on the ground
With a pull on both brake lines
First we brake the glider on one side, then on the other
A-86.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which factors prolong running during the take-off?
High temperatures and high altitude of take-off place
Low temperatures and high altitude of take-off place
Low temperatures and low altitude of take-off place
The temperature and altitude don't have any influence on the lenght of running
A-87.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can happen when the pilot turns wrong during the reverse launch?
Leg straps can twist
Brake lines are blocked, we can not steer the glider
There's no danger, pilot can untwist immediately after take-off
The glider can suffer a frontal collapse
A-88.
a)
b)
c)
d)
While soaring on the slope we must never turn:
Away from the slope
Into the wind
Into the slope
When we are in the middle of the slope
A-89.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true for the final leg of circuit pattern?
Pilot evaluates his height for the last time before landing
Pilot reduces redundant height With gentle turns
Pilot reduces redundant height with 'pumping' the brake lines
In last meters above the ground pilot calms down the flight, flies straight and leaning forward
prepares for touch down
A-90.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What must pilot do immediately after landing?
He helps others to fold their gliders
He checks his equipment
He notes his flight in his flight book
He squeezes his glider and moves away from the landing field
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
10
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
A-91.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we land on the slope?
Allways into the wind
Transversal on the slope
Down the slope
With the wind into the slope
A-92.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which terrain is most suitable for difficult emergency landing?
Deciduous forrest
Rocky, steep terrain
Pine tree forrest
Electric long distance transmissions
A-93.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which instrument is not used for paragliding?
Variometer
Turn and bank indicator
Altimeter
Speed probe
A-94.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which is the instrument for air speed measurements of the paraglider?
We can not measure air speed of the paraglider
Variometer
Air speed probe based on the principle of airflow
Anemometer
A-95.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The principle of altitude measurement is measurement of:
Air pressure
Straight line distance under the pilot
Temperature and temperature gradient
Altitude above the ground
A-96.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What do we measure with GPS instrument?
Air speed
Ground speed
Vertical speed
Wind speed
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, FLYING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE (A)
11
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
METEOROLOGY (M)
M-01.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we name the gas layer around the earth?
Troposphere
Atmosphere
Homosphere
Stratosphere
M-02.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the different layers follow?
Strato-, tropo-, mezo-, ionosphere
Strato-, tropo-, jono-, mesosphere
Tropo-, strato-, meso-, ionosphere
Tropo-, iono-, strato-, mesosphere
M-03.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In which layer of the atmosphere the weather occurrences are happening?
In tropopause
In mesosphere
In stratosphere
In troposphere
M-04. The ICAO international standard atmosphere is based on following values:
a) Relative humidity 100%, temperature gradient- 3°C/1.000 ft, air pressure at sea level 750
mmHg, temperature at sea level 15°C
b) Temperature at sea level 15°C, relative humidity 20%, temperature gradient -0,65°C/100 m (or
-2°C/1.000 ft), air pressure at sea level 29,92 mm Hg
c) Air pressure at sea level 1013,2 hPa, temperature at sea level 15°C, relative humidity 0%,
temperature gradient -0,65°C/100 m (or -2°C/1.000 ft)
d) Temperature gradient -1°C/100 m, air pressure at sea level 1013,2 hPa, temperature at sea
level 15°C, relative humidity 0%
M-05.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the value of air density in the international standard atmosphere (by ICAO) ?
1,239 g/L
1,225 g/m³
0,001293 g/m³
1,225 kg/m³
M-06.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The temperature drop with altitude in the international standard atmosphere (ba ICAO) is :
1°C/100 m
0,65°C/100 m
0,80°C/100 m
0,50°C/100 m
M-07.
What is the temperature at 2500m, if the temperature at 500m is 15°C, considering the vertical
thermic gradient of the international standard atmosphere (by ICAO) ?
+4°C
+2°C
0°C
-2°C
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-08.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which are the two instruments for meteorlogical air pressure measurements?
Mercury barometer, hygrometer
Statinary barometer, psychrometer
Aneroid barometer, hygrometer
Dose barometer, mercury barometer
M-09.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What is the appo. Pressure at the sea level?
1 bar
1,2 bar
100 hPa
2 bar
METEOROLOGY (M)
12
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
M-10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Unit for air pressure, used in aviation, are:
atm
mWS
psi
hPa
M-11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the air pressure change with increasing altitude?
It stays the same
It is dropping constantly, 1 hPa on every 8 km
It halves at 5.500 m
It halves at 11.000 m
M-12.
What is the approximate altitude, where the air pressure is only one half of the air pressure at
sea level?
1.500 m MSL
2.500 m MSL
5.500 m MSL
7.000 m MSL
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Atmosphere is approximately 600 km thick. At what altitude the air pressure is only one half of
the air pressure at the sea level?
at 18.000 ft MSL.
at 300 km MSL.
at 8.000 m MSL.
at the altitude of thropopause
M-14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is happening with oxygen percent in throposphere as altitude is increasing?
Is growing
Stays the same
Is dropping
Depends on the air pressure changes
M-15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which component of the air has the major role in weather phenomena?
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxyde
Water vapour
M-16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Term 'dew point' means:
Temperature where condensation is equal to evaporation
Temperature from where on the dew always occures
Temperature the air must cool down to, so it becomes saturated with contained water vapour
The difference between air temperature and evaporation temperature
M-17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Why the clouds form in the atmosphere?
Because of the air, raising and warming
Because of the water, appearing and disappearing in the atmosphere
Because of the general air circulation
Because of the humid air, raising up and cooling down under the dew point temperature
M-18.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the definition of relative humidity?
Amount of water in grams per m3 of air
Amount of water in grams per kg of air
Relation between the actual and saturated humidity of air, expressed in percents
Relation between water and vapour in the air
M-19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Amount of water vapour that can be contained in the air, depends on:
Dew point
Temperature
Air stability
Relative humidity
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M-20.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The amount of water vapour, that can be held in the air, depends on what?
Warmer air can hold less water vapour
Colder air can hold more water vapour
It doesn't depend on the temperature
Warmer air can hold more water vapour
M-21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which air mass is the warmest and most humid?
Continental polar
Meritime polar
Meritime tropical
Continental tropical
M-22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At which phase transition heat is generated and what is the name of the transition?
Solid to liquid; condensation
Gas to liguid; condensation
Solid to gas; sublimation
Liquid to solid; condensation
M-23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Wet adiabatic movement of air is the type of vertical movement of air, when:
Formation of the cloud beggins as dry air rises
Condensation of water vapour beggins as air mass descends
Saturated air is raising and therefore cooling for less then 1°C/100 m
Saturated air is raising and therefore cooling for more then 1°C/100 m
M-24.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Dry air raising adiabatically, is cooling:
1,5°C/100 m
0,5°C/100 m
1°C/100 m
7°C/1000 m
M-25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Wet air, raising adiabatically, is cooling:
0,5°C/100 m
1°C/100 m
3°C/200 m
2°C/300 m
M-26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is katabatic wind?
Wind blowing uphill due to the ground heating
Wind, blowing downhill due to the cooling of the slope
Wind, blowing downhill due to the ground heating
Wind, blowing due to the forming of the cyclon
M-27.
a)
b)
c)
Relative humidity of descending air on a thermal day:
Is raising
Stays the same
Is dropping
d) No answer is correct
M-28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the rotation direction of low pressure and high pressure air mass on the northern
hemisphere?
Low pressure air mass rotates clockwise, high pressure air mass rotates counter clockwise
Rotation depends on mutual position of high and low pressure air masses
Clockwise, but only at high altitude
Low pressure air mass rotates counter clockwise, high pressure air mass rotates clockwise
METEOROLOGY (M)
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M-29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In which direction the low pressure air masses are moving on the northern hemisphere?
Towards east
Towards south
Towards north
Towards west
M-30.
a)
b)
c)
Which weather phenomena are typical for cyclon passing and in wat order are they following?
Clearings after long period of rain, cumulus clouds, air pressure drop, possibility of showers
High clouds, air pressure raising, gusting west wind, showers
Increasing cloudiness, air pressure drop, precipitations, cloudiness disintegration, raising air
pressure with change of wind direction, cumulus clouds
d) Increasing cloudiness, temperature drop, precipitations, clearing, showers
M-31.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where the large areas of raising air masses can be found?
In anticyclon
Above inversion
In cyclons and anticyclons
In cyclon
M-32.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which are the areas of descending air masses and what is the state of stability there?
