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Aim: How did the geography of Rome affect its development? • • • • • • • • Vocabulary: peninsula maritime imperial commodities dominion rampart citadel What geographic features made Italy a favorable site for civilization? • Peninsula: in the center of the Mediterranean Sea (Mare Nostrum) • Lowland valleys: good soil • Climate: rainy, cool winters, mild summers • Mountains: Alps in the north (protection) and climate shielded by Appenine Mountain spine • Natural resources: forests, copper, tin, iron, salt, marble and other building stone Aim: Why did the Roman Republic Become an Empire? The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BC Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus The Roman Republic: 509 – 27 B.C. Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BC Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus The poor and military veterrans should be given grain and small plots of free land. The Social Wars: 100-40 B.C. Marius: Leader of Populares Sulla: Leader of Optimates Proscriptions Military Reformer Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Caius Julius Caesar (Politician, Later General) Marcus Licinius Crassus (The Banker) Gnaeus Pompeius (General) Beware the Ides of March! 44 BC The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus The Roman Empire 27 A.D.- 476 A.D. (West) 1453 A.D. (East) Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BC – 180 AD The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 AD The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 AD Constantine: 312 – 337 AD Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome”, or Nea Roma (330 AD) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch