Download Disease #___ Pathogens – How Do They Cause Disease Integrated

Pathogens – How Do They Cause Disease
Integrated Science 2
Disease #___
Name:
Per:
I. Overview
A. Pathogens
1. Definition: A disease-causing ______________________
a. Disease: a disturbance in the state of health such that the affected organism
experiences _____________________________________________________________ (“dis” ease)
b. Parasite: an organism that lives in or on another organism (the _________________)
and causes change to that host
B. Non-Pathogenic Parasites
1. Most parasitic relationships are NOT _________________________-causing
a. A certain strain of ______________________ lives in the human intestines and creates a
waste product we call ________________________________, which is needed to make
certain blood-clotting factors
b. Sloths have dozens of types of fungi that live in their fur and feed on
_____________________________________________________
II. How Pathogens Cause Disease
A. Types of Pathogens
1. Bacteria: Single celled ___________________________ organisms.
2. Viruses: ______________-living entities. Sketch:
3. Fungi: Eukaryotic _______________________________.
4. Protists: Single cell _______________________________.
5. Worms: ____________________________ eukaryotic organisms.
B. How Diseases are Spread
1. Physical Contact
a. Direct Contact
I. When a healthy person _________________________ a person with a disease
b. Indirect Contact
I. When a healthy person touches ___________________________ that a person with a
disease has contaminated
II. When a sick person _________________________ or coughs and the contaminated
particles are carried in the __________________________
2. Infected Animals
a. Animals that carry infection from person to person are called ______________________
b. Infection can be carried through _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. Contaminated Food and Water
a. Contaminated _________________________ carries a wide range of disease
b. Undercooked food can carry ____________________________ and other protists
C. How Bacteria Cause Disease
1. They must stick to a certain ______________________ type
2. They must be able to ___________________________ or penetrate the cell’s surface
3. Penetrating the cell surface can result in the destruction of the cell or will allow
_______________________________________________________
4. Once colonized or inside a cell, bacteria often produce _________________________: poisonous
substances that cause disease
D. How Viruses Cause Disease
1. They must invade a cell (its ___________________) to reproduce
a. Lytic Infections
I. The virus enters a cell, uses the cell’s resources to make copies of itself, and
causes the cell to ________________________, releasing more virus to the
organism
II. Examples: Common Cold, _____________________________
b. Lysogenic Infections
I. A virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, forcing the host cell
to ___________________________ the viral DNA with every regular DNA
replication
II. Examples: HIV, ___________________________
c. The mass killing of cells can cause a wide range of disease
I. Since intestinal cells reproduce _________________________ any infection of these
cells does not last long and no permanent damage is done. Ex:
Stomach Flu and __________________________
II. Viral infections of _________________________, which cannot be replaced, can
cause permanent damage, including _________________________. Ex:
Encephalitis and ______________________________
III. Viral infection of the immune system cells can disable a person’s ability to
defend itself against ___________________________. Ex: Lupus and
_____________________
E. How Fungi Cause Disease
1. Fungi thrive in warm, ______________________ environments
2. Microscopic fungi normally colonize _______________________ skin and hair
3. Occasionally the fungus can invade the skin or can be _________________________, causing
infection through he release of ________________________
4. Organisms typically host helpful _________________________ that will help kill off fungi
5. Examples: Athlete’s Foot, Jock Itch, ____________________________
F. How Protists Cause Disease
1. Protists commonly invade the _________________________ (Malaria and African Sleeping
Sickness) or the ______________________(Dysentery)
2. How do Protists Cause Disease?
a. Protists are large enough that the body tries to ________________________________,
causing illness
b. Protists can release _____________________ that causes a severe reaction or infection
c. Nutrients meant for the host are used by the protists, and any disease related to
___________________________ may occur.
G. How Worms Cause Disease
1. Animals generally get worms by ingesting their eggs, which then mature inside the
_______________________________________________ body
2. Worms latch onto tissue and ___________________________________ and nutrients intended for the
host, often leading to nutrient deficiency
3. Some worms burrow into _______________________ and cause infection in the host.