In anticyclon; stabil atmosphere
In cyclon; stabil atmosphere
In anticyclon; labil atmosphere
In cyclon; labil atmosphere
M-33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Extensive descending of air in the area of high pressure is called:
Adiabate
Convection
Inversion
Subsidence
M-34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Consequence of the air mass descending in the summer anticyclon is:
Warming of the air, disappearing of inversion, disintegration of clouds
Forming of inversion, cooling of air, forming of clouds
Warming of air, forming of inversion, disintegration of clouds
Disintegration of clouds, cooling of air, disappearing of inversion
M-35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the reason for the usually warm weather in the summer anticyclon?
The warming at high air pressure makes cloud formation impossible
The descending inversion disappears on high altitude
Due to the direct heating of the sun the clouds disintegrate
Air masses descend from high altitudes and clouds therefore disintegrate
M-36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which inconvenient weather phenomena are characteristic for winter anticyclon?
Ground fog, high fog and ocassional weak precipitations
Large areas with showers
Reduced visibility due to snow showers
Vertical development clouds with low clodbases
M-37.
At what distance infront of the coming warm front the first Cirrostratus and altostratus clouds
appear?
40-60 km
60-80 km
100-120 km
400-800 km
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds are typical for wet and stabile air of cloud front?
Stratus, nimbostratus
Stratocirrus, altocirrus
Cirrus, cumulus
Cumulus, cumulonimbus
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
M-39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Appearing of cirrus clouds usually means coming of:
Cold front
Warm front
Warm front occlusion
Lines of instability
M-40.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do warm and cold air mass move in the warm front?
Warm air mass is raising on the cold air mass
Cold air mass is drifting above warm air mass
Cold air mass is squeezing under warm air mass
Cold air mass is raising above warm air mass
M-41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which is the usual wind in Slovenija before cloud front from the west?
SW
NW
E
SE
M-42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What type of clouds are typical for warm front pass?
Cirrus, cirrocumulus, nimbostratus, cumulonimbus
Cirrocumulus, altocumulus, cumulus, cumulonimbus
Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus
Cirrocumulus, stratocirrus, stratus, nimbostratus
M-43.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do warm and cold air mass move in the cold front?
Cold air drifts over warm air
Cold air is raising on warm air
Warm air is pushing over cold air
Cold air is squeezing under warm air
M-44.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which weather phenomena is typical for a summer cold front?
rain
thunderstorms and showers
fog
light rain
M-45.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds are typical for cold front?
Cumulonimbus
Stratus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
M-46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When and under what circumstances thunderstorms on cold front appear?
Any time of day, when cold air breaks through
Usually in the afternoon, when cold air rises over warm air
During the night at the end of summer
In the morning, when inversion is near the ground and warmer air is high
M-47.
What happens with wind and visibility after cold front in the summer, which clouds and
precipitations are typical?
Wind speed increases, visibility is medium, clouds are AS and NS, moderate precipitations
Wind changes direction to left, weather is windy, clouds AS and NS, showers
Wind changes direction to left, weather is windy, visibility is good, clouds are CB and fractus
clouds, showers
Wind changes direction to the right, weather is windy, visibility is good, clouds are CB,
showers and possible thunderstorms
a)
b)
c)
d)
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M-48.
a)
b)
c)
What can we expect in Primorska region after the cold front?
Bora wind and dangerous flying conditions
S wind, good flying conditions
Tramontana wind, quickly turning to Burja wind, slow clearings and dangerous flying
conditions
d) Burja wind, good and safe flying conditions
M-49.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which are the high clouds?
Altocirrus, cumulocirrus
Cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
Nimbostratus, stratus
Cumulus, stratus
M-50.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds always consist of ice crystals?
Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus
Cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
Altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus
Cumulus, stratocumulus, altocumulus
M-51.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Medium height clouds are:
Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus
Cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
Altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus
Cumulonimbus, stratus, cirrostratus
M-52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which cloud stretches over all three cloud levels?
CI - cirrusi
ST - stratusi
AC - altocumulusi
CB - cumulonimbusi
M-53.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Wave lift can be marked with lens shaped clouds, named:
Mammatus
Stationar lenticularis
Tromb clouds
Rotor clouds
M-54.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds are typical for stabile atmosphere?
CU - cumulus
AS - altostratus
CB - cumulonimbus
ST - stratus
M-55.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds are typical for labile atmosphere?
CU - kumulus
CS - cirostratus
ST - stratus
AS - altostratus
M-56.
a)
b)
c)
Clouds with severe turbulence are:
Cumulus
Cumulonimbus
Nimbostratus
d) AltoCumulus castellanus
M-57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Showers usually fall from:
CB - cumulonimbusi
ST - stratusi
CI - cirrusi
CU - cumulusi
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M-58.
a)
b)
c)
d)
From which clouds we usually don't expect precipitations?
ST - stratus
CI - cirus
CB - kumulonimbus
NS - nimbostratus
M-59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
From which clouds we can expect thunderstorms?
ST - stratus
NS - nimbostratus
SC - stratocumulus
CB - cumulonimbus
M-60.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the criteria for atmosphere stability?
Air pressure
Temperature on the ground
Vertical temperature gradient
Wind speed
M-61.
a)
b)
c)
d)
For stabile air mass is typical:
Good visibility
Good thermals
Showers
Medium or bad visibility with haze
M-62.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is typical for unstable air mass?
Turbulent air and good visibility near the ground
Turbulent air and bad visibility near the ground
Nimbostratus Clouds and good visibility near the ground
Inversion and reduced visibility near the ground
M-63.
What type of clouds and weather could be expected in the summer with humid and labile air
mass?
Individual cumulus, good thermals, no showers or thunderstorms
Vertical cloud development, storm clouds, showers and thunderstorms
Stratus clouds, overcasting, bad visibility, occasional light rain
Long duration rain from overcasting stratus
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-64.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Humid and unstable air mass is during the summer recognized by:
Cumulus clouds and showers
reduced visibility and calm air
Stratus clouds and regular rain
Fog and drizzle
M-65.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is temperature inversion?
Clouds with intensive vertical development
Good visibility in lower layers, bad visibility in higher layers
Raising temperature with height
Dropping temperature with height
M-66.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Typical for temperature inversion is:
Stable air
Unstable air
Uphill wind
Thunderstorms
M-67.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the reason for ground inversion?
Air is cooling in the lowest layer due to the cooling of the ground
Descending air is heating near the ground
Air is heating due to the friction with the ground when wind is blowing
Air is cooled due to the wind
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M-68.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What type of weather can be expected in the summer with ground inversion and high
humidity?
Calm air, no thermals, fog, haze or low clouds
Calm air, no thermals, cumulus clouds development above the inversion layer
Moderate thermals and bad visibility due to the fog, low stratus clouds, showers
Strong thermals due to the intensive heating of the ground, good visibility and cumulus clouds
above the inversion layer
M-69.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is causing the wind?
Gravity
Earth rotation
Whirlwind
Differences in air pressure
M-70.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What does the mark 270/5 in aviation mean :
South wind, speed 5 km/h
West wind, speed 5 kt
East wind, speed 5 kt
West wind, speed 5 km/h
M-71.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What wind does the sign on meteo charts mean? (watch appendix nr. 3) ?
North wind, speed 60 kt
West wind, speed 60 kt
South wind, speed 15 kt
East wind, speed 15 kt
M-72.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Approximately how fast is 20 knots (kt)?
64 km/h
30 km/h
10 km/h
36 km/h
M-73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Approximately how many knots (kt) is 45 km/h ?
25 kt
15 kt
20 kt
30 kt
M-74.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10 knots (kt) is approximately:
5 m/s
15 milj/h
36 km/h
A,B and C is correct
M-75.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lenticularis clouds could be the sign of:
Storm clouds
Strong thermals
Orographic waves and strong wind
Weak wind in heights
M-76.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Bora wind in Primorska region:
Blows after the front
Announces the front coming
Blows up the slopes of hinterland mountains
Is strong, yet constant wind
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M-77. What is Fohn wind?
a) Warmer wind on the wind side of the hill, that is a consequence of forced lift by the slope
b) Warmer, drier wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of forced lift, condensation
and precipitations on the wind side
c) Cooler wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of fast, dry adiabatic descente
d) Warmer, humid wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of a fast descent and
wet adiabatic cooling
M-78.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Turbulence can appear in an opened atmosphere:
In a subsidence area as air is subsiding
When the wind speed is slowly increasing with the height
When the wind speed doesn't change with the height
When the wind speed is rapidly increasing with the height
M-79.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What does thermal convection mean in nature?
Warming of the air in contact with colder ground
Raising of the air by the slope, towards which the wind is blowing
Vertical movement and mixing of the air due to the temperature differences
Pilot's climbing by the hill, against which the wind is blowing
M-80.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is thermal lift?
