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Commercial tools • Size of system: – small systems • 400 rules • single user, PC based – larger systems • narrow, problem-type specific or hybrid shells using many problem-solving paradigms (rules, induction, NN, GA, ...) • 1000+ rules • can be multi-user (esp. WWW) • Type of system – expert system consultation – decision-support system: high-end analysis of data (data mining) B. Ross Cosc 4f79 1 Commercial Tools p.93-95 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 2 Commercial Tools B. Ross Cosc 4f79 3 Commercial Tools B. Ross Cosc 4f79 4 Commercial Tools • Evaluating knowledge engineering tools - Consultation paradigm: diagnosis? planning? configuration?... - AI paradigms: Representation, inference, control, uncertainty, neural nets - Implementation: Lisp, Prolog, C based, speed, transportable, interfacing, compiled code, WWW - User interface: explanation, graphics, windowing, knowledge engineering, - Applications: what applications have been implemented with the system - Support: documentation, training, support services Contemporary shells: - multi-paradigm, PC-based (and up), integrate with std languages and applications (eg. databases) B. Ross Cosc 4f79 5 M.1 • by Tecknowledge Inc. • prototyping tool • can handle small systems (100-200 rule systems) • implemented in Prolog • EMYCIN strategy: backchaining with uncertainty, unknown values • supports "variable" rules: rule macro's • window, menu interface • M4: latest version ($1000) - embeds expert system code into applications - VB version embeds into Visual Basic ($199) B. Ross Cosc 4f79 6 M.1 p. 107 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 7 Flex • Bundled expert system toolkit with Quintus Prolog, Macprolog, others • multiple paradigms: forward and backward chaining, frames • forward-chaining rule selection is flexible, and permits builtin or user-defined algorithms to be used • Can use Prolog's inference engine: directly call prolog code • "data-driven" programming: frame demons • procedural control • Macintosh interface primitives • fairly rudimentary explanation: must indicate explicitly which rules can be in explanation -- and explanation is text (hybrid systems mean that explanation is a problem) B. Ross Cosc 4f79 8 Flex B. Ross Cosc 4f79 9 OPS5, OPS83 OPS5: •Carnegie-Mellon •Used to implement XCON •Production-rule, forward-chaining system •Uses time stamps to fire rules (least-recently used strategy) •intended for larger expert systems •Implemented in Lisp •interface permits a programming environment OPS83: •successor to OPS5 •more generalized rule format, control •embeddable in C B. Ross Cosc 4f79 10 OPS5 p.118 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 11 RuleMaster • by Radian Corporation (Texas) and Intelligent Terminals (Scotland) • inductive inference system, intended for small to moderate systems • modular approach: expert system components encoded in modules (procedures), which hierarchically call one another • Can create rules usig ID3 algorithm, or encode if-then rules directly • runs on unix or PC-DOS, • down-compiles into C or FORTRAN if desired • spreadsheet interface for creating example sets • example systems: Willard (severe storm forecasting), OIL (oil tank diagnosis) B. Ross Cosc 4f79 12 ART • The Automated Reasoning Tool (by Inference Corporation; now owned by Brightware Inc)) • hybrid tool kit for knowledge system development • 4 components: - knowledge language - compiler (knowledge language --> Lisp) - applier (inference engine) - development environment • Uses a number of inference paradigms, including frames, logical represenations forward and backward chaining, procedural execution, uncertainty • systems range from $8000-$150,000 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 13 ART p.122 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 14 Intellicorp KEE: Knowledge Engineering Environment by IntelliCorp • hybrid system, used for number of genetic expert systems • uses frames, rules, procedures, backward and forward chaining • $60,000 in 1985 (today’s price ???) Kappa-PC: PC Windows shell • object-oriented, rule-based GUI environment • interface builder • $995 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 15 KEE p. 124 B. Ross Cosc 4f79 16 Trends for commercial shells • • • • • • • Most run on PC’s or distributed networks of PC’s WWW is a hot area! Web is now a standard interface for production expert systems. Java is becoming an implementation language Highly interactive development environment are the norm Most systems include a library of various tools & technologies – forward & backward rules, rule induction, NN’s, fuzzy, GA’s The difference between decision support environments and expert systems is becoming vague – data mining applications use same tools as expert systems, although they are applied for often different purposes – main dogmatic difference: expert system KB needs human expert, while data mining uses auto techniques on large DB – both are merging for some problem domains New AI technologies will find their way into shells B. Ross Cosc 4f79 17