Download PTT 104 Biotechnology and Industry

PTT 104
Biotechnology and
Industry
Week 7: 24 October 2013
Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, UniMAP
[email protected]
CO3:Ability to differentiate scopes and
importance of various biotechnological
streams.
Topics covered:
Illustrate scopes of industrial
biotechnology and examine commercial
production of microorganisms and product
from microorganisms.
Course Outcome
BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY
THRUSTS









THRUST 1 : Agricultural Biotechnology
Development
THRUST 2 : Healthcare Biotechnology
Development
THRUST 3 : Industrial Biotechnology Development
THRUST 4 : R&D and Technology Acquisition
THRUST 5 : Human Capital Development
THRUST 6 : Financial Infrastructure
THRUST 7 : Legislative and Regulatory Framework
THRUST 8 : Strategic Development
THRUST 9 : Government Support and Commitment






Create new products, such as plant-based biodegradable
plastics;
Replace petroleum-based feedstocks by processing
biomass using biorefineries to generate electricity,
transport fuels or chemicals;
Modify and develop new industrial processes, such as by
using enzymes to reduce the amount of harsh chemicals
used in textiles and the pulp and paper industry;
Reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing; for
example by treating industrial wastewater onsite using
biological mediums such as microbes;
Provide energy savings by adding enzymes in detergents,
allowing clothes to be washed in lower temperatures; and
Provide water savings through more efficient processes
such as using enzymes to break down chemicals and
reduce subsequent washing steps in the textile industry
Industrial Biotechnology:
applications
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: IMPACT ON
SUSTAINIBILITY
•
•
•
Higher profits – lower costs (raw materials, process costs, investments, …)
Developing new products
Finding new uses for ag crops
Economic
Environment
Social
•
•
•
•
Creating new jobs and opportunities
Rural economic diversification and growth
Lower risk for workers (lower temp.)
Less negative perception
Processes are carbon neutral – no contribution to global warming
Products and byproducts are in most cases biodegradable
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions to water and air
Using renewable resources as feedstock help conserve fossil fuels
Practices that use
living cells: bacteria,
yeast or algae) Or
component cells like
enzyme
Feedstocks/ biomass
based materials
Generate industrial
products and
processes
- products:
Fuels/chemicals
- process: wastewater
treatment
Industrial Biotechnology

Microbes have been used in food sectors:
beer and wine, bread (yeasts).

Making decontamination processes for
industrial wastes product removal more
efficient

Leaching of oil and minerals from the soil to
increase mining efficiency

Also used to clone and produce batch
amounts of important proteins used in
human medicine including insulin and growth
hormone.
Microorganisms as Tools
Animal, plant cells and microbes obtain energy
from carbohydrates (glucose) using electrons
from these sugar to create ATP.
 ATP occurs in series.
 1st step is glycolysis: convert sugar molecule into
2 mol of pyruvates.
 During the reaction, electrons are transferred
from glucose to NAD+ producing NADH. Results
in ATP production.
 O2 is important in this electron transport process.
 For anaerobes, they derived their energy from
sugars in the absence of O2  FERMENTATION
 Eg: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation

Fermentation

Enzymes: increasing the speed of reaction by lowering the
activation energy of a reaction.

Cheese making: using enzyme rennin

Eg: cellulase has been used widely in the industry.

In food industry: make animal food more digestible

Stone-washed jeans: the denim is treated with cellulases from T.
reesei and A. niger. These microbes produce cellulase that can
digest the cotton fibre softer fabric.
•
Enzyme subtilisin: isolated from B. subtilis used in laundry
detergent- degrade the protein stains.
•
enzyme amylase: used to degrade starches for making corn
syrup.
Microbial enzymes
The industrial Biotechnology sector is
broad.
 3 main areas in Malaysia:
- Biofuels
- Biocatalyst
- Fine and Specialty Chemicals

Industrial Biotechnology: In
Malaysia
Biofuel represent an alternative fuel
source to non-renewable petroleum-based
fuels.
 ‘First-generation' or conventional biofuels
are biofuels made from sugar, starch, and
vegetable oil.

Biofuel
2nd generation biofuels: using
lignocellulosic materials from wheat straw,
sugarcane baggase, corn husks, discarded
rice hulls and trees.
 Breaking the lignocellulose into cellulose
and hemicellulose using enzyme from
fungi  fermentable sugars/glucose
 Glucose will be used by yeasts to produce
ethanol.

Name and
Description
Source
Application
Corn, sugarcane,
molasses, wheat,
barley
Motor vehicle
transport
Soybean oil
Palm Oil
Blend with petroleum
diesel
Landfill biomass
Waste water
Other biomass and
feedstock
Turbine based
electricity generation
Bioethanol
Ethanol produces by
breakdown of
biomass
Biodiesel
Produced from
vegetable oils from
trans esterification
process
Biogas
Principally Methane,
generated by
biodegradation of
feedstock
Principle Biotechnology Generated
Biofuels
Bioethanol are not currently produced in
Malaysia.
 However initiatives are underway to
develop ethanol and other biofuels from
non food agricultural crop sources such as
Jatropha curcas and oil palm based
(trunks, fronds, empty fruit bunch, shell
and fiber)