Raising of the heavier air due to the heating
Forced lifting of the warm air by the hill
A column of raising, warm air
Forced heating of the air
M-81.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is a dynamic lift?
Raising of the air by the hill, against which the wind is blowing
Forced movement of the air in a narrow valley
Forced raising of the air under the cloud
Wind, blowing uphill on the lee side of the hill
M-82.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which areas are warming up fastest?
Forrests
Dry rocky areas
Dry grassy areas
Water surfaces
M-83.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Termals are most frequent above:
Dark, dry areas
Dark, wet areas
Light, dry areas
Water surfaces
M-84.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the best angle of the sun to warm up the ground fastest?
100°
45°
30°
90°
M-85.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Intensity of the thermal mostly depends on:
Intensity of air heating above the ground and temperature gradient
Intensity of ground heating
Air humidity
Daily values of dry adiabatic and wet adiabatic gradient
M-86.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In what order the following areas are cooling down (fastest – slowest)?
Rocks, Grass, forrest
Forrest, grass, rocks
Water surfaces, rocks, grass, forrest
Rocks, grass, forrest, water surfaces
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M-87.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true for the lee side thermals?
It's relatively weak
It appears, when sun is heating the lee side
It's less turbulent then the wind side thermals
A, B and C is correct
M-88.
a)
b)
c)
d)
On a good thermic day the wind in closed alpine valleys is blowing:
It depends on the prevailing wind on heights
Transversely to the axis of the valley
Down the valley
Up the valley
M-89.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which clouds are the consequence of the thermic convection?
Altocumulus lenticularis
Nimbostratus
cumulus
Cirrus
M-90.
Which type of clouds is appearing in the spring and summer on a clear sky as a consequence
of intense heating of the ground?
Stratus
Cumulus
Nimbostratus
Cirrostratus
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-91.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is known as a dry adiabatic (blue) thermals?
Thermic with up to 3/8 of cumulus clouds
Thermic without cumulus clouds development
Blue skies between two storm clouds
Strong turbulence in the clear sky
M-92.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When can we expect heat storms in the spring and summer?
Early in the morning if the atmosphere is stable
Around 11am
Lata afternoon and evening, if the atmosphere is stable
Late afternoon and evening, if the atmosphere is labile
M-93.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can we expect if we are sucked into a cumulus with strong vertical development?
Strong turbulence, strong lift, illusions, loss of orientation
Calm lift with occasional turbulence
Strong lifts
Flying in such cloud is not dangerous at all
M-94.
Before noon there were cumulus developed, at noon the sky is almost overcasted. We must
possibly count on:
Spreading of cumulus clouds into stratus clouds above subsidence inversion
Development of the cumulus clouds into Cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms
Disappearing of cumulus clouds and then blue thermals
Overcasting with cirrostratus and altostratus, disappearing of cumulus
a)
b)
c)
d)
M-95.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which phenomena is the most dangerous when flying near the thunderstorm?
Static electricity
Lightning
Turbulence and wind shear
St. Elmos fire
M-96.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How strong could be lifts, found in a storm cloud?
Up to 5 m/sec
Up to 2 m/sec
Less than 1 m/sec
Over 10 m/sec
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M-97.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are the dangers of a storm near by?
Severe turbulence in the air
After rescue parachute deployment a pilot can be sucked up
Low temperatures in the cloud, frostbite, suffocation, lightning
A, B and C is correct
M-98. What can we find, when sucked up in a cumulonimbus cloud?
a) Strong turbulence, heavy icing, strong lifts, hypoxia and loss of consciousness on higher
altitudes, illusions, undercooling
b) Nothing special
c) Only strong turbulence
d) Only strong lifts
M-99.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where can we expect turbulence, when flying in a thermal?
On the edge of a column in the area between raising ang descending air
In the center of the thermal
No danger of turbulence
When finishing 360° turn we can hit the turbulence of previous turn
M-100.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can we expect when exiting from strong thermal?
Calm passage into descending air area
Nothing special
Turbulence and strong sink
Laminar air stream
M-101. You fly with the headwind towards a cumulus, arriving low directly under the cloud, variometer
indicates strong sink. What would you do to find a lift?
a) I try under another cumulus nearby
b) I circle towards the sunny side of the cloud
c) I find the shadow of the cloud on the ground and fly towards it
d) I fly a bit further into the wind
M-102. Can we expect turbulent air on a clear day above flat areas with no obstacles?
a) No danger, we can always expect only laminar air stream
b) We can expect turbulent air, when wind is increasing rapidly with the height and on the edges
of thermals
c) Only on the edges of thermals
d) Yes, when we fly accelerated and come above the water surface
M-103. What is to be done, when we see dark blue blackness on the horizon and realize that a
thunderstorm is coming closer?
a) We fly on and observe the development and direction of the thunderstorm
b) We fly towards the storm, so we can find strong lifts
c) We execute a fast descente manouvre and land quickly
d) We fly on and wait till the storm comes closer, than make a fast descente manouvre and land
quickly
M-104.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When must a pilot check the weather situation?
Before the flight
During the flight
On the take-off area
Not important
M-105. We are on Ambrož upper take off, facing towards SW, wind sock is showing up due to the
thermals, a few hundred meters behind and above the take-off area we see some clouds,
indicating N wind of 8 m/s. What can we expect?
a) Calm air, laminar air stream
b) Strong turbulence due to the wind shear between thermals and general wind
c) Thermic is so strong, that it stops the general wind, no danger for turbulence
d) Easy turbulence, 8m/s is not much for a paraglider
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M-106. What can we expect on the take-off facing S, if light to moderate E wind is blowing? Take-off
area is a clearing in a forrest, wind is blowing uphill.
a) Calm air after take-off
b) Wind drift to the left
c) Turbulent air after take-off
d) No danger
M-107.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can we take-off when very light wind is blowing downhill (less than 0,5 m/s) ?
No we must not
Allways, regardless to the take-off place quality
Yes, if the take-off place quality enables us to do so (long, smooth)
Yes, if the take-off place is very steep (cliff)
M-108.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can we take-off, when light wind is blowing downhill (more than 0,5 m/s) ?
Allways, regardless to the take-off place quality
No we must not
Yes, if safe take-off place configuration allows us
Yes, if the take-off place is very steep (cliff)
M-109. What must we count on when landing on a small field with many obstacles and wind is
blowing?
a) Turbulence near the ground
b) Calm air, obstacles slow down the wind
c) Turbulence near the ground, possible wing deformation
d) Laminar air stream
M-110. What can we expect on a landing field with obstacles nearby (trees, houses ...), when
moderate wind is blowing?
a) Laminar air stream
b) Nothing special
c) Weak turbulence, that is not dangerous
d) Turbulent air near the ground
M-111. What can we expect on the take-off place on the top of the ridge, when wind chart is showing
6m/s at 1500m?
a) Ventouri tube effect, stronger wind
b) Venturi tube effect doesnt affect the wind speed
c) Drop of the wind speed
d) No wind
M-112.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is true when flying in dynamic lift?
Safe even when wind speed is the same as glider speed
We mus count on rising wind speed with the height
We can always top land
It's better to turn 360° than figures of 8
M-113.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can we expect on the lee side when strong general wind is blowing:
Laminar air stream
lift
Termic lift
Strong rotor with downdrift areas
M-114.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can we fly on the N slopes of Karavanke range when SW wind is blowing?
Yes, no problem, we are on the lee side
Flying in lee side is deadly as we fly in rotor zones
We can fly safe, we are on the wind side
It doesn't matter, danger is everywhere
METEOROLOGY (M)
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M-115.
a)
b)
c)
d)
On the open space wind is blowing at 4 m/s. What can we expect, when the valley narrows?
Increased wind speed – venturi effect
Same wind speed, narrowing of the valley has no effect
Wind speed is dropping
We can expect strong thermals
METEOROLOGY (M)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Construction and Materials (K)
K-01.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Upper surface of the wing is connected with lower surface with:
Ribs
Cells
Stabilizers
Connecting lines
K-02.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the purpose of diagonal ribs?
They provide nicer shape of the wing
They reduce the number of lines and increase wing solidity
They prevent distribution of air inside the wing
They direct distribution of air inside the wing
K-03.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Airfoil thickness is usually told given in:
Unit of parable
Number of openings in the airfoil
Coeficient of enlargement
In % according to airfoil lenght
K-04.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Through the pressure equalisation openings air pressure can:
Flow transversaly across the canopy
Flow longitudinally across the canopy
Decompressed cells can not be filled again
Flow out of the wing (pressure regulation)
K-05.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where are the brake lines attached?
