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The Syntax of Caritive Participles in Balto-Finnic Languages
T.Agranat.
Since the negation in the Balto-Finnic languages is expressed with the negative verb, it is
always in the head of a clause and this way of negation is sometimes ambiguous. But the
Balto-Finnic languages have the possibility to express negation without lifting along the tree with caritive participles, which is the abessive form of –ma/-mä verbal noun.
Among Balto-Finnic languages only Finnish and Karelian distinguish predicative and
attributive forms of caritive participles. Attributive ones are morphologically more compound,
have an additional affix and can add case affixes and agree with noun. Caritive participles do
not have voice oppositions; cf. fin.: näkymätön ‘blind, invisible’; tekemätön ‘not doing,
undone’. Let us study the correlation of caritive participles with semantic roles in BaltoFinnic languages.
In the modern Votic language caritive participles express the idea of an abandoned action.
They can correlate with patient of a two arguments predicate (1) as well as of one argument
predicate (2):
1. Лampa-d
jää-t-i
sheep-PL
stay-IM-IPF eat-CAUS-CAR
süü-tä-mättä
Sheep stayed without food.
2. Лahsi
jä-i
nukku-matta
child
stay-IPF.3SG
fall.asleep-CAR
The child has not fallen asleep.
It is the correlation of the caritive participle with the semantic role of patient that is
important, but not of its surface expressing, cf. the example:
čäü-mättä
3. Tee on
way
be.PRS.3SG walk-CAR
The way is untrodden.
Caritive participles can correlate with agent too, but only if agent coincide with patient, (i.e. a
verb is reflexive):
4. Tämä
izze
jä-i
pessi-mättä
(s)he
him/herself
stay-IPF.3SG
wash.oneself-CAR
(S)he him/herself stayed unwashed.

The work is supported by RHF, grant № 08-04-00208a.
As caritive participles have not voice oppositions, so in some cases we can lean only from
context if an argument correlated with a caritive participle has the semantic role of patient or
combines the roles of patient and agent. It concerns the participles from the verb süüvvä ‘to
eat’ and juuvva ‘to drink’. The caritive participles from these verbs correlated with inanimate
nouns behavior like ones from other verbs:
5. Vesi
jä-i
juu-matta
water
stay-IPF.3SG
drink-CAR
The water is not drunk.
If they correlate with animate nouns, the presence of an agentive complement in the sentence
marks that another argument expresses the role of patient (6a), if there is not an agentive
complement the unique argument combines both roles of patient and agent (6b):
6. a. Inimin
man
on
süü-mättä
be.PRS.3SG eat-CAR
karu-лta
bear-ABL
A man is not eaten by a bear.
b. Tämä
izzä
jä-i
süü-mättä
juu-matta
(s)he
him/herself
stay-IPF.3SG
eat-CAR
drink-CAR
(S)he has not eat neither drink.
In Ingrian texts [Laanest 1966] (7) as well as in Ludic Karelian ones [Баранцев 1978] (8)
only one sentence which includes a caritive participle has been found:
7. лapsi-л
se
ol-i
лoppu-matto sōja
child-ADD
this
be-IPF.3SG
finish-CAR
maito
warm milk
This child always had warm milk.
8. vie mei-л
lehme anda-mata
yet
cow
we-ADD
give-CAR
We have not yet given the cow.
The both caritive participles here correlate with patients.
In Vepsian texts [Зайцева, Муллонен 1969] sentences with caritive participles are not
numerous, and in all of these sentences caritive participles also correlate with patients:
9. kus sarjako-d
ja-des
where firebrand-PL stay-PRS.3PL
paлa-matmad
burn-CAR
‘где остаются несгоревшие головешки’
In Livvic Karelian [Макаров, Рягоев 1969] caritive participles can correlate with patient (10)
as well as with agent (11):
10. kondia-n
bear-GEN
süö-mättäh
piäzi-i-n
eat-CAR
stay-IPF-1SG
I stayed not eaten by the bear.
11. kazvati-i-n
ma
häne-n
pakičče-mattah
raise-IPF-1SG
I
(s)he-GEN
beg-CAR
I raised him without begging.
In Tver Karelian [Макаров 1963] caritive participles can correlate with patient (20), agent
(13) and stimulus (14):
12. lečči-mät-öin
kibu
treat-CAR-ATTR
illness tell.on.PRS-3SG
jandu-w
The illness which has not cured will tell on.
13. ajari-lda
küžü-mätä
nimidä
ei
landowner-ABL
ask-CAR
nothing
NEG can-PTCP
voi-nun
ruad-ua
do-INF
One could do nothing without asking landowner.
14. elä-mät-öin -
tiedä-mät-öin
live-CAR-ATTR
know-CAR-ATTR
Which is not lived is unknown.
In Finnish (all the examples are from [Дубровина 1972]) caritive participles are used much
wider, than is other Balto-Finnic languages.
They can correlate with patient:
15. Vene
boat
synty-i
veistä-mättä
born-IPF.3SG
plane-CAR
The boat appeared without planning.
with agent:
16. Hän
(s)he
maka-si
hievahta-matta
lie-IPF.3SG
move-CAR
He was lying without moving.
with experiencer:
17. Tuhane-t turisti-t
o-vat
käy-nee-t
Kasbeki-n
thousand-PL tourist-PL
be.PRS-3PL walk-PTCP-PL
K.-GEN
juure-lla,
näke-mättä
haamuakaa-n
se-n
huipi-sta
base-ADD
see-CAR
phantom-GEN
it-GEN
peak-EL
Thousands of tourists have visited the base of Kazbek without seeing even the phantom of its
peak.
with stimulus:
18. Rastas
ilakoist-i,
musiikki
so-i
ja
thrush
rejoice-IPF.3SG
music
play-IPF.3Sg and
lyhdy-t
torch-PL
tuikk-i-vat
kene-n-kään
kuule-matta
ja
näke-mättä
twinkle-IPF-3PL
who-GEN-FOC
hear-CAR
and
see-CAR
The thrush was rejoicing, music was playing and torches were twinkling but nobody heard
neither saw it.
There is an example, in which on the surface level an argument correlated with the caritive
participle is not expressed at all. But it is evident that on the deep level it is an argument
which combines roles of agent and patient:
19. Syö-mättä
eat-CAR
ja
juo-matta
ol-i
päivä men-nyt
and
drink-CAR
be-IPF.3SG
day
go-PTCP
The day has passed without eating and drinking.
Evidentially, Finnish preserves the elder language state, but other Balto-Finnic languages lost
it by the influence of contacts.
References
Laanest 1966 - Laanest A. Isuri murdetekste, Tallinn, 1966.
Баранцев 1978 - Баранцев А.П. Образцы людиковской речи, Петрозаводск, 1978.
Дубровина 1972 - Дубровина З.М. Инфинитивы в финском языке, Л., 1972.
Зайцева, Муллонен 1969 - Зайцева М.И., Муллонен М.И. Образцы вепсской речи, Л.,
1969.
Макаров 1963 - Макаров Г.Н. Образцы карельской речи. Калининские говоры,
Л.,
1963.
Макаров, Рягоев - 1969 Макаров Г.Н., Рягоев В.Д. Образцы карельской речи. Говоры
ливвиковского диалекта карельского языка, Л., 1969.
Abbreviations
ABL
ATTR
EL
GEN
INF
IPF
NEG
PL
PRS
PTCP
SG
ablative
attributive affixe
elative
genitive
infinitive
imperfect
negative verb
plural
presence
participle
singular