Potential Crops in Biofuel
Production
Production of Biodiesel




Biogas production using anaerobic
digestion (oxygen free) is a
biological treatment process to
reduce odor, produce energy and
improve the storage and handling
characteristics of manure.
Anaerobic digestion is the natural
breakdown of organic materials into
methane and carbon dioxide gas
and fertiliser. This process takes
place naturally, or in an anaerobic
digester.
A typical anaerobic digester is a
sealed vessel, or series of vessels,
in which bacteria act without
oxygen. The organic material
contents need to be fully mixed and
warmed, usually to blood
temperature.
Biogas is the name given to the
mixture of gases formed during the
anaerobic digestion of organic
wastes.
Biogas Production
Biocatalyst are proteins that act to
accelerate chemical reactions by bringing
chemical compound s involved in a
reaction.
 Biocatalysts must be produced by living
organisms and are typically derived from
plant, animal, or microbial sources

Bio-Catalyst
Malaysia’s biological diversity offers
developers of novel biocatalyst a
significant opportunity to isolate novel
biocatalysts.
 A variety of different biocatalyst have
been isolated from Malaysian isolated
microorganisms.

Type of Biocatalyst
Microorganisms
Lipase, lipoprotein lipase
Hunicola lanuginosa, Aspergillus
niger, Aspergilus flavus, Mucor
miehei, Bacillus sp.,
Pseudomonas sp.
Protease
Bacillus megaterium,
Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus
niger
Cellulase
Aspergillus niger, Tricgoderma
resei
Lignin degrading enzymes
Phanerochate chyososporium,
Humicola grisea
Tannase
Aspergillus niger,
Mannase
Aspergillus niger
Phytase
Aspergillus niger
Chitinase
Fusarium sp.
Biocatalyst Isolated from
Malaysian Microorganisms
Production Process
1. Fermentation
2. Formulation
3. Recovery

Novozymes Company Technologies in
Enzyme Production

Making microorganisms produce more
enzymes. Novozymes is the world leader
in developing new methods to optimize
the amount of enzymes that
microorganisms can produce. The result is
cheaper products and faster delivery to
their customers.
Enzyme production: Fermentation

Fermentation to produce industrial
enzymes starts with a vial of dried or
frozen microorganisms called a production
strain. This production strain is selected to
produce large amounts of the enzyme(s)
of interest.


Sterilization – A key facilitator in the
production of enzymes
A key element of fermentation science is
sterilization. In order to cultivate a particular
production strain it is necessary to start by
eliminating all the native microorganisms
present in the raw materials and equipment.
If this is not done satisfactorily, the wild
organisms will quickly outnumber the
production strain, and no production will
occur. Sterilization can be achieved by heat
and/or special filters.

The cultivation process

The production strain is first cultivated in a small flask containing nutrients and
agar. The flask is placed in an incubator that provides the optimal temperature
for the previously frozen/dried cells to germinate.
Once the flask is ready, the cells are transferred to a seed fermentor, which is a
large tank containing previously sterilized raw materials and water known as
the medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to reproduce and adapt to the
environment and nutrients that they will encounter later on.
Following seed fermentation, the cells are transferred to a larger tank, the
main fermentor, where temperature, pH, and dissolved O2 are carefully
controlled to optimize enzyme production. Additional nutrients may be added
to enhance productivity. When the main fermentation is complete, the mixture
of cells, nutrients, and enzymes, referred to as the broth, is ready for filtration
and purification.

The purpose of the
recovery process is to
separate the enzyme
from the biomass and
to produce a solution
that contains the
enzyme at a purity that
can be used for
formulation of the final
product.

2. Recovery


The main factors that influence the
design of an enzyme recovery process
are:
1.The properties of the production organism
2. The characteristics of the enzyme
3. Product quality demands
4. The type of product to be produced
5. The environmental impact of the process



Formulation of the enzymes is the third
important process step after fermentation
and recovery.
The nature of the enzyme protein is the
starting point of all formulation work, and
knowledge about parameters such as
solubility and compatibility is indispensable.
A new enzyme molecule with excellent
performance can fail in the market if the
enzyme is not stable during transportation
and storage.
Formulation

The industrial biotechnology sector is a
key contributor to the production of
vitamins, amino acids, and other
biochemical such as lactic acid and
glycerol
Industrial Biotechnology: Fine &
Specialty Chemicals
Currently, the amino
acids used in amino
acid products are
mainly manufactured
by the fermentation
method using natural
materials, similar to
yogurt, beer, vinegar,
miso (bean paste), soy
sauce, etc.
 Coryneform bacteria

Production of Amino Acid
In 1989, kojic acid was first
discovered as a natural by product
from the Japanese mushroom. Since
then it has been widely use as an
effective skin lightening agent.
Kojic acid works by blocking the
production of skin melanin.
Kojic Acid Production from
Mushroom
Production of PolyLactic Acid
Production of single cell protein
 Production of mushrooms

Industrial Biotechnology:
Microbial Biomass production

Single-cell protein (SCP) typically
refers to sources of mixed protein
extracted from pure or mixed cultures of
algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria (grown on
agricultural wastes) used as a substitute
for protein-rich foods, in human and
animal feeds.
Single cell protein

In mushroom production: solid-state
fermentation is employed.
Mushrooms