To the front raisers
To stabiliser
To the front of the canopy (leading edge)
To the trailing edge of the canopy
K-06.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which lines are carrying 3/4 of the weight?
Rear lines (D-lines)
Middle lines (B and C lines)
Front lines (A and B lines)
Brake lines
K-07.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Alltogether load capacity of A and B raisers must be:
Twice as much as max. alltogether take-off weight
Exactly 1 ton
10 % more than load capacity of C and D lines
At least 8x max. take-off weight and no less than 800 kg (8000 N)
K-08.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which weight must be considered for the wing load?
Weight of the pilot, equipment and the glider
Weight of the pilot and equipment
Weight of the pilot
Weight of the pilot and the glider
K-09.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What data we need to calculate wing load?
Weight of the equipment and surface of the glider
Take-off weight and surface of the glider
Wingspan, surface and weight of the glider
Volume of the glider, weight of the pilot, weight of the glider
K-10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What should be the wing load of a paraglider?
The more the better
3,3 kg/m2
Within the limits prescribed by the producer
from 2 to 4 kg/m2
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What should be the wing load of higher aspect ratio glider?
3,3 kg/m2
higher
2,5 kg/m2
Within the limits prescribed by the producer
K-12.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are possible consequences of too low wing load?
Worse agility of the glider and higher possibility of stall
Good climbing in gentle conditions
It's hard to make big ears
Higher landing speed
K-13.
Pilot weights 80 kg, equipment with the wing included 17 kg. Gliders surface is 28 m2. What is
the wing load?
4 kg/m2
Small
2,8 kg/m2
3,4 kg/m2
a)
b)
c)
d)
K-14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glider weights 5 kg, pilot with equipment 75 kg. How strong is the force at 6g acceleration?
4800 N
3500 N
4200 N
6000 N
K-15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is aspect ratio?
Ratio between the chord line lenght and max. thickness
Coefficient of enlargement
Ratio between the square of wingspan and the surface
Ratio between the wingload and the surface
K-16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the aspect ratio equation?
Square of wingspan : Surface
Square of surface : wingspan
Square of surface : square of wingspan
Square of take-off weight : surface
K-17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which glider has the biggest aspect ratio?
Glider with many cells
Glider with big wingspan
Glider with large surface and lenght
Glider with 1/4 of the cells closed
K-18.
The surface of the glider is 26 square meters, wingspan is 11 m, take-off weight is 100 kg. What
is the aspect ratio?
cca. 5,25
cca. 2,36
cca. 3,8
cca. 4,65
a)
b)
c)
d)
K-19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which construction parameter has the biggest influence on flying performance of a paraglider?
Number of cells and diagonal ribs
Aspect ratio and airfoil
Narrow main lines
Four raisers
K-20.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 1 (Appendix 1) ?
Nose of the profile
Trailing edge of a paraglider
Cell
Cell wall
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
26
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr.2 (Appendix 1) ?
Leading edge of a paraglider
Stabiliser
Trailing edge of the glider
Cell wall
K-22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of the part nr.3 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Leading edge of the glider
Diagonal rib
Cell
Cell wall
K-23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr.4 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Cell
Cell wall
Intermediary cell wall
Pressure equalizing opening
K-24.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 5 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Cell
Pressure equalizing opening
Intermediary cell wall
Stabilizer
K-25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 6 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Diagonal rib
Pressure equalizing opening
Intermediary cell wall
Nose of the profile
K-26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 7 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Stabilizer
Cell wall
Trailing edge of the glider
Brake
K-27.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 8 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Wingspan
Lenght of the glider
Aspect ratio
Induced drag
K-28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 9 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Wingspan
Lenght of the glider
Aspect ratio
Induced drag
K-29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 10 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Stabilizer
Rear lines
Front lines
Brake line
K-30.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 11 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Brake lines
Main lines
Raisers
Carabiners
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
27
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-31.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 12(Appendix nr. 1) ?
Main lines
Brake lines
raisers
harness
K-32.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 13 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Raisers
Steering system
Harness
Carabiner
K-33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the name of part nr. 14 (Appendix nr. 1) ?
Brake line handle
Emmergency handle
Rescue parachute handle
Rear lines
K-34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What will you do, if your glider often enters stall for a short time?
Shorten A lines with knots
Fly a little accelerated
Glider must be inspected by the producer
Fly all the time with no brakes
K-35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can cause increased porosity on the upper surface of the wing?
Wing can stay in stall
Worse control
Higher horisontal speed
Occasional side collapses
K-36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hoe do we check technical suitability of the glider?
With technical examination
With compare flight
With testing
With visual check of the canopy and lines
K-37.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are the factors when choosing the glider?
Price
Glide angle
Must fit to the knowlege and weight of the pilot
Colour and pattern
K-38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where do we store the glider?
Doesn't matter
In a car
In a dry place
In a room for sport equipment
K-39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What affects the solidity and aging of the glider most?
Frequent folding
Moisture
Flying in dynamic lift
UV radiation
K-40.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which fluid can we take to clean the glider?
cleaning gasoline
water
Clothes cleaner
alcohol
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What will you do with the glider after salt water landing?
Dry it in a shade
Wash with sweet water and dry in the shade
Glider must be checked by the producer due to material shrinkage
Dry and store in a backpack, so it is exposed to the sun as short as possible
K-42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
There is an oil stain on your glider. How to remove it?
Immediately wash with soap, then with clean water
Wash with gasoline
Wash with chemical cleaning agent
Oil does no harm
K-43.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Why it is not recommendable to store the glider for longer time in a sealed package?
It can be damaged by the moth
It can be damaged by the mildew
It is recommendable!
Condensed moisture can provoke corrosion
K-44.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glider cloth is treated with?
With carbon
With polyester fibres
With special coat or impregnation
With reinforcing bands
K-45.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is fabric porosity?
Air permeability
squashability
Quality
Weight of one square meter of fabric
K-46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Does UV radiation weaken the gliders fabric?
Only yellow or red coloured
After many years of use
No
Yes
K-47.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What should a pilot take care of when the sun is broiling hot?
Sun makes no harm to the glider or harness
Don't leave glider or harness exposed the sun
Spray the glider and harness with water
Sun only harms the gliders, made of polyester
K-48.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is "Rip-Stop" material?
Longer lasting, UV resistant material
Tear preventing material
Kevlar fibers core
Special landing technique
K-49.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Your glider has a tear of 3 cm. You can fix it so:
Stick on both sides some canopy repair band
Sew with cotton thread
Clean with cleaning agent and glue over with a piece of glider fabric
Cut the place of the crack and weld it together
K-50.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does rain affect the glider?
Nothing special
Easier take-off with wet glider
Changes the centre of gravity
We must brake more
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-51.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can happen when flying in rain?
Responding of the glider is higher, causing sharp turns
Glider enters stall
Glider will be wet and heavy, landing will be faster
Aerodynamic characteristics are improved
K-52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What should we be carefull when choosing a rescue parachute?
That it's not older than 5 years
That it is suitable for your weight
That is vividly coloured
That it was used at most twice
K-53.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is important for rescue parachute?
Inner container must be fast and easy extractable
The rescue handle must be red
The canopy must be made from zero porosity fabric
The rescue handle must be located on the right side of the harness
K-54.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which weight must be considered when choosing the rescue parachute size?
Pilot and equipment, no glider
Pilot
Pilot, equipment and the glider
Pilot, equipment, glider and parachute
K-55.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is important when installing the rescue parachute in the harness?
That inner container is attached to the top of the parachute
That it is installed in the back container
That parachute is attached to both sides of the harness
That parachute is attached to main carabiners
K-56.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Why it's good that parachute is attached to the harness at shoulder straps?
There is the strongest webing
Elsewhere it would be disturbing
On the main carabiners is allready the glider
When used it puts us in upright position
K-57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is important advantage of a front container?
We can place instruments on top of it
We see the rescue handle, deployment is possible with both hands
Frontal protection
We can visually check, that we still have the rescue parachute
K-58.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What must we be carefull when the rescue parachute is installed in a front container?
That accelerator line is installed under the rescue parachute bridle
That instruments are firmly attached
That it doesn't block our view down
That we use right hand when activating the parachute handle
K-59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the aim of opening – vent on the top of the round parachute?
Fast opening
Stability of fall
Reduced dynamic blow at opening
Reduces Parachute's surface so we are not too light
K-60.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When must we check the opening system of the rescue parachute?
When refolding the parachute
Before flying in turbulence
When putting equipment in the backpack
Before every flight
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
K-61.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When it is recommendable to refold the rescue parachute?
