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Method_Instr_Prac_ Lesson_2-6Final-4.doc (45 KB) Pobierz MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY      Â Approval on methodological meeting of the department of pathophisiology                            Â Protocol â„– Chief of department of the pathophysiology, professor                                        Yu.Ye.Rohovyy “___― ___________ 2008 year.       Methodological Instruction to Practical Lesson  Мodule 2 : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS.         Contenting module 4. Pathophysiology of blood system.   Theme 6: Final control - 4.         Chernivtsi – 2008      1.Actuality of the theme. Anemia appear on the base of various diseases, intoxycations, bloodloss. Therefore clinicists of various specialities often find them in the practical activity.  The quantitative changes erythrocytes and hemoglobin are one of the most important parameters, on the basis of which diagnostics of anemia is carried out. On changes of these parameters also judge about the efficiency of treatment. Using the quantitative characteristics of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, it is possible to define one more clinicaly important parameter - colour index. Basing on a colour index one can judge about the saturation of erythrocytes by hemoglobin. The value of a colour index (norm, decrease, increase) has diagnostic mean.     The qualitative features of erythrocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow allow to determine a kind of anemia, to make submission about regenerative ability of bone marrow and to inspect efficiency of treatment. For example, erythrocytes with the distinctive morphological characteristics are peculiar for irondeficiency anemia (hypochromic erythrocytes), B12 (folic)-deficiency anemia (megaloblastes and megalocytes), sickle-cell anemia (sickle-shape erythrocytes), thalassemia (target like erythrocytes), Minkovskyi-Shoffar’s anemia (microspherocytes). The increase of amount reticulocytes in peripheral blood testifies for good compensator possibility of bone marrow. The availability in blood of anisocytes,poikilocytes and other degenerative forms show the heavy disorder of erythropoiesis. Leucocytosis are considered as a reaction hematopoietic system due to action of physiological and pathological irritations. Leucocytosis is a pathological symptom of many diseases. In a basis of leucocytosis lay pathophysiological mechanisms connected with proliferation, maturation going out of leucocytes and their flow into vessels and redestribution. Different kinds of leucocytosis may be the additional criteri for establish the diagnosis. Eosinophilia, for example, is characterized for allergy reactions, neutrophile leucocytosis - for acute inflamation processes.   Leucopenia may depend upon oppressive influence of some toxines on the maturation and outflow of leucocytes from the bone-marrow. Often these phenomenas are observed during the infectious diseases. They have significanse for the differential diagnostic. If for the disease is characterised leucocytosis, the availability of leucopenia testifies on depression of hemopoietic system. It is regarded as a criteri weakenes of reactivity of the body on action of pathological factors.Directness and character of changes of white blood cells due to various diseases - significant for the diagnosis and control of the treatment. Steady growth of number of leucosis among the population of many countries of the world and high lethality demand steadfast attention to the given pathology. Preventive measures have the large significance in struggle with leucosis. Therefore it is important for the future doctor to acquire existing submissions about etilogy of leucosis (chemical cancerogens, ionizating radiation, virus infection). Each form of leucosis differs by characteristic shifts of cytostructure of peripheral blood and bone marrow. On these features differential diagnostics of leucosis is constructed. It is necessary to mark that the therapy of leucosis mainly pathogenetic. The deepening of our submissions about separate chains of pathogenesis will promote perfecting of purposeful treatment. The liquid state of blood is provided with difficult interaction of three systems – coagulative, ancoagulative and fibrinolytic. Alteration each of them