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WWII IN REVIEW Women During WWII ■ In the military – WAVES (Navy) – WAC (Army) – WASP (Air Force) – Nurses ■ On the home front – Rosie the Riveter: symbol to encourage women to work in factories – Women entered work force in large numbers & to jobs previously denied to them – https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=AE2z_N1fM5 E Minorities During WWII ■ African Americans – Tuskegee Airmen – A. Philip Randolph led march ■ Latinos against discrimination in – Bracero Program: offered Mexicans temporary gov’t jobs > showed direct access to the US to work in agriculture action for racial equality – Zoot Suit Riots: Despite rationing, Zoot Suits were – Like women, got jobs popular among Latinos previously denied to them – Some sailors got into a fight with Latinos over Zoot ■ Navajo (Native Americans) Suits – Code talkers used in Pacific ■ Japanese Americans to send coded messages – Despite internment, many Japanese Americans – Successful because their joined the military to prove their loyalty code was never broken by – The 442nd Regiment (made up of the Japanese Japanese Americans) became the most decorated group of WWII Navajo Code Dictionary Bracero Program Zoot Suit Riots Japanese Internment ■ Executive Order 9066 – FDR’s order justifying internment of people associated with countries at war (primarily Japanese Americans) due to security concerns of spying and sabotage ■ Internment – Camps were located on the West Coast in isolated areas – Caused economic hardships – Overall difficult conditions ■ Korematsu v. US – Fred Korematsu sued the US for his freedom after he violated the curfew but he was denied because during war, some rights can be restricted – What other examples can you think of when the government limited a right? Civilian Contributions ■ Civilians contributed on the home front by: – Rationing ■ What types of products were rationed? Why? ■ Some products were limited due to disruption in international shipping lanes – Planting victory gardens – Buying War Bonds ■ Factories converted production to military goods Battles in the Pacific ■ Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked the US because we cut off their oil supply – The Japanese desires to build an empire conflicted with our Open Door Policy in Asia ■ Bataan Death March – US & Filipinos led by Gen. MacArthur – Retreated to Bataan Peninsula where many died from starvation, beatings, etc. ■ Doolittle Raid – Despite doing “little damage” to the Japanese, this raid increased morale because we hit the heart of Japan ■ Coral Sea – This was the first time the US stopped the Japanese advance Battles in the Pacific continued ■ Midway – With advanced knowledge of the attack, the US won this battle. – It became a turning point battle where the US began to win more battles ■ Island Hoping – Strategy used in the Pacific to prevent troops from getting bogged down in one place & to get closer to the Japanese mainland ■ Guadalcanal – Miserable conditions led to a fight ■ Leyte Gulf – Gen. MacArthur’s return to the on land, sea & in the air Philippines in this largest naval – After this battle, the Japanese battle were on the run – This was the first time the Japanese – Strategy of island hoping was used the kamikaze attack used here Island-hopping Battles in the Pacific continued ■ Iwo Jima – The Japanese refused to surrender here resulting in heavy casualties – The iconic picture of marines raising the flag was taken here ■ Okinawa – This was the bloodiest battle in the Pacific Manhattan Project ■ Manhattan Project – This was the secret code name given to the project devoted to building an atomic bomb – Scientist Robert Oppenheimer led the project in Los Alamos, New Mexico – The atomic bomb used energy released by splitting an atom End of the War ■ Yalta Conference – The Big 3 – Stalin, FDR & Churchill met at Yalta to discuss what to do with Germany – It was agreed Germany & its capital (Berlin) would be divided into 4 sections/zones – FDR was criticized for allowing Stalin to stay in Poland & Eastern European countries where he said he would hold free elections (which he never did) ■ FDR Dies – FDR’s death was traumatic for the American people. – He was elected to 4 terms but died in office, leading us during the Depression & WWII – His Vice President, Harry Truman took over Decision to Use the Bomb ■ President Truman had to decide if the bomb would be used, & if so, where – He decided to drop the bomb: ■ Without warning ■ On a city that hadn’t seen much bombing/damage ■ On a city that had some factories/war production sites ■ The first bomb was dropped at Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945 ■ The next bomb was dropped at Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945 Hiroshima bombing Nagasaki bombing Post War Developments ■ United Nations – June 1945, members from 50 countries including the US & Soviet Union met to establish the United Nations – How was this similar & different from the League of Nations? ■ Potsdam Conference – Truman, Stalin & Churchill met at Potsdam to discuss the issues from the Yalta Conference but it was unsuccessful