Every year
According to the manual
Only when wet
Only after use
K-62.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What must we be carefull when closing the harness belts?
That we can close it with one hand
That it is closed correctly
That it is pulled tight
That it is loose
K-63.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are needed characteristics of the carabiner locks?
Easely accesible
Protected surfaces
Undesired opening protection
Carrying of large loadings in transverse and longitudinal direction
K-64.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the aim of protector?
Reduces impact force and protects the pilot
Shapes the harness aerodynamicly
Improves the comfort
Eases the mounting of the rescue parachute in the harness
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS (K)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
E-01. What is asymmetric collapse?
a) Side collapse is a frontal closing of the wing due to the turbulent air
b) Side collapse a one sided deformation of the wing due to the turbulent air and imperfect
piloting
c) Side collapse is one sided deformation of the wing due to the laminar air stream and imperfect
piloting
d) Side collapse is impossible if we control the glider well
E-02. How do we react on a asimmetric collapse?
a) We brake the collapsed side, we 'pump' the opened side
b) We brake the opened side appo. 20% so we can stop or reduce rotation, we 'pump' the
collapsed side till it openes, all the time we take care to preserve the speed
c) We don't react, wing openes itself
d) We perform a full stall and then exit from full stall
E-03.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the difference between large asymmetric collapse (over ½ of the wing) and smaller
one?
No difference, wing reacts the same
At strong collapse rotation is less intensive than at smaller one
At strong collapse the rotation is more intese than at smaller one, we brake gently the opened
side, take care to preserve the speed, weight shift to neutral position and 'pump' the collapsed
side
At strong collapse the rotation is more intense than at smaller one, we brake hard the opened
side, take care to preserve the speed, weight shift to neutral position and 'pump' the collapsed
side
E-04. What are the dangers of asymmetric collapse?
a) Intensive spiral dive, stucked stabilo between the lines (cravatte), heavy G force, hitting the
slope when soaring close, loss of orientation
b) Only intense spiral dive
c) No danger, easy recovery
d) A, B and C is correct
E-05.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At large asymmetric collapse (over ½ of the wing):
We must stabilize the wing with full stall
Above all we must take care not to brake the opened side too much, what can lead us to stall
We brake deep with both brake lines and release imediatelly
We 'pump' with brake line on the collapsed side
E-06.
How do we increase the danger of full stall at asymmetric collapse, as we brake the outer side
of the wing?
If the pilot doesn't brake strong enough, the glider beggins to steer and then enters full stall
If the pilot doesn't react, the glider will enter full stall
If the brake lines are adjusted too short (short pulls needed to control the glider)
If the brake lines are adjusted too long (long pulls needed to control the glider)
a)
b)
c)
d)
E-07.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the most dangerous if a pilot reacts on asymmetric collapse with too much brake on
the outer side and stalls the glider?
Glider swings sidewards and backwards. From that position it can powerfully surge forward
and to the side of the pilot
The glider can react completely unexpected
The glider can enter the spiral dive
A, B and C is correct
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-08.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What should be the first reaction of the pilot, after asymmetric collapse of accelerated glider?
Pull the brake line on the opposite side
Pull teh brake line on the collapsed side
Weight shift to the collapsed side
Immediately stop with accelerating
E-09. What is cravatte?
a) Twist around the raisers
b) Stucked stabilizer between the main lines due to the large asymmetric collapse; The most
vulnerable wings are those with lines attached to every third cell
c) Stucked stabilizer between the main lines due to the large asymmetric collapse; The most
vulnerable wings are those with lines attached to every or every second cell
d) A, B and C is correct
E-10.
a)
b)
c)
What is true when tip of the glider stucks between the main lines (cravatte) ?
Glider can enter the spiral dive
The glider rarely unstuck
Pilot can try with weight shifting and braking of the outer side to stop rotation. Immediately
throw rescue parachute when low
d) A, B and C is correct
E-11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is frontal collapse?
Deformation of the leading edge
Deformation of one side of the wing
Deformation of trailing edge of the wing
It is a cosequence of too big angle of attack
E-12.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What can cause the frontal collapse?
Flying on big angles of attack
Turbulent air and flying on very small angles of attack like for example use of accelerator
Laminar air stream
Incorrect exit of a stall
E-13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we recover from frontal collapse?
With 'pumping'
We pull both brakes and release after opening
Push the speed bar
Grab A-raisers and pull them down
E-14.
a)
b)
c)
How do we perform big ears?
With symmetric pull of one or two outer B-lines on both sides
With symmetric pull of all A-lines on both sides
With symmetric pull of one or two outer A-lines on both sides. Some gliders have special line
or raiser for big ears
d) With symmetric pull of middle A-lines
E-15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does the glider with big ears look?
Wing is deformed on both sides
Wing has normal shape
Wing is deformed on one side
Wing is deformed in the middle
E-16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we control the wing with big ears?
With brake lines
With brake lines and weight shifting
With rear raisers
With weight shifting
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is maximum vertical speed with big ears?
2 m/s
3 m/s
4-5 m/s when also accelerated
8 m/s
E-18.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are the dangers of bog ears?
No danger
Possibility of stall when Vv closes to Vh
Possibility of full stall
Big ears are hard to open
E-19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Exit from big ears:
We 'pump' the wing
We brake strongly
We 'pump' the wing if wingtips doesn't recover themselves
We push the speed bar or release trimmers
E-20. Enter in the spiral dive:
a) Strong pull of one brake line, when the wing enters the spiral dive, we gently pull the opposite
brake line to increase manouvre stability
b) We gradually pull the brake line and gain some peripheral speed, we help with weight shifting
to the inner side. Once in the spiral, we gently pull the opposite brake line to increase
manouvre stability
c) We fly on minimum speed, brake one side even more, release the other. Once in the spiral,
we gently load the opposite side to increase manouvre stability
d) We gradually pull the brake line together with gaining the peripheral speed, weight shift to the
opposite side. Once in the spiral, we gently pull the opposite brake line to increase manouvre
stability
E-21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is Vv in a spirali :
Up to 20 m/s
Up to10 m/s
Up to 15 m/s
5m/s
E-22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the G load in a spiral?
Up to 2 G
Up to 1 G
Up to 3 G
Up to 4 G
E-23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
»How heavy« does a pilot feel at 4G, if his mass is 100kg ?
like 300kg
like 400kg
like 200kg
like 100kg
E-24. Exit from the spiral dive:
a) We slowly release the brake line, weight shift to neutral position, take one or two turns for exit
– depending on intensity of the spiral
b) We release the brake ine quickly, weight shift to neutral position
c) Wo hold the brake line down, weight shift to the neutral position, brake the oposite brake line
till rotation stops
d) We slowly release the brake line, keeping the weight in the inner side of the turn
E-25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is B-stall?
B-stall is a situation before full stall
B-stall is a manouvre for increasing horisontal speed
B-stall is a manouvre for fast descending
B-stall is a prolongation of A-stalla
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We perform B-stall by:
Simmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms wedge-shaped across the whole span
Simmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms frontally acros the whole span
Asymmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms wedge-shaped across the whole spana
Strong and sharp pull of B-raisers
E-27.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is to be carefull while entering the B-stall?
Not to forget pulling A-raisers as well
To pull B-raisers asymmetrically
It doesn't matter how we pull B-raisers
To pull B-raisers Symmetrically and evenly
E-28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are Vh and Vv in the B-stall (Vh=horisontal speed, Vv=vertical speed) ?
Vh 4 m/s, Vv 10 m/s
Vh 0 m/s, Vv 4 m/s
Vh 0 m/s, Vv 8-11 m/s
Vh 6 m/s, Vv 15 m/s
E-29. Exit from B-stall (multiple correct answers possible) :
a) Release B-raisers symmetrically and quickly, brake the wing if it surges forward (high head
wind technique)
b) Release B-raisers symmetrically and slowly
c) Release B-raisers asymmetricaly and quickly
d) Release B-raisers halfway slowly, then quickly, taking care that releasing is symmetrical
E-30.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Under what circumstances during B-stall can the wing massively surge forward, leading to the
possible loss of control?
