Download blood - Yengage

BLOOD
Dr. Padmini
Specific learning objectives
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List few natural and synthetic anticoagulants.
Applied physiology – haemorrhagic disorders
Describe blood groups with reference to ABO
& Rh system, method of determination and
importance.
Describe indications and dangers of blood
transfusion
Anticoagulants
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Natural:
Heparin
Antithrombin
Protein C
SYNTHETIC –
Vitamin K antagonists (effective orally,in vivo) –
1. Coumarin derivatives like dicoumarol
2. Warfarin
3. Phenindione
Calcium chelating agents (in vitro) –
Sodium citrate, sodium oxalate, EDTA
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Haemorrhagic disorder
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Hemophilia -
Blood group
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LANDSTEINER’S LAWS:
1. “If an agglutinogen is present in the red cells of a blood, the
corresponding agglutinin must be absent from the plasma.”
2.“If an agglutinogen is absent in the red cells of a blood, the
corresponding agglutinin must be present in it’s plasma.”
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APPLICABILITY
The first law is applicable to all groups and types of blood. It is
a logical conclusion.
The second part is a fact, but not necessarily true always. It is a
fact for ABO Bloodgroups.
The Rh, M,N and other groups or types do not follow the
second part of the Landsteiner’sLaw.
How to determine blood group?
O +ve
B +ve
Rhesus (Rh) blood group
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Rh factor & hemolytic disease:
Manifestations of hemolytic disease
1.
2.
3.
Hydrops foetalis
Icterus gravis neonatorum (hemolytic
jaundice, erythroblastosis foetalis)
Kernicterus
Importance of blood grouping
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In blood transfusion
In pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)
Investigating cases of paternity dispute
Medicolegal value
Blood transfusion
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IndicationsBlood loss:
Blood disorders:
Blood diseases:
Pre-op or post-op:
Shock:
Cross matching
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Donor’s RBC with recipient’s plasma
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
HazardsMismatched blood transfusion
Mechanical overloading
Chemical risks
Transmission of diseases
Allergic reactions
Pyrogenic reactions