can cause to decrease or increase of coagulation of blood. The decrease of coagulation(hypocoagulation) appears like hemorrhagic syndrome. It’s appears as results of alteration thrombocytous-vessels hemostatic (thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathia) or disturbance of various stages of coagulation of blood (hemophilia A, B, C, afibrinogenemia). The increase of coagulation of blood (hypercoagulation) is considered as major mechanism formation of thrombus. One of the most serious consequences alteration of hemostasis, which includes both hyper- and hypocoagulation, is syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood – DIC-syndrome. It develops as complication in traumatic, anaphilaxic or cardiogenic shock, malignant tumours, acute kidney insufficiency, exfoliation of placenta, septicemia, massive hemolysis. The consequences of disturbances coagulation of blood quite often acquire menancing character and demand emergency measures from the medical staff.               2.Length of the employment – 2 hours. 3.Aim: To khow: pathology of the anemia, leukocytosis, leucopenia, leukemia, hemostasis. To be able: to analyse the pathogenesis of the anemia, leukocytosis, leucopenia, leukemia, hemostasis. To perform practical work: To analyse the tests, clinical-pathophysiological schemes, tables with pathology of the anemia, leukocytosis, leucopenia, leukemia, hemostasis. Control questions of the theme: 1.     Anemia, definition of concept, hematological indexes. 2.                Regenerative forms of erythrocytes. 3.            Classifications of anemias. 4.            Acute posthemorrhagic anemia. 5.            Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia. 6.            Irondeficiency anemia. 7.            B12-(folate)deficiency anemia. 8.            Hypoplastic anemias 9.            Metaplastic anemias. 10.        Dysregulative anemias. 11.        The characteristic of hemolytic anemias. 12.        Mechanical hemolysis of erythrocytes. 13.        Immune hemolytic anemias. 14.        Toxic hemolytic anemia. 15.        Acquired membranopathy. 16.        Hereditary membranopathies. 17.        Hereditary enzymopathies. 18.        Hereditary hemoglobinopathies. 19.        Iron refractory anemia. 20.        What is leukocytosis? 21.        Classification of the leukocytosis. 22.        Etiology of the leukocytosis. 23.        The mechanisms of leucocytosis. 24.        Blood picture under the leukocytosis. 25.        What is leukopenia? 26.        Classification of the leukopenia. 27.        Etiology of the leukopenia. 28.        The mechanisms of leucopenia. 29.        What is aleukia ? 30.        Blood picture under the leukopenia. 31.        Leucocyte degeneration in blood. 32.        What is leukemia ? 33.        Classification of the leukemia. 34.        Etiology of the leukemia. 35.        The pathogenesis of leukemia. 36.        Blood picture under the leukemia. 37.        Leucocyte degeneration in blood. 38.        What is hemostasis pathology. 39.        Classification of pathology of hemostasis. 40.        Normal hemostasis. 41.        The classical coagulation cascade. 42.        Virchow's triad in thrombosis. 43.        Decreasing of blood coagulation ability. 44.        Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy. 45.        Increasing of blood coagulation ability.       46.        Generalized (disseminated) intravascular blood coagulation (DIC-syndrome). Literature: 1. Gozhenko A.I., Makulkin R.F., Gurcalova I.P. at al. General and clinical pathophysiology/ Workbook for medical students and practitioners.-Odessa, 2001. 2. Gozhenko A.I., Gurcalova I.P. General and clinical pathophysiology/ Study guide for medical students and practitioners.-Odessa, 2003. 3. Robbins Pathologic basis of disease.-6th ed./Ramzi S.Cotnar, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins.-Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo.-1999.  Plik z chomika: misiek-puchatek Inne pliki z tego folderu: Method_Instr_Prac_ Lesson_2-6Final-4.doc (45 KB) Method_Instr_Prac_ Lesson_2-7heart.doc (91 KB) Method_Instr_Prac_ Lesson_2-8hypertension.doc (264 KB) Inne foldery tego chomika: ZgÅ‚oÅ› jeÅ›li naruszono regulamin modul testy WykÅ‚ady Strona główna AktualnoÅ›ci Kontakt DziaÅ‚ Pomocy Opinie Regulamin serwisu Polityka prywatnoÅ›ci Copyright © 2012 Chomikuj.pl