If we are releasing brake lines during last part of the exit too slowly
If we release brake lines immediately after the wing deformes and swings backward
No danger, it is very safe manouvre
When we release B-raisers at the vertical speed of 6-8 m/s
E-31. What is deep stall?
a) Deep stall is a sudden reduction of lift forces on the wing due to the exceeded critical angle of
attack
b) Deep stall is a sudden reduction of lift forces on the wing due to the too small angle of attack
and increased drag
c) Deep stall is the enlargement of vertical and horisontal speed
d) Deep stall is the enlargement of horisontal speed only
E-32. How do we recognize deep stall?
a) Enlarged force on the brake lines, reduced sensation of wind due to the reduction of horisontal
speed
b) Loose lower surface of the wing, no sensation of wind, reduced forces on the brake lines,
increased vertical speed; glider is not responding, when pilot releases brake lines
c) Vertical speed and brake line force are increased
d) Strong whirling of air around the glider and reduced force, needed to control the glider
E-33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Due to the excessive angle of attack the glider can enter deep stall. During that it comes to:
Reduction of lift and increased upwash of the wing
Increased air streaming around the wing and increased inner pressure of the wing
Air stream separation and complete reduction of a lift
Big enlargement of lift and drag
E-34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the inner pressure of the wing during the deep stall?
Strongly reduced
Same as in normal flight
Strongly increased
There's no inner pressure, wing is deformed
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
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Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How does a stalled wing look like?
Reduced solidity, horse shoe shape
Increased solidity, wing is not controllable
Reduced solidity, wing is controllable
Reduced solidity, wing is 'breathing', wing is not controllable
E-36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are Vh and Vv during the stall (Vh=horisontal speed, Vv=vertical speed) ?
Vh 4 m/s, Vv 5-8 m/s
Vh 0 m/s, Vv 6-10 m/s
Vh 0 m/s, Vv 3-5 m/s
Vh 10 m/s, Vv 0 m/s
E-37. How do we feel the deep stall?
a) Acoustic variometer, silence due to the reduced horisontal speed, soft brake lines; excited
wing (wing is 'breathing'), increasing of the vertical speed
b) Silence due to the increased horisontal speed, acoustic variometer, soft brake lines, calm wing
c) We can not feel the deep stall
d) Big horizontal and vertical speed, soft brake lines, acoustic variometer, excited wing, silence
E-38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do we exit the deep stall?
We increase the angle of attack with loading A-raisers or pushing the speed bar
We pull one brake line, push the speed bar, load A-raisers, release trimmers
We reduce the angle of attack with loading A-raisers or pushing the speed bar
We try to get back into normal flight with entering a turn
E-39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Into what a deep stall can develop with improper reacting?
Spiral dive
B-stall
Only spin
Spin or full stall
E-40. When can a glider enter deep stall?
a) On small angles of attack
b) On over crytical angles of attack; at big ears, when Vv almost equals Vh; In the areas of fast
sinking air
c) On angles of attack, that doesn't exceed the crytical angle of attack; in a strong thermal; with
big ears; in the areas of fast sinking air
d) In sharp turns left and right; in the areas of sinking air; on angles of attack, that doesn't exceed
the crytical angle of attack
E-41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is full-stall ?
Full-stall is a sudden reduction of lift on the whole wing surface due to the braking over 100%
Full-stall is one sided reduction of the lift as a consequence of too big angle of attack
Full-stall is reduction of drag, as a consequence of reduced angle of attack
Full-stall is increase of the lift, as a consequence of increase of the angle of attack
E-42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is happening with angle of attack when the wing is going to full stall?
It stays the same
It increases and is smaller than the crytical angle of attack
It increases over crytical angle of attack
It reduces at the beginning, than rapidly increases
E-43.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What are the vertical and horisontal speed of a full stalled glider?
Vh=0m/s, Vv=4m/s
Vh=8m/s, Vv=15m/s
Vh=4m/s, Vv=0m/s
Vh=0m/s, Vv=15m/s
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
36
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-44. Describe the exit from full stall:
a) When swinging calms, we slowly release the brake lines halw way (till appo. 50% braking),
then release quickly. We must be ready for a large surge forward, that must be cought with
braking if needed
b) We quickly release the braking lines, when the wing swings behind the pilot, than we catch the
wing with strong braking as it surges forward
c) When exiting the manouvre, when swinging calms down, we first release one brake line then
another
d) When swinging calms down, we release the brake lines very slowly, letting the wing stay in a
deep stall, then exit from deep stall, because with such exit we prevent the glider to surge
forward
E-45.
a)
b)
c)
Describe possible dangers at incorrect exit from full stall (multiple correct answers possible) :
If brake lines are released asymmetrically , possibility of spin
If brake lines are released symmetrically , possibility of spin
If brake lines are released too quickly, as the glider swings behind, possibility of falling into the
wing
d) If brake lines are released to slowly, possibility of deep stall
e) If brake lines are released to slowly, there is no chance that the wing stays in a deep stall
E-46. What is spin?
a) Spin is one sided reduction of lift due to the over crytical angle of attack on that side. Axis of
rotation goes around transverse axis of the wing.
b) Spin is reduction of lift on the whole wing
c) Spin is one sided reduction of lift due to the over crytical angle of attack on that side. Axis of
rotation goes through the wing and the pilot.
d) Spin is increase of pressure on deformed side
E-47. Lift distribution on a spinning wing:
a) Lift works only on a side, where angle of attack is over crytical angle of attack (deformed side)
b) Lift works only on a side of the wing with undisturbed air stream. On the side where angle of
attack is increased over crytical, the air stream is disturbed, so the lift is not working.
c) The Lift is evenly distributed over the whole wing
d) The lift is reduced on the whole wing, consequence is rotation with axis through the wing and
the pilot
E-48.
a)
b)
c)
Airflow during the spin:
The side of the wing with lift working, gets airflow from the front, the other side from the back
The side of the wing without lift gets airflow from the front, the other side from the back
Relative airflow is flowing from the front around both sides, axis of rotation goes through the
wing and the pilot.
d) Relative airflow doesnt flow around the wing as the lift is reduced on the whole wing, leading
to strong rotation with axis through the wing and the pilot
E-49. What is the pressure distribution inside the wing during the spin?
a) On the side with relative airflow from the front, pressure is reduced; on the side with relative
airflow from behind, pressure is increased
b) Pressure is evenly distributed over the whole inside of the wing
c) On the side with relative airflow from the front, pressure is increased; on the side with relative
airflow from behind, pressure is reduced
d) There is no pressure inside the wing, wing is completely deformed
E-50. Possible ways to lead the glider in the spin:
a) 1. We fly at minimum speed, we brake one brake line even more, don't release the other; 2.
When flying at minimum speed we release one brake line quickly, don't release the other
b) 1. We fly very slow and make a turn without releasing the opposite brake line; 2. At fast changing
turns without a fluid transition from one direction into another, especially when we are to rough on
the brake lines
c) 1. When unbraked glider is fast and deep braked to 100%; 2. At incorrect exits from deep stall
or full stall and after strong assymetric collapse without in time reaction
d) A, B and C is correct
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
37
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-51. Describe possible dangers, if the glider runs out of control during the spin:
a) No danger, wing always stabilizes itself and regains normal flight
b) Possibility of twisted raisers; Strong surge to one side; strong surge forward; loss of
orientation, furtherely making exit difficult
c) Lines tear, G forces are bigger than in a spiral; Twisted raisers
d) Twisted raisers; surge to one side; surge forward; loss of orientation; tear of the raisers due to
excessive G loads
E-52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Initial spin we stop:
With braking of the opposite side
With immediate weight shift to the opposite side and brake on both sides 50%
Strong pull of both brake lines, hold them untill rotation stops and then release
Quick release of the brake lines on the braked side
E-53.
On one side of the wing the lift was reduced, multiple spins followed. We exit the situation on
adequate altitude:
We stop the rotation with A-stall
Throw the rescue parachute
Release brake lines, when the wing is in front of us
Release brake lines, when the wing is behind
a)
b)
c)
d)
E-54. When do we use recue parachute? (multiple correct answers possible)
a) When we loose control and don't recognize the situation
b) When we are under 150m and we suffer large deformations of the wing; if deformation doesn't
solve in very short time and is worsening, we throw the rescue parachute immediately
c) When the wings structure is damaged
d) We can use the rescue parachute on 30 m easily
E-55.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is min. Height for safe deployment of rescue parachute?
50 m
250 m.
350 m.
150 m
E-56. Explain deployment of the rescue parachute, falling procedures and landing:
a) We strongly throw parachute away and behind. When it openes, we must stabilize falling. We
pull brake lines or B-raisers, thus deforming whole wing and make it come near the parachute
canopy. So we reduce vertical speed and calm tha falling. We land on both legs and roll away
to reduce the impact force
b) We throw the rescue parachute strongly away and opposite to the direction of rotation. When
it openes, we stabilize falling with deforming the whole wing and making it come near the
parachute. We land on our bottom to protect our legs, we have the protector anyway
c) We throw the rescue parachute and do nothing
d) A and B are correct
E-57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What must a pilot do in case of a collision of two aircrafts close to the slope?
Immediately activate the rescue parachutes
Wait till the speed of falling is reduced, then activate the rescue parachutes
Nothing we can do
Both pilots must pull the brake lines completely (if thea are two paragliders)
E-58.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What do we do if the brake line tears during the flight?
Immediately throw the rescue parachute
Fly the glider with A-raisers
Fly the glider with weight shifting and rear raisers
Fly the glider with the remaining brake line
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
38
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
E-59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Wind suddenly changes during landing. We are low and we notice, that we will land with the
tail wind. What do we do?
Immediately turn for 180°, regardless to height
We fly forward and prepare for faster landing
Tail wind landing is no problem
Quickly pull one brake line, so we will land transverally to the wind
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
39
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID (L)
L-01.
a)
b)
c)
Which numbers do we call in case of an accident?
911
112
090939822
L-02. What must an information about accident include?
a) What happened, where, injuries estimation, name of injured peerson (if possible), who is
informing and contact number
b) Name of injured person, type of the glider, number of license, location
c) Location, time of an accident, who is informing
L-03.
a)
b)
c)
What must be done in case of helicopter rescue?
Injured person must be lowered from the tree
Good immobilisation
All the gliders must be stored in backpacks
L-04.
a)
b)
c)
Which injurie threatens life directly?
Tongue injury
Unconsciosness
Extensive bleeding
L-05.
a)
b)
c)
Which condition demands the fastest action:
unconscionsness
extensive bleeding
Spine injury
L-06.
a)
b)
c)
How do we stop a strong bleeding from a wound on a limb:
We thoroughly cover the wound with sterile bandage
We make a compression bandage
Wate till the bleeding is stopped, than bandage the wound
L-07.
a)
b)
c)
When can we suspect a spine injury?
When injured person fell from heights or when a back pain is present
Only when injured person doesn't feel legs
When legs are cold and leg deformations are visible
L-08.
a)
b)
c)
How do we react when we suspect spine injury?
We provide a stabile prone position
We must help injured person when standing up
Important is a stabile supine position, we can't transport injured person alone
L-09.
a)
b)
c)
At least how many persons are needed to safely move the person with spine injury?
2
7
4
L-10.
a)
b)
c)
How can we distinguish a sprain (twist) from a brake (fracture) in the field:
We can't
By the amount of blood near the injury
By the size of the swelling
L-11.
a)
b)
c)
How do we treat a fractured limb?
Immobilize the limb in a position as it is, together with two neighbouring joints
Reposition the limb and immobilize together two neighbouring joints
Immobilize the limb in a position as it is, together with one neighbouring joint
AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)
40
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
L-12.
a)
b)
c)
Which injury could lead to massive internal bleeding?
Opened fracture of an ankle
Shoulder dislocation
Thighbone (femur) fracture
L-13.
a)
b)
c)
What threatens the injured person with the broken femur most?
That (s)he can't walkDa ne more hoditi
Internal bleeding
Permanent consequences
L-14.
a)
b)
c)
Position of a person with chest injury:
On a side
With supported knees
Half seated
L-15.
a)
b)
c)
If we find out, that injured person doesn't breathe:
We put him (her) in a stabile position on a side (recovery position)
We immediatelly start with reanimation
We consult with the witnesses, inform civil aviation authorities and then start with reanimation
L-16.
a)
b)
c)
Signes of hyperventilation:
Raised body temperature, pins and needles
Pins and needles, cramps
Tunnel vision, raised body temperature
L-17.
a)
b)
c)
How do we recognize concussionof the brain?
Injured person doesn't remember the accident, nausea, headache
Pain in the backhead, blinking
Bleeding from nose and ears
L-18.
a)
b)
c)
How do we recognize unconsciousness?
Presence of vital functions, but person is not responding
Injured person talks confused
Injured person talks confused and has head injury
L-19.
a)
b)
c)
What is the right position for unconscious person?
Underlayed head, raised hands and legs
Half seated, underlayed knees
Person layes on side
L-20.
a)
b)
c)
Signes of shock are:
Victim is lively roving around
Victim is pale, skin is cold and sweaty
Victim's puls is fast, boda temperature is raised
L-21.
a)
b)
c)
Position of a person in shock, but conscious:
Half seated, underlayed knees
Layed wit raised limbs
On left side
L-22.
a)
b)
c)
What is first aid on the field when victim is undercooled?
Prevent from further loss of heat
Small amount (not too much) of alcohol, to warm up
Victim can walk to first alpine hut (must be available on the cell phone)
L-23.
a)
b)
c)
Purpose of the heart massage:
Better blood flow in the chest
To provide blood flow through the body
To squeeze out foreigh bodies from respiratory organs
AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)
41
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
L-24.
a)
b)
c)
What injuries should we think of at fall from the heights?
Injuries of inner hollow abdominal organs
Long term consequences
Injuries due to the osteoporosis
L-25.
a)
b)
c)
When a victim hangs from electric wires, it is most important:
That we take off his equipment, so there is no contact
Notify civil aviation authority
Don't touch the victim, untill the electricity is shut off
L-26.
a)
b)
c)
Phisical burdens on a body during spiral dive can lead to:
Shallow brathing
High puls and sweating
Loss of orientation in space and feeling for heights
L-27.
a)
b)
c)
Symptoms of altitude sickness are:
Headache, nausea, euphory
Fever, tremmor, painfull joints
Vision troubles, burning eyes, lachrymation
L-28.
a)
b)
c)
No influence on flying safety usually has:
Alcohol, drugs
Usual medicines against high fever
Stress
L-29.
a)
b)
c)
Paragliding pilot with diagnosed epilepsy:
Can fly safely
Canfly safely, if he is taking medecines
Can't fly safely
L-30.
a)
b)
c)
With who do you consult about your healt condition, when it comes to flying safety?
With experts in contact columns of newspapers
With experienced pilots of motor airplanes
With authorized doctor for flight medical examinations
AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)
42
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
Z-01.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Height of 1000 ft is:
Approximately 300 m
Exactly 1000 m
approximately 100 m
approximately 250 m
Z-02.
a)
b)
c)
d)
QNH is abbreviation for:
Air pressure calculated on the main sea level
Air pressure on certain elevation
Relative altitude
It is connected with standard pressure of 1013,2 hpa
Z-03.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Abbreviation AGL means:
Height above sea
Height above gound level
Distance to clouds
Absolute altitude
Z-04.
a)
b)
c)
d)
MSL is abbreviation for:
Height above the take-off place
Height above terrain
Height above main sea level
Relative height
Z-05.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CTR is abbreviation for:
Controlled air space, where no radio connection with air traffic control is required
terminal control area
uncontrolled air space
controled zone
Z-06.
a)
b)
c)
d)
TMA is abbreviation for:
terminal control area
Controlled air space, where no radio connection with air traffic control is required
Uncontrolled air space
Military training zone
Z-07.
a)
b)
c)
d)
TMA Portorož is marked on a chart with a letter (appendix nr. 4)
O
U
U in Ž
Not marked with any letter
Z-08.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CTR Ljubljana is marked on a chart with a letter (appendix nr. 4) :
D
F
C
A
Z-09.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Class D airspace is also:
CTR Ljubljana, Maribor, Pororož
TMA Ljubljana, Maribor, Portorož
Uncontrolled airspace
Controlled airspace and we can fly in it
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
43
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Z-10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Z-11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Airspace, where paragliding is alowed without previous permission from Civil aviation
directorate, is:
Class D airspace
Class C airspace
Class G and E airspace
Class G airspace
Class G airspace ranges to:
2900 m MSL
2300 m AGL
Depends on the area
2900 m QFE
Z-12. Class G airspace (appendix nr. 4) :
a) Is at points A,B,C
b) Is at points A and B to 9500 ft MSL, at point D to 1000 ft AGL, at point F to 2500 AGL, at point
H to 1000 ft AGL, at point U to 1000 ft AGL and at point T to 2500 AGL
c) Is at points A,B,C to 2900m QNH
d) Is at points from answer b) and at points I and G
Z-13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Class E airspace (Appendix nr. 4) :
Is at points F,T from 2500 ft AGL to 7500 ft MSL
Is at points F,Z,T,H and U from ground to 7500 ft
Is at points A and B to 2900 m QNH
Is at point C
Z-14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In class E airspace paragliding is:
Always forbidden
Allowed
Allowed, if we get civil aviation directorate permission in case of competitions and similar
Allowed, exept when NOTAM is issued
Z-15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Point N near Ilirska Bistrica is area where flying is (appendix nr. 4) :
Allowed from ground up to 7500 ft MSL
Dangerous from ground up to 7500 ft MSL, because of the military polygon
unlimited
forbidden from ground up to 7500 ft QNE
Points S and Š near Ilirska Bistrica mean (appendix nr. 4) :
Area of forbidden or limited flying when NOTAM is issued
Area of forbidden flying
Area where class G airspace ranges up to 2500 ft AGL, flying could be forbidden or limited
when NOTAM is issued due to the military activity
d) No limits
Z-16.
a)
b)
c)
Z-17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At which point marked on chart flying is allowed up to 2900 m QNH (appendix nr. 4) ?
At points A and B
At points C and D
At point A
At point B
Z-18.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At which points flying is forbidden from ground up (appendix nr. 4) ?
S,N,G,M
C,O,I,G.F,A,B
S,N,A,B,W
C,O,I,G,M,R
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
44
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Z-19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In which areas, marked with letters, flying is forbidden above 1000 ft AGL (appendix nr. 4) ?
D,C,H,G,O,U
D,U,H,Z,Y,Ž,X
C,O,P,R
C,F
Z-20.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Up to what altitude can we fly around Lijak, Ajdovščina and Kovk?
9500 ft MSL
7500 ft AGL
2500 ft AGL
1000 ft AGL
Z-21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Above Preddvor, Golnik and Gornji grad class G airspace ranges up to:
1000 ft AGL
1000 ft MSL
9500ft MSL
Paragliding is forbidden, it's class D airspace
Z-22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Domžale and Moravče are located in airspace:
Class D, flying is allowed
Class C, flying is allowed up to 1000 ft AGL
Class D, flying is strictly forbidden
Class C, flying is strictly forbidden
Z-23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Is flying allowed above Maribor?
Not allowed
Allowed up to 1000 ft AGL
Allowed up to 1000 m AGL
Allowed, we are in TMA MB
Z-24.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Around Slovenj Gradec paragliding is allowed up to:
7500 ft MSL
1000 ft AGL
9500 ft MSL
2500 ft AGL
Z-25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Is it allowed to fly with a paraglider from Krvavec directly to Ljubljana?
Yes, it is allowed
Not allowed
Allowed if NOTAM is not issued
Allowed up to 1000 ft above the ground
Z-26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Abbreviation NOTAM means:
Notice to airmen about limitations and changes in certain areas
Notice about dangerous weather
It only affects pilots in air traffic, not paragliders
Notice, which affects all participants in air traffic and sets limitations, changes and prohibitions
in certain area
Z-27.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Do we need to check for NOTAM before flight?
yes
No
If you want
No, NOTAM doesn't affect paragliders
Z-28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where can we check for NOTAM?
ARO, AIP, URSCL
METEO service Brnik, AIP
At administration for civil protection and disaster relief
Only Civil aviation directorate is competent for NOTAM
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
45
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Z-29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is the youngest age limit to start with paragliding under instructor's supervision?
18 years
15 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver
16 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver
17 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver
Z-30.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How is the validity of paragliding license limited?
unlimited
must be extended every four years
is valid, if driving license of B category or higher is valid
Is valid till 65 years
Z-31.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How often must a technical examination of the paraglider be done?
Every year
Every two years
According to producers manual
Every three years
Z-32.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can a paraglider take-off with a help of a winch or towing car?
yes
yes, must have permission from civil aviation directorate
No
Yes, must have permission from Police
Z-33.
a)
b)
c)
How high above the ground can we fly without a rescue parachute?
50 meters
300 meters
We must not fly without the rescue parachute
150 meters
d)
Z-34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
At what time can a paraglider fly under the daytime visual flying rules?
When pilot finds visibility good
From sunrise till sunset
From half an hour before sunrise till half an hour after sunset
Untill visibility is at least 1 kilometer
Z-35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is minimum allowed altitude when flying over group of people, roads and electric wires?
100 meters,
50 meters
150 meters
200 meters
Z-36.
a)
b)
c)
Who is setting direction of rotation in a thermal?
One with the slowest paraglider
The lowest or the first
One who is climbing fastest
No rule
d)
Z-37.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can a pragliding pilot fly in clouds?
No
Yes, when flying under instrumental flying rules
Yes, if there is no other participant near
Only in cumulus clouds with shallow development
Z-38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What is a minimum distance between paragliders when meeting on the same altitude?
One span of a paraglider
Minimum 10 meters
Depends on the skill level of the pilots
Minimum 50 meters
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
46
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Z-39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
How do two pilots avoid when coming close on the sam altitude near the slope?
Both are avoiding to the right
Avoids one with the slope on the left
Avoids one with the slope on the right
The lower one must fly under the higher one
Z-40.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can a pilot pass by another pilot on the same altitude, when they have slope on the right side?
yes
No
Yes, if (s)he warns the other before
Yes, if slower one gives a sign of permission
Z-41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Many paragliders are landing. Which one has priority?
The highest
The fastest
The lowest
The least experienced
Z-42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Can a paraglider land on a sport airport?
Yes, that's the purpose of an airport
No
Yes, if paraglider has a motor
Yes, if agreed with airport manager
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
47
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
CORRECT ANSWERS
ELEMENTARY AERODYNAMICS, THEORY AND FLYING TECHNIQUE (A)
001C
011C
021C
031B
041C
051B
061D
071B
081C
091B
002A
012B
022A
032A
042B
052C
062C
072D
082B
092A
003A
013A
023B
033C
043A
053A
063C
073A
083D
093B
004C
014A
024A
034D
044C
054D
064A
074C
084B
094C
005A
015A
025D
035D
045B
055B
065D
075A
085A
095A
006C
016D
026B
036B
046D
056A
066C
076D
086A
096B
007C
017A
027B
037A
047A
057A
067D
077A
087B
008D
018C
028A
038B
048D
058B
068B
078C
088C
009B
019B
029A
039D
049C
059B
069A
079C
089D
010C
020B
030C
040C
050A
060D
070A
080D
090D
004C
014B
024C
034C
044B
054D
064A
074A
084D
094B
104A
114B
005D
015D
025A
035D
045A
055A
065C
075C
085A
095C
105B
115A
006B
016C
026B
036A
046A
056B
066A
076A
086D
096D
106C
007B
017D
027C
037D
047D
057A
067A
077B
087B
097D
107C
008D
018C
028D
038A
048C
058B
068A
078D
088D
098A
108B
009A
019B
029A
039B
049B
059D
069D
079C
089C
099A
109C
010D
020D
030C
040A
050B
060C
070B
080C
090B
100C
110D
006C
016A
026A
036A
046D
056D
007D
017B
027A
037C
047B
057B
008A
018D
028B
038C
048B
058A
009B
019B
029D
039D
049A
059B
010C
020A
030B
040B
050C
060D
006C
016D
026A
036B
046C
056A
007D
017C
027D
037A
047B
057A
008D
018B
028C
038C
048A
058C
009B
019C
029AD
039D
049C
059B
010D
020B
030B
040B
050D
006B
016B
026C
007A
017A
027A
008C
018A
028B
009C
019C
029C
010A
020B
030C
006A
016C
026D
036B
007B
017A
027A
037A
008C
018D
028A
038D
009A
019B
029B
039B
010D
020C
030C
040B
METEOROLOGY (M)
001B
011C
021C
031D
041A
051C
061D
071B
081A
091B
101D
111A
002C
012C
022B
032A
042C
052D
062A
072D
082B
092D
102B
112B
003D
013A
023C
033D
043D
053B
063B
073A
083A
093A
103C
113D
CONSTRUCTIONS AND MATERIALS (K)
001A
011D
021C
031C
041B
051B
061A
002B
012A
022D
032D
042A
052B
062B
003D
013D
023A
033A
043B
053A
063C
004A
014A
024C
034C
044C
054A
064A
005D
015C
025B
035A
045A
055C
EMMERGENCY PROCEDURES (E)
001B
011A
021A
031A
041A
051B
002B
012B
022D
032B
042C
052D
003C
013B
023B
033C
043D
053C
004A
014C
024A
034A
044A
54ABC
005B
015A
025C
035D
45ACD
055D
AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID (L)
001B
011A
021B
002A
012C
022A
003C
013B
023B
004C
014C
024A
005B
015B
025C
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Z)
001A
011C
021A
031B
002A
012B
022C
032B
003B
013A
023A
033D
004C
014C
024D
034C
005D
015B
025B
035B
APPENDICES (P)
48
041C
042D
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Appendix nr.: 1
APPENDICES (P)
49
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
Appendix nr.: 2
APPENDICES (P)
50
Paragliding - Catalogue 2009
APPENDICES (P)
51